英美文学鉴赏

英美文学复习材料1.JefferyChaucer(1340-1400)Father/founderofEnglishPoetry

wasburiedin“poet’scorner”inWestminsterAbbeyMajorworks:TheRomauntoftheRose《玫瑰传奇》TheParliamentofFowls《百鸟议会》TroilusandCriseyde《特鲁伊罗斯和克里塞德》TheLegendofGoodWomen《好女人传》TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》TheCanterburyTalesThestoryofagroupofthirtypeoplewhotravelaspilgrimstoCanterbury.Arich,tapestry(织锦)

ofmedievalsociallifecombiningelementsofallclasses,fromnoblestoworkers,frompriestsandnunstodrunkardsandthieves.TheCanterburyTales1.londondialect伦敦方言2.heroiccouplet英雄双韵体3.iambicpentameter五音步抑扬格4.orderofwords语序5.humor,satireandirony幽默与讽刺艺术TheGeneralPrologue（总序）

TheGeneralPrologueconsistsofcharactersketchesofeachmemberofthegroupthatisgoingtoCanterburyThesetting(P3-4)ThePrioress女修道院副院长(P4-5)irony反讽secular世俗的hypocritical虚伪的2.WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)RenaissanceMeaning:rebirthorrevivalTime:beganinthe14thcentury,endinthe17thcentury.Place:beganinItaly,laterspreadtoFrance,SpainandEngland.AkeeninterestintheGreekandLatinculture;theartandscienceofancientGreeceandRomewerebeingbornagainafterlongyearsofneglect.Essence:humanismWilliamShakespeareWorks37plays2longnarrativepoems154sonnetsWilliamShakespeareDrama:

Tragedies-Hamlet,Macbeth,KingLear,Othello,RomeoandJulietComedies-

AsYouLikeIt,

TheMerchantsofVenice,MuchAdoAboutNothing,AMidsummerNight’sDream，TheTamingoftheShrew,TwelfthNight

Histories-

HenryIV,HenryV,HenryVI,HenryVIII,RichardIII,Romances/tragicomedies:Cymbeline,TheTempestHamletCharacters:Hamlet,Claudius,Gertrude,Ophelia,Polonius,LaertesPlot(P10-11)ThemeActIII,SceneI“Tobeornottobe”(P11-12)Soliloquy(内心独白)（P16）WilliamShakespeare:SonnetAsonnetisa

lyricinvariablyoffourteenlines,usuallyiniambicpentameter五音步抑扬格,restrictedtoadefiniterhymescheme韵律.Threetypesofsonnet1)Petrarchansonnet(彼特拉克体/意大利十四行诗)2)SpenserianSonnet（斯宾塞体十四行诗）3)ShakespearianSonnet（莎士比亚/英国体十四行诗ShakespearianSonnet3quatrains+acoupletababcdcdefefggSonnet18(P14)“ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?”Theme:Anicesummerdayisusuallytransient,butthebeautyinpoetrycanlastforever.ThusShakespeareexpresseshisfaithinthepermanenceofpoetry,ofartandlove.Figuresofspeech:simile,metaphor,personificationArtisticachievementsCharacterization:①Shakespeare’smajorcharactersareindividualsrepresentingcertaintypes.②Shakespearesucceedsinexploringthecharacters’innerworld.③Shakespearealsoportrayshischaractersinpairs→Contrastsplotconstruction:①Shakespeareseldominventshisownplot;instead,heborrowsthem.②Thereareusuallyseveralcluesrunningthroughtheplay,thusprovidingthestorywiththesuspenseandapprehension.Language:

①differentpoeticforms,suchasthesonnet,theblankverseandtherhymedcouplet.②richinvocabularyandidiom.3.JohnMilton(1608-1674)Englishpoetin17thcenturyBothhislifeandhisworksarecloselyrelatedtopoliticsHebecamecompletelyblindin1652Majorworks:ParadiseLostParadiseRegainedSamsonAgonistesParadiseLostepic史诗blankverse无韵诗Plot(P21-22)Satan’sAdjuration(P22-23)TheimageofSatan/GodSonnetOnHisDeceasedWife(P24)TohissecondwifeKatherineWoodcockabbaabbacdcdcd4.DanielDefoe(1660-1731)Oneofthepioneersoftherealisticnovelin18thcenturyMasterpiece:RobinsonCrusoe(1719)RobinsonCrusoeForerunneroftheEnglishrealisticnovelBasedonarealstory(P30)plot(P30-31)ImageofRobinsonCrusoe:typicaloftheEnglishbourgeoisie(资产阶级)ofthe18thcentury：hard-working,iron-willed,persistent,self-relianttheme:①themoldingofcharacterthroughtheinfluenceofvariedenvironment;②glorifyingthehumanlabor;③atypicalcharacterofEnglishbourgeoisieattheearlystagesofitsdevelopment;④colonizationingerm.(P31)Excerpt:P31-34Romanticism

BeginswiththepublicationofLyricalBallads(1798)andendswiththedeathofSirWalterScott(1832).Pre-romanticpoets:WilliamBlake,RobetBurnsActiveromanticpoets:GeorgeGordonByron,PercyByssheShelley,JohnKeatsPassiveromanticpoets/LakePoets:WilliamWordsworth,SamuelTaylorColeridge,RobertSouthey.5.WilliamWordsworthPoetLaureate桂冠诗人CollaboratewithColeridgeonLyricalBallads:adeclarationofromanticismDefinePoetryas“thespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings,whichoriginatesinemotionrecollectedintranquility”.Aworshipperofnature

IWanderedLonelyasCloudStructure:foursix-linestanzas;iambictetrameter;rhymescheme:ababcc;theme:theharmonybetweenthingsinnatureandtheharmonybetweennatureandthepoethimself/Nature'sbeautyupliftsthehumanspirit.Figuresofspeech:simile,metaphor,personification6.JaneAusten(1775-1817)ThefirstimportantEnglishwomannovelistWritingstyle:Theme:mostlyaboutloveandmarriageLanguage:simple,humourous,witty,ironicPlot:straightforward,littleactionCharacters:likereallivingpersonsDialogues:truetolifeJaneAusten(1775-1817)Shecalledherwork“afineengravingmadeuponalittlepieceofivoryonlytwoinchessquare”(“两寸牙雕”):①Averynarrowliteraryfield②Butwithinherownfield,sheisunrivaled:vividportraitofhermajorcharactersandrealisticandcolorfulpicturesofthelifeandmannersoftheuppermiddleclassinrualEnglandofhertimeJaneAustenMajorworks:NorthangerAbbey《诺桑觉寺》

(1818)SenseandSensibility《理智与情感》(1811)PrideandPrejudice《傲慢与偏见》(1813)MansfieldPark《曼斯菲尔德庄园》(1814)Emma《艾玛》(1816)Persuasion《劝导》(1818)PrideandPrejudice“Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledged,thatasinglemaninpossesionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.”Maincharacters/plot/themeDialoguesCharacteranalysis:Mr.andMrs.Bennet;ElizabethandMr.Darcy;JaneandMr.BingleyPride/prejudice7.WashingtonIvring

(1783-1859)FatherofAmericanliterature.thefatherofAmericanshortstories.thefirstAmericanwritertogaininternationalgame.HiswritingmarksthebeginningofRomanticisminAmericanliteratureWashingtonIvringMajorworksAHistoryofNewYork《纽约外史》TheSketchBook《见闻札记》including:“TheLegendoftheSleepyHollow”《睡谷的传说》“RipVanWinkle”《瑞普·凡·温克尔》RipVanWinkleThestoryofRipVanWinklebeginsaboutfiveorsixyearsbeforetheAmericanRevolutionandendstwentyyearslater.TheactiontakesplaceinavillageinBritishcolonialNewYork,neartheHudsonRiverandtheCatskillMountains.ThecharacterofRipVanWinkle:Asimple,good-naturedman;Anobedient,henpecked(惧内的)husband;Agreatfavoriteamongneighborsandchildren;wholoathes（厌恶）'profitablelabor'.Language:humorousTheme:thenostalgiafortheunrecoverablepast8.BronteesistersCharlotteBrontee:JaneEyreEmilyBrontee:WutheringHeights

AnneBrontee:AgnesGrey

TheTenantoftheWildfellHallJaneEyreThefirstimportantgovernessnovelintheEnglishliteraryhistoryPlot:fivestagesChildhoodatGatesheadEducationattheLowoodSchoolAsagovernessatThornfieldWiththeRiversfamilyatMoorHouseHerreunionwithandmarriagetoRochesteratFerndeanJaneEyre‘DoyouthinkIcanstaytobecomenothingtoyou?Doyouthink

Iamanautomaton?-amachinewithoutfeelings?andcanbeartohavemymorselofbreadsnatchedfrommylips,andmydropoflivingwaterdashedfrommycup?Doyouthink,becauseIampoor,obscure,plain,andlittle,Iamsoullessandheartless?Youthinkwrong!——Ihaveasmuchsoulasyou-andfullasmuchheart!AndifGodhadgiftedmewithsomebeautyandmuchwealth,Ishouldhavemadeitashardforyoutoleaveme,asitisnowformetoleaveyou.Iamnottalkingtoyounowthroughthemediumofcustom,conventionalities,norevenofmortalflesh:itismyspritthataddressesyourspirit;justasifbothhadpassedthroughthegrave,andwestoodatGod’sfeet,equal----asweare!’JaneEyreAground-breaking(开拓性的)novel:Theheroineissmall,plain,&poorTheheroineisthefirstfemalecharactertoclaimtherighttofeelstronglyaboutheremotionsandactonherconvictions（信念）3.ItisthefirstgovernessnovelinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.4.Itisaworkofcriticalrealismaswellasthefirstandoneofthemostpopularworksoftheworkingmiddle-classwomen.WutheringHeightsCharacters:WutheringHeightsvsThrushcrossGrangeplottheme:love,class,revengeExcerpt:chapter9(P91-96)Mr.LintonMr.EarnshawIsabellaEdgarCatherineHeathcliffHindleyLittleCatherine(Cathy)LittleLintonHareton9.EmilyDickinson(1830-1886)AneventlesslifeRemainsingleallherlife1,800poemsaltogether,butonly7werepublishedwhileshewasaliveThemes:deathandimmortality;nature;love;truth,beauty,etc.EmilyDickinsonPoems:BecauseIcouldnotstopfordeath(P116-117)Structure:six4-linestanzasTheme:deathleadstoimmortalityForm:unconventionaldash;capitalletterFiguresofspeech:metaphor;personificationIDiedforbeauty---butwasscarce(P118)Theme:beautyandtruthareultimatelyoneI’mNobody!(P119)Somebody/nobody/frog/bogStyleA:

Herpoemshavenotitles,hencethefirstlineofeachpoemisalwaysquotedasthetitleofeachpoem.B:particularstresspattern:dash“—”C:Capitallettersasameansofemphasis;D:Language:brief,direct,andplain;E:Poem:short,alwaysonoriginalimagesorsymbolsF:Shortpoeticlines,condensedbyusingintensemetaphorsandbyextensiveuseofellipsis.10.MarkTwain(1835-1910)

Relatedliteraryterms:Localcolorism(乡土文学):asatrendbecamedominantinAmericanliteratureinthe1860sandearly1870s,itisdefinedashavingsuchqualityoftextureandbackgroundthatitcouldnothavebeenwritteninanyotherplaceorbyanyoneelsethananative.Inliterature,regionalismorlocalcolorrefertstofictionorpoetrythatfocusesonspecificfeature—includingcharacters,dialects,customs,history,andlandscape—ofaparticularregion.MarkTwainemployedanunpretentiousstyleofcolloquialisminhisnovelswhichisbestdescribedas“vernacular”.MarkTwainTheGildedAge(镀金时代):thetermwascoinedbyMarkTwainandCharlesDudleyWarnerintheir1873book,TheGildedAge:ATaleofToday.InAmericanhistory,theGildedAgereferstosubstantialgrowthinpopulationintheUnitedStatesandextravagantdisplaysofwealthandexcessofAmerica’supper-classduringthepost-CivilWarandpost-Reconstructionera,inthelate19thcentury.MarkTwainTheAdventuresofTomSawyerTheAdventureofHuckleberryFinnThePrinceandthePauperTheCopandtheAnthemRunningforGovernorThe£1,000,000Bank-NoteTheInnocentsAbroadTheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCountyTheGildedAgeLifeontheMississippiMarkTwainTheAdventureofHuckleberryFinnPlotThemeMaincharactersWritingstyle:humor;localcolorism;vernacularExcerpt(P124-129):HowHuckescapesfromhisfather11.ErnestHemingway(1899-1961)In1954,hewasawardedtheNoblePrizeforliterature.Deeplydepressedandtormentedbyfailingartisticandphysicalpower,hecommittedsuicideonJuly2,1961.HeisthespokesmanfortheLostGeneration.MajorworksTheSunAlsoRises(1926)《太阳照常升起》AFarewelltoArms(1929)《永别了，武器》ForWhomtheBellTolls(1940)《丧钟为谁而鸣》TheOldManandtheSea(1952)《老人与海》（PulizerPrize,NobelPrize）ErnestHemingwayHemingway’sheroisusuallyisolated,andfightsagoodfight.Thereisaparticulartermforhischaracter,“thecodehero/man”(硬汉形象)。（P166）Hethinksawritershouldwritelittle,sothatreaderscanunderstandmuchmore.ThisiscallesIcebergPrinciple(冰山原则).（P166）TheOldManandtheSea“Lifeisbutalosingbattle,itisastrugglemancandominateinsuchawaythatlossbecomesdignity；mancanbephysicallydestroyedbutneverdefeatedspiritually.”人生不过是一场注定失败的战斗。但人们可以主导这场战斗，化损失为尊严。人的肉体可以被毁灭，但精神永不败。Attheendofthestory,istheoldmandefeated?Whyorwhynot?12.ToniMorrison(1931-)AfamousAfricanAmericanwomanwriterWontheNobelPrizeinliteraturein1993Hernovelsmainlydealwiththeproblemsofblackwomendefiningtheirrolesandstrivingtosurviveinamaledominatedsociety.ToniMorrisonMajorworks:TheBluestEye(1970)SongofSolomon(1977)TarBaby(1981)Beloved(1987)Jazz(1992)FiguresofspeechSimile明喻Metaphor暗喻Personification拟人Hyperbole夸张Repetition重复Parallelism排比Allusion典故Termsofpoetry1.stanza诗节2.

meter格律3.foot音步4.pentameter

五音步5.iamb

抑扬格6.iambicpentameter

抑扬格五音步7.rhyme

韵8.RhymeScheme

韵律Meter

Referstothearrangedpatterncomposedbystressedsyllableandunstressedsyllable.Oneunit,orcombinationofastressedandunstressedsyllableiscalledafoot(音步).TypesofstresspatternexampleIambic抑扬格ˇ′de‵cideTrochee扬抑格′ˇ‵comforanapest抑抑扬格ˇˇ′repre‵sentDactyl扬抑抑格′ˇˇ‵volleyballSpondee扬扬格′′greenhouseKindsofMeter(1)monometer(onefoot)(2)diameter(twofeet)(3)trimeter(threefeet)(4)tetrameter（fourfeet)(5)pentameter(fivefeet)(6)hexameter(sixfeet)(7)