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2023研究生入学统一考试试题(英语一)Section1UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points) In
Cambodia,
the
choice
of
a
spouse
is
a
complexonefor
the
youngmale.Itmayinvolvenotonlyhisparentsandhisfriends,
__1__those
of
the
youngwoman,
butalso
a
matchmaker.Ayoungmancan__2__alikelyspouseonhisownandthenaskhisparentsto__3__themarriagenegotiations,ortheyoungman’sparentsmaytakethechoiceofaspouse,givingthechildlittletosayintheselection.__4__,agirlmayvetothespouseherparentshavechosen.__5__aspousehasbeenselected,eachfamilyinvestigatestheothertomakesureitschildismarrying__6__agoodfamily. The
traditional
wedding
is
a
long
and
colorful
affair.
Formerly
it
lasted
three
days,
__7__1980s
it
more
commonly
lasted
a
day
and
a
half.
Buddhist
priests
offer
a
short
sermon
and
__8__
prayers
of
blessing.
Par--ts
of
the
ceremony
involve
ritual
hair
cutting,__9__cotton
threads
soaked
in
holy
water
around
the
bride's
and
groom's
wrists,
and
__10__a
candle
around
a
circle
of
happily
married
and
respected
couples
to
bless
the
__11__.
Newlyweds
traditionally
move
in
with
the
wife's
parents
and
may__12__
with
them
up
to
a
year,
__13__they
can
build
a
new
house
nearby.ﻩDivorce
is
legalandeasyto__14__,
butnotcommon.Divorcedpersonsare__15__withsomedisapproval.Each
spouse
retains___16___propertyheorshe__17__into
the
marriage,
andjointly-acquiredproperty
is
__18__equally.Divorcedpersonsmayremarry,but
agenderprejudice__19__up.The
divorcedmaledoesn'thave
a
waitingperiodbeforehecanremarry__20__thewomanmustwaittenmonths.1. A.
by
way
of
ﻩB.
with
regard
to
ﻩC.
on
behalf
of
ﻩD.
as
well
asﻫ2.ﻩA.
decide
on
ﻩ B.
provide
for ﻩC.
compete
with D.
adapt
to
3. A.
close
B.
arrangeﻩ ﻩC.
renewﻩ D.
postponeﻫ4. A.
In
theory B.
Above
allﻩ ﻩC.
In
timeﻩﻩ D.
For
example
5.ﻩA.
Unlessﻩ B.
Lessﻩ ﻩC.
Afterﻩ ﻩD.
Althoughﻫ6.ﻩA.
intoﻩ ﻩB.
within C.
from ﻩ ﻩD.
throughﻫ7.ﻩA.
orﻩ ﻩB.
sinceﻩ ﻩC.
but D.
soﻫ8.ﻩA.
test B.
copyﻩﻩ ﻩC.
recite ﻩD.
createﻫ9.ﻩA.
foldingﻩﻩB.
piling ﻩ C.
wrapping D.
tyingﻫ10. A.
passingﻩ B.
lighting ﻩﻩC.
hidingﻩ D.
servingﻫ11. A.
associationﻩB.
meetingﻩﻩﻩC.
collectionﻩ D.
union
12.ﻩA.
dealﻩﻩ B.
partﻩﻩﻩ C.
grow ﻩﻩ D.
liveﻫ13.ﻩA.
whereas B.
untilﻩﻩ C.
for
ﻩﻩ ﻩD.if
14. A.
avoidﻩ B.
followﻩ ﻩC.
challengeﻩﻩﻩD.
obtainﻫ15. A.
isolated ﻩB.
persuadedﻩ ﻩC.
viewed D.
exposedﻫ16.ﻩA.
wherever ﻩB.
whatever ﻩC.
whenever ﻩﻩD.
however
17.ﻩA.
changedﻩ B.
broughtﻩ C.
shaped ﻩD.
pushedﻫ18. A.
investedﻩﻩB.
divided C.
donatedﻩﻩ D.
withdrawn
19. A.
warmsﻩﻩB.
clears
ﻩ C.
shows ﻩ D.
breaks
20.ﻩA.
whileﻩﻩﻩB.
so
thatﻩﻩﻩC.
onceﻩ D.
in
thatSectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1France,whichpridesitselfastheglobalinnovatoroffashion,hasdecideditsfashionindustryhaslostanabsoluterighttodefinephysicalbeautyforwomen.Itslawmakersgavepreliminaryapprovallastweektoalawthatwouldmakeitacrimetoemployultra-thinmodelsonrunways.Theparliamentalsoagreedtobanwebsitesthat“inciteexcessivethinness”motingextremedieting.Suchmeasureshaveacoupleofupliftingmotives.Theysuggestbeautyshouldnotbedefinedbylooksthatendupimpingingonhealth.That’sastart.Andthebanonultra-thinmodelsseemstogobeyondprotectingmodelsfromstarvingthemselvestodeath–assomehavedone.Ittellsthefashionindustrythatitmusttakeresponsibilityforthesignalitsendswomen,especiallyteenagegirls,aboutthesocialtape-measuretheymustusetodeterminetheirindividualworth.Thebans,iffullyenforced,wouldsuggesttowomen(andmanymen)thattheyshouldnotletothersbearbitersoftheirbeauty.Andperhapsfaintly,theyhintthatpeopleshouldlooktointangiblequalitieslikecharacterandintellectratherthandietingtheirwaytosizezeroorwasp-waistphysiques.TheFrenchmeasures,however,relytoomuchonseverepunishmenttochangeaculturethatstillregardsbeautyasskin-deep-andbone-showing.Underthelaw,usingafashionmodelthatdoesnotmeetagovernment-definedindexofbodymasscouldresultina$85,000fineandsixmonthsinprison.Thefashionindustryknowsithasaninherentprobleminfocusingonmaterialadornmentandidealizedbodytypes.InDenmark,theUnitedStates,andafewothercountries,itistryingtosetvoluntarystandardsformodelsandfashionimagesthatrelymoreonpeerpressureforenforcement.IncontrasttoFrance’sactions,Denmark’sfashionindustryagreedlastmonthonrulesandsanctionsregardingtheage,health,andothercharacteristicsofmodels.ThenewlyrevisedDanishFashionEthicalCharterclearlystates:”Weareawareofandtakeresponsibilityfortheimpactthefashionindustryhasonbodyideals,especiallyonyoungpeople”.Thecharter’smaintoolofenforcementistodenyaccessfordesignersandmodelingagenciestoCopenhagenFashionWeek(CFW),whichisrunbytheDanishFashionInstitute.Butingeneralitreliesonaname-and-shamemethodofcompliance.Relyingonethicalpersuasionratherthanlawtoaddressthemisuseofbodyidealsmaybethebeststep.Evenbetterwouldbetohelpelevatenotionsofbeautybeyondthematerialstandardsofaparticularindustry.21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whatwouldhappeninFrance?【A】Physicalbeautywouldberedefined.【B】Newrunwayswouldbeconstructed.【C】Websitesaboutdietingwouldthrive.【D】Thefashionindustrywoulddecline.22.Thephrase“impingingon”(Line2,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto【A】heighteningthevalueof【B】indicatingthestateof【C】losingfaithin【D】doingharmto23.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthefashionindustry?【A】TheFrenchmeasureshavealreadyfailed.【B】NewstandardsarebeingsetinDenmark.【C】Modelsarenolongerunderpeerpressure.【D】Itsinherentproblemsaregettingworse.AdesignerismostlikelytoberejectedbyCFWfor【A】pursuingperfectphysicalconditions【B】caringtoomuchaboutmodel’scharacter.【C】showinglittleconcernforhealthfactors【D】settingahighagethresholdformodels.Whichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleofthetext?【A】AChallengetotheFashionIndustry’sBodyIdeals【B】ADilemmafortheStarvingmodelsinFrance【C】JustAnotherRoundofStruggleforBeauty【D】TheGreatThreatstotheFashionIndustryText2Forthefirsttimeinhistorymorepeopleliveintownsthaninthecountry.InBritainthishashadacuriousresult.WhilepollsshowBritonsrate”thecountryside”alongsidetheroyalfamily,ShakespeareandtheNationalHealthSerivce(NHS)aswhatmakesthemproudestoftheircountry,thishaslimitedpoliticalsupport.AcenturyagoOctaviaHillLaunchedtheNationalTrustnottorescuestylishhousesbuttosave“thebeautyofnaturalplacesforeveryoneforever”.Itwasspecificallytoprovidecitydwellerswithspacesforleisurewheretheycouldexperience“arefreshingair.”Hill’spressurelaterledtocreationofnationalparksandgreenbelts.Theydon’tmakecountrysideanymore,andeveryyearconcreteconsumesmoreofit.Itneedsconstantguardianship.Atthenextelectionnoneofthebigpartiesseemlikelytoendorsethissentiment.Theconservatives’planningreformexplicitlygivesruraldevelopmentpriorityoverconservation,evenauthorising“off-plan”buildingwherelocalpeoplemightobject.Theconceptofsustainabledevelopmenthasbeendefinedasprofitable.Labourlikewisewantstodiscontinuelocalplanningwherecouncilsopposedevelopment.TheLiberalDemocratsaresilent.OnlyUkip,sensingitschance,hassidedwiththosepleadingforamoreconsideredapproachtousinggreenland.ItsCampaigntoProtectRuralEnglandstruckterrorintomanylocalconservativeparties.Thesensibleplacetobuildnewhouses,factoriesandofficesiswherepeopleare,incitiesandtownswhereinfrastructureisinplace.TheLondonagentsStirlingAckroydrecentlyidentifiedenoughsitesforhalflionhousesintheLondonareaalone,withnointrusionongreenbelt.WhatistrueofLondoniseventrueroftheprovinces.Theideathat”housingcrisis”equals“concretedmeadows”ispurelobbytalk.Theissueisnottheneedformorehousesbut,asalways,wheretoputthem.Underlobbypressure,GeorgeOsbornefavoursruralnew-buildagainsturbanrenovationandrenewal.Hefavoursout-of-townshoppingsitesagainsthighstreets.Thisisnotafreemarketbutabiasedone.Ruraltownsandvillageshavegrownandwillalwaysgrow.Theydosobestwherebuildingstickstotheiredgesandrespectstheircharacter.WedonotruinurbanDevelopmentshouldbeplanned,notletrip.AftertheNetherlands,BritainisEurope’smostcrowedcountry.Halfacenturyoftownandcountryplanninghasenabledittoretainanenviableruralcoherence,whilestillpermittinglow-densityurbanliving.Thereisnodoubtofthealternative---thecorruptedlandscapesofsouthernPortugal,SpainorIreland.Avoidingthisratherthamotingitshouldunitetheleftandrightofthepoliticalspectrum.26.Britain’spublicsentimentaboutthecountryside[A]hasbroughtmuchbenefittotheNHS.[B]didn’tstarttilltheShakespeareanage.[C]isfullybackedbytheroyalfamily.[D]isnotwellreflectedinpolitics.27.AccordingtoParagraph2,theachievementsoftheNationalTrustarenowbeing[A]graduallydestroyed.[B]effectivelyreinforced.[C]properlyprotected.[D]largelyovershadowed.28.whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3?[A]Ukipmaygainfromitssupportforruralconservation.[B]theConservativesmayabandon”off-plan“building.[C]theLiberalDemocratsarelosingpoliticalinfluence.[D]labourisunderattackforopposingdevelopment.29.theauthorholdsthatGeorgeOsborne’spreference[A]revealsastrongprejudiceagainsturbanareas.[B]showshisdisregardforthecharacterofruralareas.[C]stressesthenecessityofeasingthehousingcrisis.[D]highlightshisfirmstandagainstlobbypressure.30.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorshowshisappreciationof[A]thesizeofpopulationinBritain.[BtheenviableurbanlifestyleinBritain.[C]thetown-and-countryplanninginBritain.[D]thepoliticallifeintodayisBritain.Text3“Thereisonandonlyonesocialresponsibilityofbusiness,”wroteMiltonFriedman,aNobelprize-winningeconomist,“Thatis,touseitsresourcesandengageinactivitiesdesignedtoincreaseitsprofits.”ButevenifyouacceptFriedman’spremiseandregardcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)policiesasawasteofshareholders’money,thingsmaynotbeabsolutelyclear-cut.NewresearchsuggeststhatCSRmaycreatemonetaryvalueforcompanies-atleastwhentheyareprosecutedforcorruption.ThelargestfirmsinAmericaandBritaintogetherspendmorethan$15billionayearonCSR,accordingtoanestimatebyEPG,aconsultingfirm.Thiscouldaddvaluetotheirbusinessesinthreeways.First,consumersmaytakeCSRspendingasa“signal”thatacompany’sproductsareofhighquality.Second,customersmaybewillingtobuyacompany’sproductsasanindirectwaytodonatetothegoodcausesithelps.Andthird,throughamorediffuse“haloeffect,”wherebyitsgooddeedsearnitgreaterconsiderationfromconsumersandothers.Previous
studies
on
CSR
have
had
trouble
differentiating
these
effects
because
consumers
can
be
affected
by
all
three.
Al
recent
study
attempts
to
separate
them
by
looking
at
bribery
prosecutions
under
America’s
Foreign
Corrupt
Practices
Act
(FCPA).
It
argues
that
since
prosecutors
do
not
consume
a
company’s
products
as
part
of
their
investigations,
they
could
be
influenced
only
by
the
halo
effect.
The
study
found
that,
among
prosecuted
firms,
those
with
the
most
comprehensive
CSR
programms
tended
to
get
more
lenient
penalties,.
Their
analysisruledoutthepossibilitythatitwasfirm’sPoliticalinfluence,ratherthantheirCSR
stand,
that
accounted
for
the
leniency:
Companies
that
contributed
more
to
political
campaigns
did
not
receive
lower
fines.In
all,
the
study
concludes
that
whereas
prosecutors
should
only
evaluate
a
case
based
on
its
merits,
they
do
seem
to
be
influenced
by
a
company’s
record
in
CSR.
“We
estimate
that
either
eliminating
a
substantial
labour-rights
concern
,
such
as
child
labour,
or
increasing
corporate
giving
byabout20%
results
in
fines
that
generally
are
40%
lower
than
the
typical
punishment
for
bribing
foreign
officials”,
says
one
researcher.
ﻫResearchers
admit
that
their
study
does
not
answer
the
question
of
how
much
businesses
ought
to
spend
on
CSR.
Nor
does
it
reveal
how
much
companies
are
banking
on
the
halo
effect,
rather
than
the
other
possible
benefits,
when
they
decide
their
do-gooding
policies.
But
at
least
they
have
demonstrated
that
when
companies
get
into
trouble
with
the
law,
evidence
of
good
character
can
win
them
less
costly
punishment.31.The
author
views
Milton
Friedman’s
statement
about
CSR
withﻫ【A】tolerance.ﻫ【B】skepticism.ﻫ【C】uncertainty.ﻫ【D】approval.
32.According
to
Paragraph
2,CSR
helps
a
company
byﻫ【A】winning
trust
from
consumers.
【B】guarding
it
against
malpractices.
【C】protecting
it
from
being
defamed.ﻫ【D】raising
the
quality
of
its
products.33.Theexpression“morelenient”(line2,para.4)isclosestinmeaningto【A】moreeffective【B】lesscontroversial【C】lesssevere【D】morelasting34.Whenprosecutorsevaluateacase,acompany’sCSRregard【A】hasanimpactontheirdecision【B】comesacrossasreliableevidence【C】increasesthechanceofbeingpenalized【D】constitutespartoftheinvestigation35.Which
of
the
following
is
trueof
CSR,
according
to
the
last
paragraph?
【A】
Its
negative
effects
on
businesses
are
often
overlooked.
【B】
The
necessary
amount
of
companies’
spending
on
it
is
unknown.ﻫ【C】Companies’
financial
capacity
for
it
has
been
overestimated.
【D】
It
has
brought
much
benefit
to
the
banking
industry.Text4TherewilleventuallycomeadaywhenTheNewYorkTimesceasestopublishstoriesonnewsprint.Exactlywhenthatdaywillbeisamatterofdebate.“Sometimeinthefuture”,thepaper’spublishersaidbackin2023.Nostalgiaforinkonpaperandtherustleofpagesaside,there’splentyofincentivetoditchprint.Theinfrastructurerequiredtomakeaphysicalnewspaper—printingpresses,deliverytrucks—isn’tjustexpensive;it’sexcessiveatatimewhenonline-onlycompetitorsdon’thavethesamesetoffinancialconstraints.Readersaremigratingawayfromprintaway.Andthoughprintadsalesstilldwarftheironlineandmobilecounterparts,revenuefromprintisstilldeclining.Overheadmaybehighandcirculationlower,butrushingtoeliminateitsprinteditionwouldbeamistake,saysBuzzFeedCEOJoahPeretti.PerettisaystheTimesshouldn’twastetimegettingoutoftheprintbusiness,butonlyiftheygoaboutdoingittherightway.”Fightingoutawaytoacceleratethattransitionwouldmakesenseofthem,”hesaid,“butifyoudiscontinueit,you’regoingtohaveyourmostloyalcustomersreallyupsetwithyou.”Sometimesthat’sworthmakingachangeanyway.Perettigivestheexampleseenasablunder,”hesaid.Themoveturnedouttobeforesighted.AndifPerettiwouldraisepricesandmakeitintomoreofalegacyproduct.”Themostloyalcustomerswouldstillgettheproducttheyfavor,theideagoes,andthey’dfeelliketheywerehelpingsustainthequalityofsomethingtheybelievein.“Soifyou’reoverpayingforprint,youcouldfeellikeyouwerehelping,”Perettisaid.“Thenincreaseitatahigherrateeachyearandessentiallytrytogenerateadditionalrevenue.”Inotherwords,ifyou’regoingtomakeaprintproduct,makeitforthepeoplewhoarealreadyobsessedwithit.WhichwaybewhattheTimesisdoingalready.Gettingtheprinteditionsevendaysaweekcosts$500ayear—morethantwiceasmuchasadigital-onlysubscription.“It’sareallyhardthingtodoandit’satremendousluxurythatBuzzFeeddoesn’thavealegacybusiness,”Perettiremarked.“Butwe’regoingtohavequestionslikethatwherewehavethingswe’redoingthatdon’tmakesensewhenthemarketchangesandtheworldchanges.Inthosesituations,it’sbettertobemoreaggressivethanlessaggressive.”36.TheNewYorkTimesisconsideringendingitsprinteditionpartlydueto[A]thepressurefromitsinvestors.[B]thecomplaintsfromitsreaders.[C]thehighcostofoperation.[D]theincreasingonlineadsales.37.Perettisuggeststhat,infaceofthepresentsituation,theTimesshould[A]makestrategicadjustments[B]endtheprinteditionforgood.[C]seeknewsourcesofreadership.[D]aimforefficientmanagement.38.ItcanbeinferredformParagraphs5and6thata“legacyproduct”[A]willhavethecostofprintingreduced.[B]ismeantforthemostloyalcustomers.[C]helpsrestorethegloryofformertimes.[D]expandsthepopularityofthepaper.39.Perettibelievesthat,inachangingworld,[A]traditionalluxuriescanstayunaffected.[B]aggressivenessbettermeetschallenges.[C]cautiousnessfacilitatesproblem-solving.[D]legacybusinessesarebecomingoutdated.40.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetext?[A]MakeYourPrintNewspaperaLuxuryGood.[B]KeepYourNewspapersForeverinFashion.[C]CherishtheNewspaperStillinYourHand.[D]ShifttoOnlineNewspapersAllatOnce.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)[A]Create
a
new
image
of
yourself[B]Decide
if
the
time
is
right[C]Have
confidence
in
yourself[D]Understand
the
context[E]Work
with
professionals[F]Know
your
goals[G]Make
it
efficientNo
matter
how
formal
or
informa
the
work
environment,the
way
you
present
yourself
has
an
impact.
This
is
especially
true
in
first
impressions.
According
to
research
from
Princeton
University,people
assess
your
competence,trustworthiness,and
likeability
in
just
a
tenth
of
a
second,solely
based
on
the
way
you
look.ﻫThe
difference
between
today’s
workplace
and
the“dress
for
success”
era
is
that
the
range
of
options
is
so
much
broader.Norms
have
evolved
and
fragmented.Insomesettings,redsneakersordressT-shirtscanconveystatus;inothersnotsomuch.Plus,whateverimagewepresentismagnifiedbysocial-mediaserviceslikeLinkedIn.Chancesare,yourheadshotsareseenmuchmoreoftennowthanadecadeortwoago.Millennials,itseems,facetheparadoxofbeingtheleastformalgenerationyetthemostconsciousofstyleandpersonalbranding.Itcanbeconfusing.Sohowdowenavigatethis?Howdoweknowwhentoinvestinanupgrade?Andwhat’sthebestwaytopulloffonethatenhanceourgoals?Herearesometips;41.Asanexecutivecoach,I’veseenimageupgradesbeparticularlyhelpfulduringtransitions---whenlookingforanewjob,steppingintoanewormorepublicrole,orchangingworkenvironments.Ifyou’reinaperiodofchangeorjustfeelingstuckandinarut,nowmaybeagoodtime.Ifyou’renotsure,askforhonestfeedbackfromtrustedfriends,colleaguesandprofessionals.Lookforcuesabouthowothersperceiveyou.Maybethere’snoneedforanupgradeandthat’sOK.42.Get
clear
on
what
impact
you’re
hoping
to
have.
Are
you
looking
to
refresh
your
image
or
pivot
it?
For
one
person,
the
goal
may
be
to
be
taken
more
seriously
and
enhance
their
professional
image.
For
another,
it
may
be
to
be
perceived
as
more
approachable,
or
more
modern
and
stylish.
For
someone
moving
from
finance
to
advertising,
maybe
they
want
to
look
more“SoHo”.(It’s
OK
to
use
characterizations
like
that.)43.Lookatyourworkenvironmentlikeananthropologist.Whatarethenormsofyourenvironment?Whatconveysstatus?Whoareyourmostimportantaudiences?Howdothepeopleyourespectandlookuptopresentthemselves?Thebetteryouunderstandtheculturalcontext,themorecontrolyoucanhaveoveryourimpact.44.Enlistthesupportofprofessionalsandsharewiththemyourgoalsandcontext.Hireapersonalstylist,orusethefreestylingserviceofastorelikeJ.Crew.Tryahairstylistinsteadofabarber.Workwithaprofessionalphotographerinsteadofyourspouseorfriend.It’snotasexpensiveasyoumightthink.Thepointofastyleupgradeisn’ttobecomemorevainortospendmoretimepassingoverwhattowear.Instead,useitasanopportunitytoreducedecisionfatigue.Pickastandardworkuniformorafewgo-tooptions.Buyallyourclothesoncewithastylistinsteadofshoppingalone,onearticleofclothingatatime.PartCTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Mentalhealthisourbirthright.(46)wedon’thavetolearnhowtobementallyhealthy,itisbuiltintousinthesamewaythatourbodiesknowhowtohealacutormend,abrokenbone.Mentalhealthcan’tbelearned,onlyreawakened.Itislikeimmunesystemofthebody,whichunderstressorthroughlackofnutritionorexercisecanbeweakened,butwhichneverleavesus.Whenwedon’tunderstandthevalueofmentalhealthandwedon’tknowhowtogainaccesstoit,mentalhealthwillremainhiddenfrom
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