国际贸易全套

国际贸易全套第1页/共193页2023/3/254:09主要参考书1、国际贸易海闻上海人民出版社2、国际经济学保罗克鲁格曼中国人民大学（国际贸易部分）3、/sites/0073375756/student_view0/index.html第2页/共193页2023/3/254:09Chapter1Introduction1.1BriefHistoryofInternationalTrade1.2InternationalTradeFundamentals1.3IntroductiontoInternationalTradeTheories第3页/共193页2023/3/254:091.1BriefHistoryofInternationalTrade1.”International”+”Trade”2.BriefHistory3.Newdevelopmentininternationaltrade4.Internationaltradeandeconomygrowth第4页/共193页2023/3/254:091.2InternationalTradeFundamentalsValueoftrade贸易额（贸易值）Vsquantumoftrade(贸易量)

RatioofDependenceOnForeignTrade(贸易依存度)第5页/共193页2023/3/254:09我国外贸依存度变化年份19751980198219972000依存度5.4%15.3%8.2%40%43.9%第6页/共193页2023/3/254:09balanceoftrade(BT)贸易差额Definition：BT=∑ex－∑imafavorablebalanceoftrade,excessofexport贸易顺差anunfavorablebalanceoftrade,excessofimport,deficit,overimport贸易逆差Ishugetradesurplusgoodorbadforacountry?第7页/共193页2023/3/254:09compositionoftrade贸易商品结构tradebyregion贸易地理结构visible/Tangibletradeinvisible/IntangibletradeGeneraltrade，总贸易Specialtrade,专门贸易TermsofTrade(TOT)贸易条件=Px/Pm*100第8页/共193页2023/3/254:091.3IntroductiontoInternationalTradeTheories1.FreeTradeVs.TradeProtectionism2.BriefIntroductiontoTradeTheories第9页/共193页2023/3/254:09TRADETHEORIESEarlyTradeTheoriesTheClassicalTheoryofTrade

1.AbsoluteAdvantageandtheSmithModel 2.ComparativeAdvantageandtheRicardianModel

NeoclassicalTradeTheory

3.FactorEndowmentandtheBasicHeckscher-OhlinModel4.ExtensionsandImplicationsoftheH-OModel5.SpecificFactorModel

ModernTradeTheories

6.ImperfectCompetitionandEconomiesofScale 7.ProductCycle 8.Demand-sideTheories 9.NewDevelopmentinInternationalEconomics第10页/共193页2023/3/254:09THEORETICALISSUES:Whydocountriestrade? GainfromtradeWhatarethebasesfortrade? Pricedifferences

Supplyside(cost):Technology Factorendowment Productionscale

Demandside: Income PreferenceWhataretheimpactsoftrade?Onprice,production,consumption,andwelfare Whatarethechangesintradepattern?Explainingthedynamicchangesintradepattern

第11页/共193页2023/3/254:09MercantilismTimeperiod: 1500-1750Mainideas: Nation’sWealth=Country’sholdingsofpreciousmetalsExportisagain(gainpreciousmetals);importisaloss(losepreciousmetals)Tradeisa“Zero-sumGame”:onecountrygainisalossofanothercountryPolicies:Buildupthepowerofanation-state:strongarmy,strongnavy,andmerchantmarineMaintainapositivetradebalance:export>importPromoteexportandrestrictimport

第12页/共193页2023/3/254:09DavisHume:thePrice-Specie-FlowMechanismGivensufficienttime,anautomatictradebalanceadjustmentwouldtakeplacebetweenatradesurpluscountryandatradedeficitcountrybymeansofthefollowingsteps:第13页/共193页2023/3/254:09第14页/共193页2023/3/254:09THESMITHMODELBasicAssumptionsOneinput: Labor(L)Twooutputs: e.g. Wheat(QW)andCloth(QC)TwoCountries: e.g. USandChinaDifferenttechnologies differentproductivityoflaborFullEmployment,PerfectCompetition,andConstantreturntoScale第15页/共193页2023/3/254:09BasisforTrade

DifferenceinTechnologyProductivityProductioncost CommoditypriceMeasurementsofabsoluteadvantage:第16页/共193页2023/3/254:09Anumericalexample第17页/共193页2023/3/254:09MeasurementsofAbsoluteAdvantageInTermsofProductivity:(Q/L)ClothWheatChina1.00.5U.S.0.81.0InTermsofProductionCost:(L/Q)ClothWheatChina1.02.0U.S1.251.0Inthiscase,ChinahasanabsoluteadvantageinproducingclothandtheUShasanabsoluteadvantageingrowingwheat.

第18页/共193页2023/3/254:09GainsfromTradeClothWheatChina5025U.S.4050InAutarky(Assumption)FreeTrade(Assumption)ClothWheatChina100(50+)0U.S.0100(50+)5050+25+10第19页/共193页2023/3/254:09PatternofProduction&Trade

-------eachcountryshouldspecializeinandexporttheProductinwhichithasanabsoluteadvantageInthiscase,ChinashouldbespecializedinproductionofclothandUSshouldproducewheat.Chinashouldexportclothandimportwheat.USshouldimportclothandexportwheat第20页/共193页2023/3/254:09Limitation

Inthiscase,theUShastheabsoluteadvantageinbothgoods(itisverycommonforadevelopedcountrytohaveabsoluteadvantagesinmostsectors).AccordingtotheSmiththeory,therewillbenotrade.？第21页/共193页2023/3/254:09ComparativeAdvantage第22页/共193页2023/3/254:09THERICARDIANMODEL

BasicAssumptions

ThesameastheSmithModelBasisforTrade

DifferencesinTechnologies(inrelativeterm)RelativeproductivityRelativeproductioncostRelativecommodityprice

第23页/共193页2023/3/254:09MeasurementsofComparativeAdvantage:

第24页/共193页2023/3/254:09第25页/共193页2023/3/254:09EffectsofTrade

：Generalequilibriumanalysis:

——autarky(self-sufficient)equilibrium

——tradeequilibrium第26页/共193页2023/3/254:09-------tradetriangle贸易三角-------Welfare:gainsfromallocation(配置所得)**tradegainsfromexchange交换所得**tradegainsfromspecification分工所得第27页/共193页2023/3/254:09第28页/共193页2023/3/254:09PatternofProductionandTrade

------eachcountryshouldspecializeinandexporttheProductinwhichithasacomparativeadvantage

第29页/共193页2023/3/254:09SolutionforSmithModel’sPuzzleChinaU.S.Cloth100150Wheat50100InTermsofRelativeLaborProductivityofCloth(QC/QW)China=100/50>(QC/QW)U.S=150/100第30页/共193页2023/3/254:09ExceptionChinaU.S.Cloth100

Wheat50100200150第31页/共193页2023/3/254:09ComparativeAdvantagewithManyGoodsorManyCountriesManyCountriesandTwoGoods--Settingupthemodel:list

relativecosts

byorder第32页/共193页2023/3/254:09--Derivingtherelativesupply --Determiningtherelativeprice--Determiningthecomparativeadvantages第33页/共193页2023/3/254:09ManyGoodsandTwoCountries

--Settingupthemodel:listrelativeproductivitybyorder--Derivingtherelativedemandforlabor--Determiningtherelativewage--Determiningthecomparativeadvantages第34页/共193页2023/3/254:09第35页/共193页2023/3/254:09Heckscher-OhlintheoryIntherealworld,whiletradeispartlyexplainedbydifferencesinlaborproductivity,italsoreflectsdifferencesincountries’resources.TheHeckscher-Ohlintheory:EmphasizesresourcedifferencesastheonlysourceoftradeShowsthatcomparativeadvantageisinfluencedby:Relativefactorabundance(referstocountries)Relativefactorintensity(referstogoods)Isalsoreferredtoasthefactor-proportionstheory第36页/共193页2023/3/254:09Heckscher-OhlinTheoryofTrade

Acountrywillexportproductsthatuserelativelyintensivelythoseproductionfactorsfoundrelativelyabundantlyinthecountry,andimportproductsthatuserelativelyintensivelythoseproductionfactorsthatarerelativelyscarceinthecountry.

H-Ocomparativeadvantageisactuallyatriplecomparison:

acrosscountries acrossproducts acrossfactorsofproduction

第37页/共193页2023/3/254:09生产要素禀赋（factorendowment）：生产要素在一个地区中的天然供给状况。要素丰裕度（factorabundance）不同国家或地区几种要素拥有总量的相对比例。第38页/共193页2023/3/254:09factorintensity要素密集度生产某产品投入不同要素的相对密集程度（针对产品而言）则X为劳动密集型产品，Y为资本密集型产品第39页/共193页TheH-OModelTheBasicH-OModelGeneralEquilibriumAnalysisPartialEquilibriumAnalysisLeontief’sParadox(里昂惕夫之谜)第40页/共193页2023/3/254:09TheBasicH-OModel

BasicAssumptionsTwoinputs(factors):Labor(L)andCapital(K)Twooutputs: Rice(R)andSteel(S)TwoCountries, e.g.USandChinaDifferentproportionoffactorendowment:(K/L)US>(K/L)ChinaInvariablefactorEndowments&PPCSameTechnologyUSisacapital-abundantcountryandChinaisalabor-abundantcountryFullEmployment,PerfectCompetitionandConstantreturntoScale第41页/共193页2023/3/254:09BasisforTradeDifferentrelativefactorendowments(differentproportion)differentrelativefactorpricesdifferentrelativeproductioncostsdifferentrelativepricesofproductsComparativeadvantageinproducingexporttheproductthatusesitsabundantrecourseintensively(lowerrelativecost)第42页/共193页2023/3/254:09PatternofProductionandTradeAcountryshouldproducemoreandexporttheproductthatusesitsabundantrecourseintensively,andimporttheproductthatusesitsscarcerecourseintensively.Inthiscase,USshouldexportsteelandChinashouldexportrice.第43页/共193页2023/3/254:09GeneralEquilibriumAnalysis:Determinationofthefreetraderelativeprices(TermsofTrade,TOT)Effectsondomesticproduction,consumption,relativepriceofgoods第44页/共193页2023/3/254:09Gainfromtrade:measuredbychangesinCIC(socialwelfarelevel)第45页/共193页2023/3/254:09PartialEquilibriumAnalysis:

Determinationofthefreetradeprice

第46页/共193页2023/3/254:09Effectsondomesticproduction,consumption,andthepriceofgoods

Welfarechangesinproducersandconsumers:measuredbychangesinProducerSurplus(PS，生产者剩余)andConsumerSurplus(CS，消费者剩余)Gainfromtrade:measuredbythenetnationalgain(loss)第47页/共193页2023/3/254:09ImportIndustry---SteelSmallcountryvslargecountryPriceProductionconsumption第48页/共193页2023/3/254:09ExportIndustry---Rice第49页/共193页2023/3/254:09TestfortheHOTheory---Leontief’sparadoxWassilyW.Leontief:theinput-outputanalysisExpecttoprove:TheHOTheoryiscorrect;Asweknow,USAisthemostcapitalabundantcountryintheworldbyanycriterionandshouldexportcapital-intensivecommoditieswhileimportlabor-intensivecommodities.Result:Paradoxial第50页/共193页2023/3/254:09LeontieffoundthatU.S.exportswerelesscapital-intensivethanU.S.imports,eventhoughtheU.S.isthemostcapital-abundantcountryintheworld.第51页/共193页2023/3/254:09Leontief'sSecondTest学者 数据年份 (Kx/Lx)/(Km/Lm)=(H-O预测:>1)Whitney，1968 1899 1.12Leontiev，1954 1947 0.77Leontinv，1956 1947/51 0.94(或不包括自然资源行业，1.14)Baldwin，1971 1958/62 0.79(或不包括自然资源行业，0.96) 1972 1.05(或不包括自然资源行业，1.08)TradePatternsofOtherCountriesJAPANCANADAINDIA第52页/共193页2023/3/254:09ExplanationsfortheLPFactorIntensityReversal(生产要素密集型逆转)TradeBarriersSkillsandhumancapital（人力资本）Naturalresources第53页/共193页2023/3/254:09Chapter4Neo-ClassicalTradeModel:Extensions&Applications4.1Internationaltradeandreturnstofactors（生产要素收益）4.1.1EffectsofTradeonFactorPricesinEachCountry

TheStolper-Samuelson(S-S)TheoremMagnificationEffect(放大效应)4.1.2EffectsofTradeonFactorPricesinBothCountries

TheFactorPriceEqualizationTheorem

4.2Economygrowthandtrade第54页/共193页2023/3/254:094.1.1EffectsofTradeonFactorPricesinEachCountryShort-Run(nofactorsaremobileamongsectors)

Returntofactors:W=P*MPL,R=P*MPkReturnstofactoraredeterminedbychangesinProductPriceNochangesinmarginalproductivityoffactorPriceofexportproduct,bothfactorsintheexportsectorgainPriceofimport-competingproduct,bothfactorsintheimport-competingloss

第55页/共193页2023/3/254:09Long-Run(allfactorsareabletomoveamongsectors)TheStolper-Samuelson(S-S)TheoremFreetraderaisesthereturntothefactorusedintensivelyintherising-pricesector(exportsector)andlowersthereturntofactorusedintensivelyinthefalling-price(importcompetingsector)

MagnificationEffect

Changesinreturnstofactorsaregreaterthanthechangesinproductprices第56页/共193页2023/3/254:09第57页/共193页2023/3/254:09第58页/共193页2023/3/254:09TheFactorPriceEqualizationTheorem

UndertheassumptionsofH-Omodel,freetradewillequalizenotonlycommoditypricesbutalsofactorprices.Alllaborswillearnthesamewagerateandallunitsofcapital(orland)willearnthesameprofit(orrentalreturns)inbothcountriesregardlessofthefactorsuppliesorthedemandpatternsinthetwocountries.第59页/共193页2023/3/254:09InternationalFactorPrice

EqualizationWiththeshifttofreetrade:Foreachfactor,itsrateofreturnbecomesmoresimilarbetweencountries.Underidealconditions,itsrealrateofreturnisthesameindifferentcountries.

Example:Labor.

第60页/共193页2023/3/254:09InternationalFactorPrice

EqualizationWithnotrade,thewagerateishighinthelabor-scarcecountry.Thewagerateislowinthelabor-abundantcountry.

Withfreetrade,theimportoflabor-intensiveproductspushesthewage-ratedowninthelabor-scarcecountry.Theexportoflabor-intensiveproductspullsthewagerateupinthelabor-abundantcountry.第61页/共193页2023/3/254:09第62页/共193页2023/3/254:09EconomicGrowth:Iseconomicgrowthinothercountriesgoodorbadforournation?Itmaybegoodforournationbecauseitmeanslargermarketsforourexports.Itmaymeanincreasedcompetitionforourexporters.Isgrowthinacountrymoreorlessvaluablewhenthatnationispartofacloselyintegratedworldeconomy?Itshouldbemorevaluablewhenacountrycansellsomeofitsincreasedproductiontotheworldmarket.Itislessvaluablewhenthebenefitsofgrowtharepassedontoforeignersratherthanretainedathome第63页/共193页2023/3/254:09GrowthandtheProductionPossibilityFrontierEconomicgrowthimpliesanoutwardshiftofacountry’sproductionpossibilityfrontier(TT).BiasedgrowthTakesplace

whenTTshiftsoutmoreinonedirectionthanintheotherCanoccurfortworeasons:TechnologicalprogressinonesectoroftheeconomyIncreaseinacountry’ssupplyofafactorofproduction第64页/共193页2023/3/254:09TT1TT1TT2TT2Clothproduction,QCFoodproduction,QF(a)GrowthbiasedtowardclothClothproduction,QCFoodproduction,QF(b)Growthbiasedtowardfood第65页/共193页2023/3/254:09GrowthandTrade

DefinitionofGrowthandTypesofGrowthIncreasesinfactorendowmentsvs.Factor-savingtechnologicalprogressBiasedeconomicgrowth（不平衡增长）:ExportExpanding(EE，出口扩张型)Growthvs.ImportReplacing(IR，进口替代型)GrowthLargecountriesVssmallcountries第66页/共193页2023/3/254:09Export-biasedgrowthDisproportionatelyexpandsacountry’sproductionpossibilitiesinthedirectionofthegooditexportsWorsensagrowingcountry’stermsoftrade,tothebenefitoftherestoftheworldImport-biasedgrowthDisproportionatelyexpandsacountry’sproductionpossibilitiesinthedirectionofthegooditimportsImprovesagrowingcountry’stermsoftradeattherestoftheword’sexpense第67页/共193页2023/3/254:09IRGrowth---aSmallCountry

TOT,Production,Trade,Welfare

第68页/共193页2023/3/254:09IRGrowth---aLargeCountry

(TOT,Production,Trade,Welfare)第69页/共193页2023/3/254:09EEGrowth---aSmallCountry

TOT,Production,Trade,Welfare

第70页/共193页2023/3/254:09Cases:DutchDisease(荷兰病)Cause?NewEconomyinU.S.第71页/共193页2023/3/254:09EEGrowth---aLargeCountry

(TOT,Production,Consumption,Trade,Welfare)第72页/共193页2023/3/254:09aspecialcase:“ImmiserizingGrowth”

福利恶化型增长第73页/共193页2023/3/254:09SmallcountryLargecountryIRTOTTOTProduction:ImportSectorExportSectorProduction:ImportSectorExportSectorTrade:TradeWelfare:Welfare:EETOTTOTProduction:ImportSectorExportSectorProduction:ImportSectorExportSectorTrade:TradeWelfare:Welfare:RybczyskiTheoremandDutchDiseaseImmiserizingGrowth第74页/共193页2023/3/254:09TheSpecificFactorModel(特定要素模型)BasicAssumptionsThreeinputs(factors): Mobilefactor: Labor(L)SpecificFactors: Capital(K)andLand(T)Twooutputs: Manufacture(QM)Food(QF)第75页/共193页2023/3/254:09Chapt.5ModernTradeTheories5.1ModernTradeFacts5.1.1RiseofIntra-industryTrade（产业内贸易）--Intra-industrialTrade(IIT)IndexWhenthereisaperfectIntra-industrialTrade,IIT=1;Whenthereisnotrade,IIT=IncreaseinTradebetweendevelopedcountries5.1.3ChangesinIndustrialLeadership(产业领先地位)

第76页/共193页2023/3/254:09第77页/共193页2023/3/254:09第78页/共193页2023/3/254:09ChangesinIndustrialLeadershipTextilesTVCarSteelSemiconductor第79页/共193页2023/3/254:095.2ImperfectCompetitionandInternationalTrade

TheTheoryofImperfectCompetition:ABriefReviewImperfectCompetitionandPriceDiscrimination（价格歧视/价格差异）PriceDiscriminationAssumption:imperfectcompetitivefirmormonopolisticcompetitivefirm;twomarketstotallydivided;differentdemandintwomarkets.第80页/共193页2023/3/254:09DumpingandInternationalTradeReciprocalDumpingandIntra-industrialTrade第81页/共193页2023/3/254:09ExampleDomesticMarket1000UnitsP=20$Toincrease1unitinsale,P1cent19.99*1001-1000*20=9.99MRd=9.99$ForeignMarket100UnitsP=15$14.99*101-15*100=13.99MRf=13.99$第82页/共193页2023/3/254:095.3EconomyofScale规模经济andInternationalTrade第83页/共193页2023/3/254:09

EconomyofScaleEconomiesofScale:External外部规模经济Internal内部规模经济第84页/共193页2023/3/254:095.4ProductCycle

第85页/共193页2023/3/254:09Chapt.6INTERNATIONALFACTORMOVEMENTS6.1INTERNATIONALMOVEMENTOFLABOR

GeneralSituationTypeofInternationalLaborMovementContractWorker外籍劳工Immigration移民WelfareEffectsonFirms,Workers,andtheWholeEconomy第86页/共193页2023/3/254:09第87页/共193页2023/3/254:096.3MultinationalsTheoryofMultinationalsLocationResources,transportationcosts,tradebarriersInternalizationTechnologytransfer,verticalintegration,etc第88页/共193页2023/3/254:09DevelopmentofMultinationalsVirtuallyallofinternationaltradeinmanufacturesandservicesisdoneviamultinationals.1/3isdonewithinafirm,1/3isdoneatarm’slengthinwhichbothsidesareMNCsand1/3isdoneatarm’slengthinwhichonesideisanMNC第89页/共193页2023/3/254:09RoleofmultinationalsGlobalproductionandconsumptionFreermovementofcapitalInternationaltechnologytransferExchangesanddevelopmentofmanagerialskills第90页/共193页Section2TradePoliciesChapt.7TariffChapt.8Non-tariffBarriersChapt.9ExportPolicies&others第91页/共193页2023/3/254:09IntroductionThissetionisfocusedonthefollowingquestions:Whataretheeffectsofvarioustradepolicyinstruments?Whowillbenefit,andwhowilllose?Whatarethecostsandbenefitsofprotection?Willthebenefitsoutweighthecosts?Whatshouldanation’stradepolicybe?第92页/共193页2023/3/254:09Effectofeachpolicyon:DomesticPrice,DomesticProductionandConsumption,TheWorldPrice,TheTermsofTrade,TheVolumeofImportorExportWelfareChangesforProducers,Consumer,Government,andtheWholeEconomy第93页/共193页2023/3/254:09ClassificationofCommercialPolicyInstrumentsCommercialPolicyInstrumentsTradeContractionTradeExpansionTariffExporttaxImportquotaVoluntaryExportRestraint(VER)ImportsubsidyExportsubsidyVoluntaryImportExpansion(VIE)PriceQuantityPriceQuantity第94页/共193页2023/3/254:09Chapt.7IMPORTPOLICIES:TariffDefine：CustomsDutyorTariffPositiveeffectsToIncreaseFinancialrevenuesToProtectDomesticmarketToAdjustproduction,marketD-S,Priceetc.Tohaveacloseconnectionwithinternationaleconomicanddiplomaticrelations第95页/共193页2023/3/254:09Negativeeffects:ToIncreaseconsumer’sburdenTodecreasetradevolumeOverprotectionToworsentherelationsbetweentradepartnersSmuggling第96页/共193页2023/3/254:09Tariffscanbeclassifiedas:TypesoftariffSpecificTariff(从量税)

:TaxesthatareleviedasafixedchargeforeachunitofgoodsimportedExample:Aspecifictariffof$10oneachimportedbicyclewithaninternationalpriceof$100meansthatcustomsofficialscollectthefixedsumof$10.AdvaloremTariff:从价税TaxesthatareleviedasafractionofthevalueoftheimportedgoodsExample:A20%advaloremtariffonbicyclesgeneratesa$20paymentoneach$100importedbicycle.CompoundDuty复合税AlternativeDuty选择税第97页/共193页2023/3/254:09Acompoundduty(tariff)isacombinationofanadvaloremandaspecifictariff.

Moderngovernmentsusuallyprefertoprotectdomesticindustriesthroughavarietyofnontariffbarriers,suchas:ImportquotasLimitthequantityofimportsExportrestraintsLimitthequantityofexports第98页/共193页2023/3/254:09ImportDutyExportDutyTransitDutyRevenueTariffProtectiveTariffImportSurtax(进口附加税)Counter-VaillingDuty反补贴税

Anti-DumpingDuty反倾销税VariableLevy差价税PreferentialDuty特惠税GeneralizedSystemPreferences,GSP普遍优惠制第99页/共193页2023/3/254:09Quantity,QPrice,PPrice,PQuantity,QMDDSAPAP2P1S2D2D2–S22S1D1D1–S11Figure7-1:DerivingHome’sImportDemandCurveBasicTariffAnalysis第100页/共193页2023/3/254:09Propertiesoftheimportdemandcurve:Itintersectstheverticalaxisattheclosedeconomypriceoftheimportingcountry.Itisdownwardsloping.Itisflatterthanthedomesticdemandcurveintheimportingcountry.BasicTariffAnalysis第101页/共193页2023/3/254:09P2P*AD*S*P1XSPrice,PPrice,PQuantity,QQuantity,QS*2–D*2S*2D*2Figure7-2:DerivingForeign’sExportSupplyCurveBasicTariffAnalysisD*1S*1S*1–D*1第102页/共193页2023/3/254:09Propertiesoftheexportsupplycurve:Itintersectstheverticalaxisattheclosedeconomypriceoftheexportingcountry.Itisupwardsloping.Itisflatterthatthedomesticsupplycurveintheexportingcountry.BasicTariffAnalysis第103页/共193页2023/3/254:09Figure7-3:WorldEquilibriumXSPrice,PQuantity,QMDPWQW1BasicTariffAnalysis第104页/共193页2023/3/254:09Usefuldefinitions:Thetermsoftradeistherelativepriceoftheexportablegoodexpressedinunitsoftheimportablegood.Asmallcountryisacountrythatcannotaffectitstermsoftradenomatterhowmuchittradeswiththerestoftheworld.Theanalyticalframeworkwillbebasedoneitherofthefollowing:TwolargecountriestradingwitheachotherAsmallcountrytradingwiththerestoftheworldBasicTariffAnalysis第105页/共193页2023/3/254:09EffectsofaTariffAssumethattwolargecountriestradewitheachother.SupposeHomeimposesataxof$2oneverybushelofwheatimported.Thenshipperswillbeunwillingtomovethewheatunlessthepricedifferencebetweenthetwomarketsisatleast$2.Figure8-4illustratestheeffectsofaspecifictariffof$tperunitofwheat.BasicTariffAnalysis第106页/共193页2023/3/254:09XSPTMDD*S*DSPW2QT1QWBasicTariffAnalysisFigure7-4:EffectsofaTariffP*T3tPrice,PQuantity,QPrice,PQuantity,QPrice,PQuantity,QHomemarketWorldmarketForeignmarketHomemarketWorldmarketForeignmarket第107页/共193页2023/3/254:09Figure7-5:ATariffinaSmallCountrySPrice,PQuantity,QDPW

+tPWImportsaftertariffS1D1ImportsbeforetariffD2S2BasicTariffAnalysis第108页/共193页2023/3/254:09MeasuringtheAmountofProtectionInanalyzingtradepolicyinpractice,itisimportanttoknowhowmuchprotectionatradepolicyactuallyprovides.BasicTariffAnalysis第109页/共193页2023/3/254:09ProtectionLevelofTariffTariffLevel关税水平NominalRateofProtection名义保护率EffectiveRateofProtectionorEffectiveTariffRate有效保护率

Vj’ValueaddeddomesticallyVjValueaddedabroad第110页/共193页2023/3/254:09example自由贸易下：中国进口自行车售价200￥，原料成本140￥，增值60￥；征税：整车10%----220￥，原材料5%----147￥，增值73￥，有效保护率=（73-60）/60=21.7%第111页/共193页2023/3/254:09自由贸易下，中国进口棉纱价格20￥，原棉价格15￥，棉纱税率原棉税率有效保护率10%010%10%10%20%第112页/共193页2023/3/254:09CostsandBenefitsofaTariffAtariffraisesthepriceofagoodintheimportingcountryandlowersitintheexportingcountry.Asaresultofthesepricechanges:ConsumersloseintheimportingcountryandgainintheexportingcountryProducersgainintheimportingcountryandloseintheexportingcountryGovernmentimposingthetariffgainsrevenueTomeasureandcomparethesecostsandbenefits,weneedtodefineconsumerandproducersurplus.第113页/共193页2023/3/254:09Figure7-6:DerivingConsumerSurplusfromtheDemandCurveCostsandBenefitsofaTariff8$129$1010$911DPrice,PQuantity,Q第114页/共193页2023/3/254:09Figure7-7:GeometryofConsumerSurplusCostsandBenefitsofaTariffabP1P2DPrice,PQuantity,QQ2Q1第115页/共193页2023/3/254:09Figure7-8:GeometryofProducerSurplusCostsandBenefitsofaTariffdcP2P1SPrice,PQuantity,QQ2Q1第116页/共193页2023/3/254:09CostsandBenefitsofaTariffMeasuringtheCostandBenefitsIsitpossibletoaddconsumerandproducersurplus?Wecan(algebraically)addconsumerandproducersurplusbecauseanychangeinpriceaffectseachindividualintwoways:AsaconsumerAsaworkerWeassumethatatthemarginadollar’sworthofgainorlosstoeachgroupisofthesamesocialworth.第117页/共193页2023/3/254:09Figure7-9:CostsandBenefitsofaTarifffortheImportingCountryCostsandBenefitsofaTariffPTPWP*TbcdeDa=consumerloss(a+b+c+d)=producergain(a)=governmentrevenuegain(c+e)QTD2S2SS1D1Price,PQuantity,Q第118页/共193页2023/3/254:09Figure7-10:NetWelfareEffectsofaTariffPTPWP*TbdeD=efficiencyloss(b+d)=termsoftradegain(e)ImportsSPrice,PQuantity,QCostsandBenefitsofaTariff第119页/共193页2023/3/254:09Cost-benefitanalysis