nba发展史英语简介新

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NBA进展史英文

NationalBasketballAssociation

"NBA"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeNBA(disambiguation).

NationalBasketballAssociation

History

[edit]1940sand1950s:Theearlyyears

Furtherinformation:ListofNBAseasons

TheBasketballAssociationofAmericawasfoundedin1946bytheownersofthemajoricehockeyarenasintheNortheastandMidwestUnitedStates.OnNovember1,1946,inToronto,Canada,theTorontoHuskieshostedtheNewYorkKnickerbockerswhichtheNBAnowregardsasthefirstgameplayedintheleague'shistory.[3]Althoughtherehadbeenearlierattemptsatprofessionalbasketballleagues,includingtheAmericanBasketballLeagueandtheNationalBasketballLeague,theBAAwasthefirstleaguetoattempttoplayprimarilyinlargearenasinmajorcities.Duringitsearlyyears,thequalityofplayintheBAAwasnotsignificantlybetterthanincompetingleaguesoramongleadingindependentclubssuchastheHarlemGlobetrotters.Forinstancethe1948ABLfinalistBaltimoreBulletsmovedtotheBAAandwonits1948title,followedbythe1948NBLchampionMinneapolisLakerswhowonthe1949BAAtitle.

OnAugust3,1949,theBAAagreedtomergewiththeNBL,expandingtheNationalBasketballAssociationtoseventeenfranchiseslocatedinamixoflargeandsmallcities,aswellaslargearenasandsmallergymnasiumsandarmories.In1950,theNBAconsolidatedtoelevenfranchises,aprocessthatcontinueduntil1954,whentheleaguereacheditssmallestsizeofeightfranchises,allofwhicharestillintheleague(theKnicks,Celtics,Warriors,Lakers,Royals/Kings,Pistons,Hawks,andNationals/76ers).

Whilecontracting,theleaguealsosawitssmallercityfranchisesmovetolargercities.TheHawksshiftedfrom"Tri-Cities"(theareanowknownastheQuadCities)toMilwaukee(in1951)andthentoSt.Louis(in1955);theRoyalsfromRochestertoCincinnati(in1957);andthePistonsfromFortWaynetoDetroit(in1957).In1960,theLakersrelocatedtoLosAngeles,California,andtheWarriorsmovedtoSanFrancisco,California,in1963.Thefollowingyear,theNationalsleftupstateNewYorktobringbasketballbacktoPhiladelphia,changingtheirnicknamefrom"Nationals"to"76ers."Thismeansoutoftheoriginaleightfranchises,onlytheKnicksandCelticshavenotrelocatedatanypoint.

AlthoughJapanese-AmericanWataruMisakatechnicallybroketheNBAcolorbarrierinthe1947-48seasonwhenheplayedfortheNewYorkKnicks,1950isrecognizedastheyeartheNBAintegratedwiththeadditionofAfricanAmericanplayersbyseveralteamsincludingChuckCooperwiththeBostonCeltics,Nat"Sweetwater"CliftonwiththeNewYorkKnicks,andEarlLloydwiththeWashingtonCapitols.Today,morethanfiftyyearslater,theNBAismadeupofplayersofmanydifferentraces,withdiversebackgroundsandcultures.Over80%ofNBAplayerstodayareAfricanAmerican.

Duringthisperiod,theMinneapolisLakers,ledbycenterGeorgeMikan,wonfiveNBAChampionshipsandestablishedthemselvesastheleague'sfirstdynasty.Toencourageshootinganddiscouragestalling,theleagueintroducedthe24-secondshotclockin1954.Ifateamdoesnotattempttoscoreafieldgoal(ortheballdoesn'tmakecontactwiththerim)within24secondsofobtainingtheball,playisstoppedandtheballgiventoitsopponent.

In1957,rookiecenterBillRusselljoinedtheBostonCeltics,whoalreadyfeaturedguardBobCousyandcoachRedAuerbach,andwentontoleadtheclubtoelevenNBAtitlesinthirteenseasons.CenterWiltChamberlainenteredtheleaguein1959andbecamethedominantindividualstarofthe1960s,settingnewrecordsinscoring(100)andrebounding(55).Russell'srivalrywithChamberlainbecameoneofthegreatindividualrivalriesinthehistoryofAmericanteamsports.

[edit]1960s:Celticsdynasty

Throughthisperiod,theNBAcontinuedtostrengthenwiththeshiftoftheMinneapolisLakerstoLosAngeles,thePhiladelphiaWarriorstoSanFrancisco,andtheSyracuseNationalstoPhiladelphia,aswellastheadditionofitsfirstexpansionfranchises.TheChicagoPackers(nowWashingtonWizards)becamethe9thNBAteamin1961.From1966to1968,theleagueexpandedfromnineteamstofourteen,introducingtheChicagoBulls,SeattleSupersonics,SanDiegoRockets(whorelocatedtoHoustonfouryearslater),MilwaukeeBucks,andPhoenixSuns.Theninthe1970s,itwasextendedtoseventeenteamsasthePortlandTrailBlazers,ClevelandCavaliers,andBuffaloBraves(nowtheLosAngelesClippers)allmadetheirdebuts.

In1967,theleaguefacedanewexternalthreatwiththeformationoftheAmericanBasketballAssociation.Theleaguesengagedinabiddingwar.TheNBAlandedthemostimportantcollegestaroftheera,KareemAbdul-Jabbar(thenknownasLewAlcindor),whotogetherwithOscarRobertsonledtheMilwaukeeBuckstoatitleinhissecondseason,andwholaterplayedonfiveLakerchampionshipteams.

However,theNBA'sleadingscorer,RickBarryjumpedtotheABA,asdidfourveteranreferees—NormDrucker,EarlStrom,JohnVanak,andJoeGushue.

[edit]1970s:TheNBAvs.theABA

TheAmericanBasketballAssociationalsosucceededinsigninganumberofmajorstars,includingJuliusErving,inpartbecauseitallowedteamstosigncollegeundergraduates.TheNBAexpandedrapidlyduringthisperiod,onepurposebeingtotieupthemostviablecities.From1966to1974,theNBAgrewfromninefranchisesto18;theNewOrleansJazz(nowinUtah)cameaboardin1974.Then,followingthe1976season,theleaguesreachedasettlementthatprovidedfortheadditionoffourABAfranchisestotheNBA,raisingthenumberoffranchisesintheleagueatthattimeto22.ThefranchisesweretheSanAntonioSpurs,DenverNuggets,IndianaPacersandNewYorkNets.SomeofthebiggeststarsofthiserawereKareemAbdul-Jabbar,RickBarry,DaveCowens,JuliusErving,WaltFrazier,ArtisGilmore,GeorgeGervin,DanIsselandPeteMaravich.

[edit]1980s:Magicvs.Bird

TheleagueaddedtheABA'sinnovativethree-pointfieldgoalbeginningin1979toopenupthegame.Thatsameyear,rookiesLarryBirdandMagicJohnsonjoinedtheBostonCelticsandLosAngelesLakersrespectively,initiatingaperiodofsignificantgrowthinfaninterestintheNBAthroughoutthecountryandtheworld.BirdwentontoleadtheCelticstothreetitles,andJohnsonwentontoleadtheLakerstofive.Alsointheearly'80s,theNBAaddedonemoreexpansionfranchise,theDallasMavericks,bringingthetotalto23teams.

[edit]1990s:TheJordanEraandglobalization

MichaelJordanenteredtheleaguein1984withtheChicagoBulls,providinganevenmorepopularstartosupportgrowinginterestintheleague.Thisresultedinmorecitiesdemandingteamsoftheirown.In1988and1989,fourcitiesgottheirwishesastheCharlotteHornets,MiamiHeat,OrlandoMagic,andMinnesotaTimberwolvesmadetheirNBAdebuts.Globalizationalsooccurredinthe1980s.AgrowingnumberofNBAstarplayersalsobegancomingfromothercountries.Initially,manyoftheseplayers,suchas1994NBAMVPHakeemOlajuwonofNigeria,firstplayedNCAAbasketballtoenhancetheirskills.

In1991,SusanO'MalleybecamethefirstfemalepresidentofanNBAfranchise,whenshebecamethepresidentoftheWashingtonWizards.

JordanalongwithScottiePippinwouldleadtheBullstosixchampionshipsineightyearsduringthe1990s.Olajuwonwonback-to-backtitleswiththeHoustonRocketsin'94and'95.

The1992OlympicbasketballDreamTeam,thefirsttousecurrentNBAstars,featuredMichaelJordan,LarryBird,andMagicJohnson.In1995,theNBAexpandedtoCanadaandto29teamswiththeTorontoRaptorsandtheVancouverGrizzlies.In2022,theVancouverGrizzlieswererelocatedtoMemphis,whichlefttheTorontoRaptorsastheonlyCanadianteamintheNBA.

In1996,theNBAcreatedawomen'sleague,theWomen'sNationalBasketballAssociation(WNBA).In1998,theNBAownersbeganalockoutwhichlasted191daysandwassettledonJanuary18,1999.Asaresultofthislockoutthe1998-99NBAseasonwasreducedfrom82to50games(60%),whichwereallplayedin1999only,thuscallingitthe1999NBAseason.SanAntoniowonthechampionshiponJune25thbybeatingtheNewYorkKnicks.

In2022,twoyearsaftertheHornetsrelocationtoNewOrleans,theNBAreturnedtoNorthCarolinaastheCharlotteBobcatswereformed.

[edit]2000s:Post-JordanWesternConferencedomination

Sincethebreak-upoftheChicagoBullsinthesummerof1998,theWesternConferencehasdominatedtheNBA,winning7of9championships.TimDuncanandDavidRobinsonwonachampionshipin1999withtheSanAntonioSpurs,andShaquilleO'NealandKobeBryantstartedthe2000soffwiththethreestraightchampionshipswiththeLosAngelesLakers.TheSpurswoninagain2022againsttheNets,withtheLakersreturningtotheFinalsinthefollowingyear,onlytofalltotheDetroitPistons(theonlychampionshipteamsince1998thatdidn'thaveeitherTimDuncanorShaquilleO'Neal).Intheoff-season,O'NealwastradedtotheMiamiHeat,andtheLakersandBryantdidnotwinanotherplayoffseriesuntil2022.SanAntoniowontheirthirdchampionshipin2022withanucleusofTonyParker,ManuGinobili,andDuncan.In2022,O'NealwontitlenumberfourwiththeMiamiHeat,givingthefranchiseitsfirstchampionship.SanAntoniothensweptLeBronJamesandtheClevelandCavaliersin2022,givingthemtitlefourtitlesinnineyears.Betweenthem,O'NealandDuncanhavebeentoeachofthelastnineNBAFinalsandhavewoneightoutofninetitles.Together,theyhavewonsixFinalsMVPawardsandthreeleagueMVPs.

AnincreasingnumberofinternationalplayershavemoveddirectlyfromplayingelsewhereintheworldtostarringintheNBA,suchas:

AndreaBargnani,Italy—Firstpickinthe2022NBADraftbyTorontoRaptors(enteredtheNBAin2022)

PauGasol,Spain—2022NBARookieoftheYearand2022WorldChampionshipsMVP(enteredtheNBAin2022)

ManuGinobili,Argentina—2022OlympicTournamentMVP(draftedin1999,enteredtheNBAin2022)

AndreiKirilenko,Russia—EuroBasket2022MVP(draftedin1999,enteredtheNBAin2022)

DirkNowitzki,Germany—MVPofthe2022WorldChampionshipsandEurobasket2022,and2022NBAMVP(enteredtheNBAin1998)

TonyParker,France—2022NBAFinalsMVP(enteredtheNBAin2022)

PejaStojakovic,Serbia—Eurobasket2022MVP(draftedin1996,enteredtheNBAin1998)

YaoMing,China—Firstpickinthe2022NBADraft(enteredtheNBAin2022)

Insomeoccasions,youngplayersfromtheEnglish-speakingworldtendtoattendU.S.collegesbeforeplayingintheNBA(notableexamplesareCanadianSteveNash,2022and2022MVP,andAustralianAndrewBogut,thetopdraftpickin2022),whileotherinternationalplayersgenerallycometotheNBAfromprofessionalclubteams.Currently,theTorontoRaptorshavethemostinternationalplayersintheNBA.TheNBAisnowtelevisedin212nationsin42languages.

In2022,anaffiliatedminorleague,theNationalBasketballDevelopmentLeague,nowcalledtheNBADevelopmentLeague(orD-League)wascreated.

Teams,divisionsandconferencesoftheNBAOnJune29,2022,anewofficialgameballwasintroducedforthe2022-07season,markingthefirstchangetotheballinover35yearsandonlythesecondin60seasons.ManufacturedbySpalding,thenewballfeaturedanewdesignandnewsyntheticmaterialthatSpaldingclaimedofferedabettergrip,feel,andconsistencythantheoriginalball.However,manyplayerswerevocalintheirdisdainforthenewball,sayingthatitwastoostickywhendry,andtooslipperywhenwet.

OnDecember11,2022,CommissionerSternannouncedthatbeginningJanuary1,2022,theNBAwouldreturntothetraditionalleatherbasketballinusepriortothe2022-2022season.Thechangewasinfluencedbyfrequentplayercomplaintsandconfirmedhandinjuries(cuts)causedbythemicrofiberball.[4]ThePlayers'AssociationhadfiledasuitinbehalfoftheplayersagainsttheNBAoverthenewball.[5]Asof2022,theNBAteamjerseysaremanufacturedbyAdidas,whichpurchasedtheprevioussupplier,Reebok.

OnJuly19,2022,theFBIinvestigatedallegationsthatveteranNBArefereeTimDonaghybetonbasketballgamesheofficiatedoverthepasttwoseasonsandthathemadecallsaffectingthepointspreadinthosegames.[6]OnAugust15,2022,Donaghypleadedguiltytotwofederalchargesrelatedtotheinvestigation.However,hecouldfacemorechargesifitisdeterminedthathedeliberatelymiscalledindividualgames.

OnFebruary19,2022,theNBAdeclaredthatthePhoenixSunsandtheDenverNuggetswillplaythefirstoutdoorgameonOctober11,2022,attheIndianWellsTennisGarden.ItwillbethefirstoutdoorgameinthemoderneraoftheNBA

NBA球星麦克格雷迪简介

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