1996年全国入学统一考试英语试题

Section StructureandPartBeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(5Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoften ,orbetterthananactualperformance.asgoodasgoodMypain apparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:“Areyoufeelingallright?”mustmusthavehadtoTheseniorlibrarianatthecirculationdeskpromisedtogetthebookfor shecouldrememberwholastborrowedevermuchevenifObservationsweremade thechildrenatthebeginningandattheendofpreschoolandfirstgrade.Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports, onemajorpointincontrastwiththeistoAsafetyysis thetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunay,itwasneverdone.wouldwillwouldhavewillhaveThenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear’smarathonwas.oflastthoseoflastofthoseoflastthatoflastFor successfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyalltowillTherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIrecently to

whathethoughtwasareasonforthisNoonewouldhavetimetoreadorlistentoanaccountofeverything goingonintheitastherewhatPartBEachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)I’dratheryouwouldA

bytrain,becauseIcan’tB

theideaofyourCinanairneinD

badIt’sessentialthatpeopleA

abletoresistthebroughtabout

bythetransitionfromD

economytomarketSomebossesdisliketoA

peopletoB

theirresponsibilities;they

importantmattersD

intheirownEachcigarettewhichasmokesA

harm,andeventuallyCmaygetaseriousdiseasefromD

Onthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremuchlikelytosucceedintheirAthanareC

littleA

muchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsB

thelifecycleofinsectthatC

notfullyDIn1921EinsteinwontheNobelPrize,andwasA

inGermanytherise

ofNazismC

hewasdrivenD

GermanybecausehewasaThedataA

fromthetwoB

whirlingaroundMarsCthatthereismuchevidencethathugethunderstormsareD

aboutequatoroftheGenerallyspeaking,thebirdflyingA

ourpathisobserved,andtheBstayingonthetreenearatC

ispassedbywithoutanynoticeD

ofMercury’svelocityissoA

greaterthantheB

thatitcompletesthanfourrevolutionsaroundtheSuninthetimeC

takestheEarthcompleteDPartBeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)IwasspeakingtoAnnonthephonewhensuddenlywewere hunghungcutcutShewonderedifshecouldhavetheopportunitytospend heresothatshecouldlearnmoreaboutthecity.somesomeMs.Greenhasbeenlivingintownforonlyoneyear,yetsheseemsto witheveryonewhocomestotheHedoesnot asateacherofEnglishashispronunciationisDozensofscientificgroupsallovertheworldhavebeen thegoalofapracticalandeconomicwaytousesunlighttosplitwatermolecules.Thediscussionwassoprolongedandexhaustingthat thespeakersstoppedforrefreshments.atatatatWhentravelling,youareadvisedtotaketravellers’checks,whichprovideasecure tocarryingyourmoneyincash.InevertrustedhimbecauseIalwaysthoughtofhimassucha Changingfromsolidtoliquid,watertakesinheatfromallsubstancesnearit,andthis producesartificialcoldsurroundingit.inIdidn’tsayanythinglikethatatall.Youarepurposely myideastoproveyourpoint.Language,culture,andalitymaybeconsidered ofeachotherinthought,buttheyareinseparableinfact.Watchingmepullingthecalfawkwardlytothebarn,theIrishmilkmaidfoughthardto herlaughter.holdholdholdholdThemanagergaveoneofthesalesgirlsanaccusinglookforher attitudetowardI withthanksthehelpofmycolleaguesinthepreparationofthisnewItisstrictly thataccessto sisdeniedtoallbutafew.ThepollutionquestionaswellasseveralotherissuesisgoingtobediscussedwhentheCongressisin againnextspring.ChristmasisaChristianholydayusuallycelebratedonDecember thebirthofJesusinaccordanceintermsinfavorinhonorSinceitistoolatetochangemymindnow,Iam tocarryingouttheItwasaboldideatobuildapowerstationinthedeepvalley,butit wellaswehadhoped.camewentbroughtmadeTosurviveintheintensetradecompetitionbetweencountries,we thequalitiesandvarietiesofproductswemaketotheworld-marketSection ClozeForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10Vitaminsareorganiccompoundsnecessaryinsmallamountsinthedietforthenormalgrowthandmaintenanceoflifeofanimals,includingman.Theydonotprovideenergy,大41家dotheyconstructorbuildanypartofthebody.Theyareneededfor大42家foodsintoenergyandbodyTherearethirteenormoreofthem,andif大43家ismissingadeficiencyes大44Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements--usuallycarbon,hydrogen,oxygen,and大45家nitrogen.Theyaredifferent大46家theirelementsarearrangeddifferently,andeachvitamin 大47家oneormorespecificfunctionsinthebody.大48家enoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnutritionalusefor大49家vitamins.Manypeople,大50,believeinbeingthe“safeside”andthustakeextravitamins.However,awell-balanceddietwillusuallymeetallthebody’svitaminneeds.[A][A][A][A][A][A]insosuchexcept[A][B][C][D][A][A][A]SectionIIIReadingEachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Tight-lippedeldersusedtosay,“It’snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget.”Psychologyteachesthatyoudogetwhatyouwantifyouknowwhatyouwantandwanttherightthings.Youcanmakeamentalblueprintofadesireasyouwouldmakeablueprintofahouse,andeachofusiscontinuallymakingtheseblueprintsinthegeneralroutineofeverydayliving.Ifweintendtohavefriendstodinner,wenthe,makeashoplist,decidewhichfoodtocookfirst,andsuchnningisanessentialforanytypeofmealtobeserved.Likewise,ifyouwanttofindajob,takeasheetofpaper,andwriteabriefaccountofyourself.Inmakingablueprintforajob,beginwithyourself,forwhenyouknowexactlywhatyouhavetooffer,youcaninligentlynwheretosellyourservices.Thisaccountofyourselfisactuallyasketchofyourworkinglifeandshouldincludeeducation,experienceandreferences.Suchanaccountisvaluable.Itcanbereferredtoinfillingoutstandardapplicationblanksandisextremelyhelpfulinalinterviews.Whiletalkingtoyou,yourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryoureducation,yourexperience,andotherqualifications,willpayhimtoemployyouandyour“wares”andabilitiesmustbedisyedinanorderlyandreasonablyconnectedmanner.Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhavesomethingtangibletosell.Thenyouarereadytohuntforajob.Getallthepossibleinformationaboutyourcould-bejob.Makeinquiriesastothedetailsregardingthejobandthefirm.Keepyoureyesandearsopen,anduseyourjudgment.Spendacertainamountoftimeeachdayseekingtheemploymentyouwishfor,andkeepinmind:Securingajobisyourjobnow.Whatdotheeldersmeanwhentheysay,“It’snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget.”?You’llcertainlygetwhatyouIt’snouseYoushouldbedissatisfiedwithwhatyouIt’sessentialtosetagoalforAblueprintmadebeforeinvitingafriendtodinnerisusedinthispassage anillustrationofhowtowriteanapplicationforaanindicationofhowtosecureagoodaguidelineforjobaprincipleforjobAccordingtothepassage,onemustwriteanaccountofhimselfbeforestartingtofindajobbecause thatisthefirststeptopleasethethatistherequirementoftheitenableshimtoknowwhentosellhisitshim eclearlyawareofWhenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhavesomething definitetoimaginarytopracticaltodesirabletoWiththestartofBBCWorldServiceevision,millionsofviewersinAsiaandAmericacannowwatchtheCorporation’snewscoverage,aswellaslistentoit.AndofcourseinBritainlistenersandviewerscantuneintotwoBBCevisionchannels,fiveBBCnationalradioservicesanddozensoflocalstations.Theyarebroughtsport,comedy,drama,music,newsandcurrentaffairs,education,religion,parliamentarycoverage,children’sprogrammesandfiforanannuallicensefeeof￡83perhousehold.Itisaremarkablerecord,stretchingbackover70years--yettheBBC’sfutureisnowindoubt.TheCorporationwillsurviveasapublicly-fundedbroadcastingorganization,atleastforthetimebeing,butitsrole,itssizeanditsprogrammesarenowthesubjectofanation-widedebateinBritain.Thedebatewaslaunchedbytheernment,whichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBC--includingordinarylistenersandviewers--tosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporation,andevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkee.ThereasonforitsinquiryisthattheBBC’sroyalcharterrunsoutin1996anditmustdecidewhethertokeeptheorganizationasitis,ortomakechanges.DefendersoftheCorporation--ofwhomtherearemany--arefondofquotingtheAmericanslogan“Ifitain’tbroke,don’tfixit.”TheBBC“ain’tbroke,”theysay,bywhichtheymeanitisnotbroken(asdistinctfromtheword‘broke’,meaninghavingnomoney),sowhybothertochangeit?YettheBBCwillhavetochange,becausethebroadcastingworldarounditischanging.ThecommercialTVchannels–ITVandChannel4--wererequiredbytheThatcherernment’sBroadcastingActto emorecommercial,competingwitheachotherforadvertisers,andcuttingcostsandjobs.Butitisthearrivalofnewsalitechannels--fundedpartlybyadvertisingandpartlybyviewers’--whichwillbringaboutthebiggestchangesinthelongTheworldfamousBBCnowfaces theproblemofnewanuncertaininquiriesbythegeneralshrinkageofInthepassage,whichofthefollowingabouttheBBCisNOTmentionedasthekeyissue?ExtensionofitsTVservicetoFarProgrammesasthesubjectofanation-widePotentialsforfurtherinternationalItsexistenceasabroadcastingTheBBC’s“royalcharter”(Line4,Paragraph4)standsfor thefinancialsupportfromtheroyaltheprivilegesgrantedbytheacontractwiththeauniquerelationshipwiththeroyalTheforemostreasonwhytheBBChastoreadjustitselfisnoother theemergenceofcommercialTVtheenmentofBroadcastingActbythetheurgentnecessitytoreducecostsandthechallengeofnewsaliteInthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury“capital”and“labour”wereenlargingandperfectingtheirrivalorganizationsonmodernlines.Manyanoldfirmwasrecedbyalimitedliabilitywithabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiative,towardscollectivismandmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailwaycompanies,thoughstillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitofshareholders,wereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametimethegreatmunicipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylighting,tramsandotherservicestothetaxpayers.Thegrowthofthelimitedliability andmunicipalbusinesshadimportantconsequences.Suchlarge,im almanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.Allthroughthenineteenthcentury,America,Africa,,AustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapital,andBritishshareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworld’smovementtowardsindustrialization.TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselarge“comfortable”classeswhohadretiredontheir es,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders’meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.Ontheotherhand“shareholding”meantleisureanddomwhichwasusedbymanyofthelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilization.The“shareholders”assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbytheinwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlabourwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthewasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliaralknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmeninvolvedrenderedsuchalrelationsimpossible.Fortunay,however,theincreasingpowerandorganizationofthetradeunions,atleastinallskilledtrades,enabledtheworkmentomeetonequaltermsthemanagersofthecompanieswhoemployedthem.Thecrueldisciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother’sstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffairnegotiation.It’strueoftheoldfamilyfirmsthat theywerespoiledbytheyoungertheyfailedforlackofindividualtheylackedefficiencycomparedwithmoderntheycouldsupplyadequateservicestotheThegrowthoflimitedliabilitycompaniesresultedin theseparationofcapitalfromtheownershipofcapitalbytheemergenceofcapitalandlabourastwotheparticipationofshareholdersinmunicipalAccordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPTthat theshareholderswereunawareoftheneedsofthetheoldfirmownershadabetterunderstandingoftheirthelimitedliabilitycompaniesweretoolargetorunthetradeunionsseemedtoyapositiveTheauthorismostcriticalof familyfilmWhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica--breakthroughssuchastheegraph,theboatandtheweavingmachine?Amongthemanyshafactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry’sexcellentelementaryschools:alaborthat edthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,“spatial”thinkingaboutthingstechnological.Whymentiontheelementaryschools?Becausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanics,especiallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates,weregenerallyliteandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandAcuteforeignobserversrelatedAmericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothiseducationaladvantage.AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reported,“Withamindpreparedbythoroughschooldiscipline,theAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman.”Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthe“premium”system,whichprecededourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit.Thisapproach,originatedabroad,offeredinventorsmedals,cashprizesandotherincentives.IntheUnitedStates,multitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandattheindustrialfairsinmajorcities.Americansflockedtothesefairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance.Giventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovation,theAmericanworkertookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology.AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,“Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions:theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess...Thedesignerandtheinventor...areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist.”Thisnonverbal“spatial”thinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.RobertFultononcewrote,“Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc.,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea.”Whenallthesesha s--schools,openattitudes,thepremiumsystem,ageniusforspatialthinking--inctedwithoneanotherontherichU.S.,theyproducedthatAmericancharacteristic,emulation.Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation.Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybutcompetitivestrivingforfameandexcellence.Accordingtotheauthor,thegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmericawasinalargepartdueto elementaryenthusiastictheattractivepremiumaspecialwayofItisimpliedthatadaptivenessandinventivenessoftheearlyAmericanmechanics benefitedalotfromtheirmathematicalshedlightondisciplinedschoolwasbroughtaboutbyprivilegedhomeowedalottothetechnologicalAtechnologistcanbecomparedtoanbecause theyarebothwinnersoftheyarebothexpertsinspatialtheybothabandonverbaltheybothusevariousThebesttitleforthispassagemightbe InventiveEffective[B]Waysof[D]OutpouringofRumorhasitthatmorethan20booksoncreationism/evolutionareinthepublisher’spipelines.Afewhavealreadyappeared.Thegoalofallwillbetotrytoexintoaconfusedandoftenunenlightenedcitizenrythattherearenottwoequallyvalidscientifictheoriesfortheoriginandevolutionofuniverseandlife.Cosmology,geology,andbiologyhaveprovidedaconsistent,unified,andconstantlyimprovingaccountofwhathappened.“Scientific”creationism,whichisbeingpushedbysomefor“equaltime”intheclassroomswheneverthescientificaccountsofevolutionaregiven,isbasedonreligion,notscience.Virtuallyallscientistsandthemajorityofnon-fundamentalistreligiousleadershavecometoregard“scientific”creationismasbadscienceandbadreligion.ThefirstfourchaptersofKitcher’sbookgiveaverybriefintroductiontoevolution.Atappropriateces,heintroducesthecriticismsofthecreationistsandprovidesanswers.Inthelastthreechapters,hetakesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.Hedescribestheirprogrammesandtactics,and,forthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationists,theextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmaycomeasanunpleasantsurprise.Whentheirbasicmotivationisreligious,onemighthaveexpectedmoreChristianbehavior.Kitcherisaphilosopher,andthismayaccount,inpart,fortheclarityandeffectivenessofhisarguments.Thenon-specialistwillbeabletoobtainatleastanotionofthesortsofdataandargumentthatsupportevolutionarytheory.Thefinalchapteronthecreationistswillbeextremelycleartoall.Onthedustjacketofthisfinebook,StephenJayGouldsays:“Thisbookstandsforreasonitself.”Andsoitdoes--andallwouldbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationism/evolution“Creationism”inthepassagerefersto evolutioninitstruesenseastotheoriginoftheanotionofthecreationofthescientificexnationoftheearththedeceptivetheoryabouttheoriginoftheKitcher’sbookisintendedto mendtheviewsoftheexposethetruefeaturesofcursebitterlyatthislaunchasurpriseattackonFromthepassagewecaninferthat reasoninghasyedadecisiveroleinthecreationistsdonotbasetheirargumentonevolutionarytheoryistoodifficultfornon-creationismissupportedbyscientificThispassageappearstobeadigestof abookascientificamagazineanewspaperSectionIVEnglish-Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentences.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.Thedifferencesinrelativegrowthofvariousareasofscientificresearchhaveseveralcauses.71)Someofthesecausesarecompleyreasonableresultsofsocialneeds.Othersarereasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinsciencebeingtosomeextentself-accelerating.Some,however,arelessreasonableprocessesofdifferentgrowthinwhichpreconceptionoftheformscientifictheoryoughttotake,bysinauthority,acttoalterthegrowthpatternofdifferentareas.Thisisanewproblemprobablynotyetunavoidable;butitisafrighteningtrend.72)ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthataernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.Itcanbepredicted,however,thatfromtimetotime,questionswillarisewhichwillrequirespecificscientificanswers.Itisthereforegenerallyvaluabletotreatthescientificestablishmentasaresourceormachinetobekeptinfunctionalorder.73)Thisseemsmostlyeffectivelydonebysupportingacertainamountofresearchnotrelatedtoimmediategoalsbutofpossibleconsequenceinthefuture.Thiskindofsupport,likeallernmentsupport,requiresdecisionsabouttheappropriaterecipientsoffunds.Decisionsbasedonutilityasopposedtolackofutilityarestraightforward.Butadecisionamongprojectsnoneofwhichimmediateutilityismoredifficult.Thegoalofthesupportingagenciesisthepraisableon