高考英语阅读理解中的长难句修改

PAGEPAGE4如何克服高考英语阅读理解中的长难句障碍-A一、抓住结构引导词分析其长难句结构和功能任何一个复杂长句都不外乎由一个或多个并列结构和复合句构成。并列结构一般有连词and，but，or等连接；复合句按其在句中的作用可分为名词性从句、形容词性从句(定语从句)和副词性从句(状语从句)三大类。任何一个复合句都有一个至几个反应逻辑、意义及结构关系的引导词，找出这些引导词就能分析出复合句的完整句子结构，清理出完整意义。平时要注意积累表示各种逻辑关系的连词和短语。【例l】Anothergoodthingabouttheuseofnoise-killingsystemsisthatitsavestheneedforasilencer,whichnotonlyreducestheweightofacar,butalsomakesthemotorburnlessoilandworkbetter．(NMETl995C篇)析：这是一个含有that引导的表语从句的复合句。并且表语从句后接了which引导的非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句内有notonly…butalso…连接的并列结构。句意：噪音消除系统应用的另一好处就是没有必要使用消声器．这不仅减轻了轿车的重量。而且使发动机耗油更少，运转更好。【例2】Weevenhavedifferentwordsforsometools,meatinparticular,dependingonwhetheritisstilloutinthefieldsorathomereadytobecooked,whichshowsthefactthattheSaxonpeasantsweredoingthefarming，whiletheupper-classNormansweredoingmostoftheeating．(NMET2001D篇)析：whether…or…表示判断选择的搭配结构，which引出定语从句，指代前文中的事实，that引出同位语从句，while引出状语从旬，表示对比。二、抓主干、剔从句一个句子的支架就是句中的谓语动词。根据英语中五种基本句型结构，把句子中的主语、谓语、宾语、表语等主要成分找出来，其他成分如定语、状语、补语等则一目了然易于理解。一些长句其实就是一个由主句和若干个状语从句组成的一个多层次主从复合句，一定要搞清主句和状语从句之间的逻辑关系，只要把逻辑关系搞清楚了，则长难句就好对付了。如果把各个从句、分句、非谓语成分剔出来单独理解，再把大意拼凑起来，构成整个长句的意思，就可降低长句的理解难度。如：【例1】Onetiny9inchplant，boughtfor$1.25inthespring,hasalreadytakenovermuchofmyrosebed,coveringmuchofotherplants,andiswellonitswaytothefrontdoor.(2005全国I卷E篇)析：句子主干部分为onetiny9-inchplanthasalreadytakenovermuchofmyrosebedand…。bought短语、covering短语分别作定语和状语。句意：一个在春天时花$1．25买的九英寸植物已经接管了我的玫瑰苗圃，覆盖了我的其他植物。正在向前门发展。【例2】Lewisfoundthatinfamilieswiththreeorfourchildren,dinnerconversationislikelytocenterontheoldestchild,whohasthemosttotalkabout,andtheyoungest,whoneedsthemostattention．(2005全国I卷D篇1【例3】Pasteurdiscoveredthatheatingthewinegentlyforafewminutesafterithadfermentedwouldkillofftheyeastthatwasleftinthewine,withtheresultthatthewinewouldremainfreshformuchlonger..(NMET2002春招D篇)句意：Pasteur发现(宾语从句)在酒发酵之后，再加温几分钟，能杀死残留在酒中的酵母(定语从句)，其结果能使酒的保鲜时间更长(同位语从句)。【例4】WhatWinterknowsofthe19-year-oldboywhosavedhislifeisonlythathediedinacaraccidentandthathisfamilywaswillingtohonorhiswishesanddonatehisorgansfortransplantation．(NMET2002春招E篇)句意：关于那个救了他的命的19岁的人(定语从句)winter知道的仅仅是，(主语从句)他死于一场车祸(表语从句1)，他的家人尊重他的意愿把他的器官捐献出来，用于移植(表语从句2)。【例5】FirstputforwardbytheFrenchmathematicianPierredeFermatintheseventeenthcentury,thetheoryhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds,includingaFrenchwomanscientistswhomadeamajoradvanceinworkingouttheproblem,andwhohadtodresslikeamaninordertobeabletostudyattheEcolePolytechnic.(NMET2003C篇)句意：这个定理．先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难。包括一位法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展，她为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学习曾女扮男装。Eachmisstepthreatenstoreduceacelebrity’sshelflife,andthesamenewspaperormagazinethatoncebroughthimfamehasnoproblempickinghimtopieceswhentheopportunityappears.(湖南2008)[译文]每一次失误都可能降低名人的知名度，并且一有这样的机会，同样是曾给他带来名声的报纸或杂志会毫不犹豫地把他批得体无完肤。三、抓关键词关键词即为含有句子主要意思的关键信息，抓住关键词读者可以快速抓住该句大意和理解线索。【例1】TalesfromAnimalHospitalwilldelightallfansoftheprogramandanyonewhohasalivelyinterestintheirpet，whetheritbecat,dogorsnake!(NMET2003C篇)析：关键词：fans…爱好者．whether…or…无论是……还是……句意：来自动物医院(这个电视节目)的故事(这本书)，将使这个电视节目的爱好者以及对无论是猫、狗还是蛇这类宠物有浓厚兴趣的任何人感到高兴。【例2】Aftertheirstay,allvisitorsreceiveasurvivalcertificaterecordingtheirsuccess,thatis,whenguestsleavetheigloohoteltheywillreceiveapaperstatingthattheyhavehadatasteofadventure．析：句中含两个分词短语，关键词state“表明”。句意：在他们逗留之后。所有的游客都会收到一份生存证明记录他们的成功．也就是说当游客离开小冰屋旅馆时，他们会得到一份证明．表明他们曾尝试过冒险。【例3】Themajormarketforcerestsinthegrowingpopulationofwhite-collaremployees(白领雇员),whocanaffordthenewservice,inotherwords,Shanghai’scarrentalindustryisgrowingsofastmainlyduetotheincreasingnumberofwhite—collaremployees．析：关键词：restin依赖，inotherwords换句话说。句意：主要的市场因素取决于白领工人的人数增加，这些人付得起这种新型服务。换句话说，上海的汽车出租行业发展如此快，主要是因为白领工人人数的增加。四、恢复原来面貌，理解创新句型难句的另一种形式是各种创新句型，主要形式有省略、插入语、前置、倒装、强调、被动、双重否定等结构。我们可以利用还原法和消原法，还复杂句型以本来面目，以求顺利理解。【例1】Excusedfromrecyclingbecauseyouliveinahighrisewitharubbishchute(垃圾道)？（MET2000E篇)析：省略句，可补充还原为：Areyouexcusedfromrecyclingbecauseyouliveinahighrisewitharubbishchute?你住在带垃圾通道的高层楼房上就可获准不参与回收利用垃圾吗?【例2】Betty,shrugs.Talk?We’refriends．(NMET2001E篇)析：该句为省略句，根据上下文作者因妻子长时间跟女友谈话而感到纳闷的情节，该句可补充还原为：Bettyshrugs.Whyarewetalkingsolong?We’refriends．贝蒂耸了耸肩，为什么我们谈这么久?我们是朋友。【例3】“Mostwomen,”saysRubin,“identified(认定)atleastone,usuallymore,trustedfriendstowhomtheycouldturninatroubledmoment,andtheyspokeopenlyabouttheimportanceoftheserelationshipsintheirlives．”(NMET2001E篇)析：saysRubin分开，turnto中介词to前置。Rubin说多数女子会认定至少一个．通常多个，可信赖的朋友，以便在处境困难时去求助。【例4】Nolongerwillthepublicaccepttheoldattitudeof“Buyit．throwitaway，andforgetit．”(NMET2001C篇)析：本句为倒装句，可还原成：Thepublicwillnolongeraccepttheoldattitudeof“Buyit，throwitaway，andforgetit”．公众们不再接受“购产品、丢产品、忘产品”的旧观点。【例5】HowisitthattheycanleaveBettyandherfriendJoansittingonthesofa,talking,goouttoaballgame，comebackthreeandahalfhourslater,andfindthey’restillsittingonthesofa,talking?(NMET2001E篇)析：这是一个it强调句型的疑问句，that后有两个由and连接的并列分句，前一并列分句为leave，goout,comeback为并列的谓语动词。句中的两个talking作状语表示伴随动作。练一练PartA1.Jennerdiscoveredthatpeoplewhoworkedwithcattleoftensufferedfromaharmlessdiseasewhichtheycaughtfromthecattle,butthesepeopleneverseemedtogetsmallpox.(上海1997B篇)2.MyparentswantedtoknowifIwassure,ifIknewwhatitmeantandwhetherIrealizedthatifIgaveupmyjobtraining，itwouldbeverydifficulttogetagoodjob．(上海1997A篇)3.VictorProzorov’sdisappointmentwassharedbyseveralgrandmasterswhowerepresent，someofwhomweresoupsetthattheyshoutedatthecomputerabetterchessplayer．(NMETl991C篇)4.Decisionisnotunlikepoker–itoftenmatternotonlywhatyouthink,butalsowhatothersthinkyouthinkandwhatyouthinktheythinkyouthink.(NMET2000C篇)5.Withtheirshiningbrowneyes,waggingtails,andunconditionallove,dogscanprovidethenonjudgmentallistenersneededforabeginningreadertogainconfidence,accordingtoIntermountainTherapyAnimals(ITA)inSaltLakeCity.(NMET2003B篇)6．Havingchosenfamilytelevisionprogramsandwomen’smagazines，thetoothpastemarketer，forinstance，mustselecttheexacttelevisionprogramsandstationsaswellasthespecificwomen’smagazinestobeused.7．Inthe1970shewasasurgeonatYale，hadawonderfulwifeandfivebeautifulchildren，buthewasterriblyunhappy.8.Discrimination(歧视)isn’ttheironlyconcern；almosteveryonetestingpositivefortheHuntington’sgene(基因)developssymptoms(症状)duringmiddleage，anddoctorscandonothingtohelp.9.Ican’tliveinfearofthepossibilitythatastheearth’spopulationgrowsandweusemoreandmoreofournonrenewable(不能再生的)resources，ourchildrenmayhavetoleadpoorerlives.10.However，thoseofuswhoareparentsofchildreninthisagegroupknowthatsuchoffersarerelativelyrareandthatmanyliberal-artsstudents(文科生)graduatewiththebeliefthattheprospective(预期的)workplacemaynothaveaplaceforthem..11.Hisjourneytothee-mailhellbeganinnocently（无知地）enoughwhen,aschairmanofComputerAssociatesInternational，asoftwarecompany，hefirstheardhowquicklyhisemployeeshadacceptedtheirnewelectronic-mailsystem.12.Ihaveknownchangesforthebetterandchangesfortheworse，butIhaveneverquestionedthefactthatwhetherIlikeditornot，changewasunavoidable.13.Theyalsofoundthatthebusconductorhadamajorroleinpreventingvandalism（故意破坏行为），andatthetimeshewentupthestairstotheupperdecktocollectfares，vandalismdidnotoftenoccur.14.Suchtasksaregenerallyimportantintheiroutcome，whichonlyaddstothepressuretodogoodjob，andyettheirverycomplexitymakesitdifficulttoknowjustwhereorhowtobegin.15.Todayitisnotunusualforastudent，evenifheworksparttimeatcollegeandfulltimeduringthesummer，tohave$5,000inloans(贷款)afterfouryears—loansthathemuststarttorepaywithinoneyearaftergraduation.16.Whatemerges(浮现)isapictureofanenvironmentwheretheemphasisisonmanagingthetechnologyasitspiesonpeopledoingtheirjobs，ratherthanpromotingqualityservicetocustomersandprovidingafairworkplace.17.Justicedoesdemandthatmurderersbepunished.Andcommonsensedemandsthatsocietybeprotectedfromthem.Butneitherjusticenorself-preservationdemandsthatwekillmenwhomwehavealreadyimprisoned.PartB1.Theirstudyfoundthattheobromine，foundincocoa，wasnearlyathirdmoreeffectiveinstoppingcoughsthancodeine，whichwasconsideredthebestcoughmedicineatpresent.

TheImperialCollegeLondonresearcherswhopublishedtheirresultsonlinesaidthediscoverycouldleadtomoreeffectivecoughtreatment，“whilecoughingisnotnecessarilyharmful(有害的)itcanhaveamajoreffectonthequalityoflifeand”thisdiscoverycouldbeahugestepforwardintreatingthisproblem，”saidProfessorPeterBarnes.

(NMET2008全国llD篇)

译文：目前，可卡因是最佳的止咳药物，可是他们的研究发现在可可粉中包含的可可碱，其疗效又比可卡因几乎高三分之一。

在因特网上公布了他们的研究成果的伦敦皇家大学的研究员们说道：这种发现可能有助于找到更有效的治咳方式。彼得·巴恩斯教授说道：“这种发现可能在治咳史上向前迈了一大步”。

实例：53.AccordingtoProfessorBarnes，theobromine______.

A.cannotbeaseffectiveascodeine

B.canbeharmfultopeople’shealth

C.cannotbeseparatedfromchocolate

D.canbeamoreeffectivecureforcoughs

2.MuchoftheenergythatcomesfromtheSunneverreachestheEarth’ssurface.Itiseitherreflectedorabsorbedbythegasesintheupperatmosphere.Oftheenergythatreachestheloweratmosphere，30%isreflectedbycloudsortheEarth’ssurface.Theremaining70%warmsthesurfaceoftheplanet.(NMET2008江苏卷B篇)

译文：来自太阳的大部分能量都不会到达地球的表面，这种能量或者被上层大气中的气体反射或吸收。在到达低层大气的能量中，有30%的能量被云层或地球的表面所反射，剩下的70%使地球的表面温暖。

实例：60.OnlyasmallpartoftheSun’senergyreachestheEarth’ssurfacebecausemostofitis______.

A.absorbedbythecloudsintheloweratmosphere

B.reflectedbythegasesintheupperatmosphere

C.lostintheupperandloweratmosphere

D.usedtoevaporatewaterfromtheoceansandlakes

3.TheresponsetoherrequestforhelpwassohugethatPoeestablishedKidsForACleanerEnvironment(KidsF.A.C.E.)in1989.Therearenow300，000membersofKidsFACEworldwideandistheworld’slargestyouthenvironmentalorganization.(NMET2008山东卷D篇)

译文：人们对她请求帮助的反应如此强烈以至于波建立了一个为了更洁净环境的孩子的组织。现在这个组织在全世界有300，000名成员，并且它是世界上最大的青少年环保组织。

实例：72.KidsF.A.C.Eis______.

A.aprogramtohelpstudentswithwriting

B.aprojectoflitterrecycling

C.acampaignlaunchedbyPresidentBush

D.aclubofenvironmentalprotection

73.WhatcanwelearnaboutPoe?

A.ShewasawardedaprizeinBrazil.

B.Shedonatedbillboardacrossthecountry.

C.Shegotpositiveresponsesforherefforts

D.ShejoinedtheNationalParkService.

4.Oneofthereasonsthatmadeitcoolforhimnottocarewasthepowerofhispeer(同龄人)group.(NMET2008辽宁卷C篇)

译文：对他来说，不关心自己的学习是一种酷的标志的原因之一是受到他的同龄人的影响。

实例：64.WhydidTomgiveupstudying?

A.Hedislikedhisteachers.

B.Hisparentsnolongersupportedhim.

C.It’scoolforboysofhisagenottocareaboutstudies.

D.Thereweretoomanysubjectsinhissecondaryschool.

5.Theendlesschoicegivesbirthtoanxietyinpeople’slives.Buyingsomethingasbasicasacoffeepotisnotexactlysimple.Easyaccesstoawiderangeofeverydaygoodsleadstoasenseofpowerlessnessinmanypeople，endingintheshoppergivingupandwalkingaway，orjustbuyinganunsuitableitem(商品)thatisnotreallywanted.(NMET2008重庆卷E篇)

译文：无穷尽的选择给人们的生活带来了无尽的烦恼。买像咖啡壶这样最基本的东西也不是那么简单了。对许多人而言，面对触手可及的一系列的日常用品却感到眼花瞭乱、不知所措，结果是购物者只好放弃选择、匆匆而去，或者仅仅买了一件并非真正需要的不合适的商品。

实例：73.Whydomorechoicesofgoodsgiverisetoanxiety?

A.Professionalsfindithardtodecideonasuitableproduct.

B.Peoplearelikelytofindthemselvesovercomebybusinesspersuasion.

C.Shoppersmayfindthemselveslostinthebroadrangeofitems.

D.Companiesandadvertisersareoftenmisleadingabouttherangeofchoice.

6.Astheonlygirlinafamilyofsevenchildren，sheoftenfeltlikeshehad“sevenfathers，”becausehersixbrothers，aswellasherfather，triedtocontrolher.Feelingshyandunimportant，sheretreated(躲避)intobooks.Despiteherloveofreading，shedidnotdowellinelementaryschoolbecauseshewastooshytoparticipate.(NMET2008天津卷A篇)

译文：作为家庭七个孩子中唯一的女孩，她常常有一种感觉，就是她拥有“七个父亲”，原因是她的六个兄弟和她的父亲都想控制她。由于羞怯和觉得无地位的缘故，她总是埋头苦读。尽管她酷爱读书，可是在小学她的成绩不佳，因为她太害羞而不能积极地参与。

实例：36.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutCisnerosinherchildhood?

A.Shehadsevenbrothers.B.Shefeltherselfanobody.

C.Shewastooshytogotoschool.D.Shedidnothaveanygoodteachers.

7.Theymaythinkthateatinglunchisthecauseofthesleepiness.Or，insummer，theymaythinkitistheheat.However，therealreasonliesinsidetheirbodies.Atthattime—abouteighthoursafteryouwakeup—yourbodytemperaturegoesdown.Thisiswhatmakesyouslowdownandfeelsleepy.(NMET2008四川卷C篇)

译文：他们可能认为吃午饭是他们困乏的原因。或者在夏天，他们可能认为是炎热的缘故。然而，真正的原因在于他们身体的内部。在那时，也就是说，在你醒来大约八个小时之后，你的体温开始呈下降的趋势。这就是使你行动迟缓并且感到困乏的原因。

实例：44.Whydopeoplefeelsleepyintheearlyafternoonaccordingtothetext?

A.Theyeattoomuchforlunch.

B.Theysleeptoolittleatnight.

C.Theirbodytemperaturebecomeslower.

D.Theweatherbecomesalotwarmer.

8.Thesebraindifferencesalsoexplainthefactthatmorementakeupjobsthatrequiregoodspatialskills，whilemorewomenspeechskills.Itmayallgobacktoourancestors(祖先)，amongwhomwomenneededspeechskillstotakecareoftheirbabiesandmenneededspatialskillstohunt，accordingtooneresearch.(NMET2008陕西卷E篇)

译文：大脑这些差异也解释了这样的事实：更多的男性从事空间技能的工作，而更多的女性则从事需要语言技能的工作。这种现象也可以追溯到我们的祖先时代，据一项研究表明，在他们当中，女性做的是照看孩子这样的需要语言技能的工作，男性做的是像狩猎这样的需要空间技能的工作。

实例：59.Whichofthefollowingdoyouagreewithaccordingtothefourthparagraph?

A.Youngboysmaybestrongerthanyounggirls.

B.Morewomentakeupjobsrequiringspeechskills

C.Womenmayhavestrongerfeelingsthanmen.

D.Ourancestorsneededmorespatialskills.

9.Inthosedays，IPrightswereeasilyprotectedsinceitwasverydifficulttoobtainintellectualpropertywithoutpayingforit.However，alotofIP，includingsongs，films，booksandartwork，canbedownloadedtodayfreeofchargeusingtheInternet.(NMET2008江西卷D篇)

译文：在那个时代，知识产权很容易受到保护，因为不付费想得到知识产权是很困难的。然而，现在许多知识产权包括歌曲、电影、书籍和艺术品通过使用因特网都可以免费下载。

实例：69.WhatdoweknowabouttheInternetaccordingtothepassage?

A.ItmakesIPrightshardertoprotect.

B.Itsellssongsandfilms.

C.ItdoesnotaffectthewayweunderstandIPrights.

D.Itpreventstheproductionofartwork.

70.Accordingtoparagraph2，whathas“takentheworldbystorm”?

A.Intellectualpropertyrights.

B.TheInternet.

C.Freedownloading.

D.Thelargenumberofsongs，filmsandbooks.

10.Thebusierweare，themoreimportantweseemtoourselvesand，weimagine，toothers.Tobeunavailabletoourfriendsandfamily，andtobeunabletofindtimetorelax—thi