外围护结构保温课件

KRSD传热系数K：稳定传热条件下，单位温度差推动下于单位时间内经单位传热面所传递的热量蓄热系数S：当某一足够厚度的单一材料层一侧受到谐波热作用时，通过表面的热流波幅与表面温度波幅的比值。可表征材料热稳定性的优劣。（在周期性热作用下，围护结构或房间抵抗温度波动的能力。）热惰性指标D，是表征围护结构对周期性温度波在其内部衰减快慢程度的一个无量纲指标，单层结构D=R·S；多层结构D=∑R·S。式中R为结构层的热阻，S为相应材料层的蓄热系数，D值愈大，周期性温度波在其内部的衰减愈快，围护结构的热稳定性愈好。热阻R：代表建筑材料阻止热量穿过的能力。

保温隔热稳定传热波动传热传热系数K值或传热阻R热惰性指标R*S多孔轻质材料R大多孔轻质材料R大；重质材料S大冬季阻止室内向室外传热夏天隔离太阳辐射热和室外高温的影响240mm砖墙外贴60mm厚ASA复合保温板作外保温（板中间苯板厚度为30mm），其热阻为1.37m²•K/W，热惰性指标为4.11，总衰减倍数可达到116.0，总延迟时间11.15小时，具有很好的隔热保温性能。三棉（岩棉、矿棉、玻璃棉）和苯板都是高效保温材料，重量轻、热导率小，但材料蓄热较小，是高热阻、低热惰性指标材料。生物电高压电夏热冬冷、白天热晚上冷冬季没采暖要求保温效果不明显——————————————————夏季太阳辐射厉害，室内外温差小重隔热冬季采暖期长保温效果明显——————————————————夏季凉爽，不重隔热窑洞冬季采暖保温效果明显晚上保温夏季隔热重隔热白天隔热重隔热外墙采用白色涂料，41mm厚的挤塑聚苯板外保温材料，15mm厚的钢筋混凝土材料重质内墙体的蓄热蓄冷功能加厚外保温材料，提高隔热性能。高效复合保温材料，轻重搭配，具有较高的热阻、热惰性指标，内墙不宜采用比较厚的重质材料蓄冷隔热小型混凝土空心砌块。墙体外侧配置轻质外保温材料，厚度最少在80mm以上。内侧墙体要采用重质钢筋混凝土材料，表面抹灰层要尽可能薄。

墙体节能1——

蓄热体ThermalMass

蓄热体ThermalMass蓄热体是指有能力长时间的存储热能的材料。有效地吸收白天热（减少冷负荷），并在夜间释放热量（降低热负荷）。TypesofThermalMassTraditionaltypesofthermalmassincludewater,rock,earth,brick,混凝土concrete,纤维水泥fibrouscement,钙质caliche,and瓷砖ceramictile.Phasechangematerialsstoreenergywhilemaintainingconstanttemperatures,usingchemicalbondstostore&releaselatentheat.

相变材料的储存能量，同时保持恒定的温度，利用化学键的存储和释放潜热。

2.PASIVECOOLING:THERMALSTORAGESYSTEMAirmovedbyfansMetalplotsAlcalaGreshollowsteelcontainerfullofmeltinggelsPCGcapsuleENERGYANDTEMPERATURESTORAGE-DENSEMATERIALS:CERAMICFLOORING.(sensibleheat)-PHASECHANGINGGELS(PCGs)(latentheat)HistoricalApplicationsTheuseofthermalmassinshelterdatesbacktothedawnofhumans,anduntilrecentlyhasbeentheprevailingstrategyforbuildingclimatecontrolinhotregions.Egyptianmud-brickstoragerooms(3200yearsold).CanyondeChelly,ArizonaToday,passivetechniquessuchasthermalmassareironicallyconsidered“alternative”另类methodstomechanicalheatingandcooling,yettheappropriateuseofthermalmassoffersanefficientintegrationofstructureandthermalservices.Thelime-pozzolana(concrete)RomanPantheonThermalPropertiesofMaterialsMaterial Density(kg/m3) Concrete 600-2200Stone 1900-2500Bricks 1500-1900Earth 1000-1500(uncompressed)Earth 1700-2200(compressed) Thebasicpropertiesthatindicatethethermalbehaviorofmaterialsare:density(p),specificheat(cm),andconductivity(k).Thespecificheat

比热

formostmasonrymaterialsissimilar(about0.2-0.25Wh/kgC).Thus,thetotalheatstoragecapacity

蓄热能力

isafunctionofthetotalmass质量ofmasonrymaterials,regardlessofitstype(concrete,brick,stone,andearth).ThermalTimeConstant热时间常数

OneofthemoreimportantmathematicalconstructstoimaginethebehaviorofthermalmassistheThermalTimeConstantofanbuildingenvelope,definedastheproductoftheheatcapacity(Q)andtheresistance(R)toheattransmission.TheTTCisrepresentativeoftheeffectivethermalcapacityofabuilding.有很多学者提出了用于衡量围护结构隔热性能的评价指标。如韦延年提出的热阻抗隔热指数和热稳定隔热指数指标；吉沃尼等学者根据电路类比方法提出了热时间常数TTC(ThermalTimeConstant)指标；以及《民用建筑热工设计规范》GB50176—93中采用的内表面最高温度限值指标等等。这些指标在一定程度上可以反映建筑围护结构的隔热性能，但也存在很大的局限。ExampleTTCCalculationsWall2:interiorinsulation Wall1:exteriorinsulationoutsideinsideoutsideinsideThermalmassThermalmassTTC=43.8TTC=7.8Source:GivoniinsulationinsulationDiurnalHeatCapacity

热容量日变化TheDHCisameasureofthebuilding’scapacitytoabsorbsolarenergycomingintotheinteriorofthespace,andtoreleasetheheattotheinteriorduringthenighthours.TheDHCisofparticularimportanceforbuildingswithdirectsolargain.DHCperarea=F1sP=period(24hr.)NotethattheDHCforamaterialincreasesinitiallywiththickness,thenfallsoffataround5”.Thisbehaviorreflectsthefactthatafteracertainthickness,someoftheheattransferredtothesurfacewillbecontainedinthemassratherthanreturnedtotheroomduringa24hourperiod.TheDHCofamaterialisafunctionofbuildingmaterial’sdensity,specificheat,conductivity,andthickness.ThetotalDHCofabuildingiscalculatedbysummingtheDHCvaluesofeachsurfaceexposedtotheinteriorair.TTCandDHCExamplesBuildingwhichisexternallyinsulatedwithinternalexposedmass.Here,bothTTCandDHCarehigh.Whenthebuildingisventilatedatnightandclosedduringtheday,itcanabsorbtheheatinthemasswithrelativelysmallindoortemperaturerise.Bestforhot-dryregions.Buildingwithhighmassinsulatedexternallyandinternally.Here,thebuildinghasahighTTC,butanegligibleDHC,astheinteriorinsulationseparatesthemassfromtheinterior.Whenthebuildingisclosedandthesolargainisminimized,themasswilldampenthetemperatureswing,butifthebuildingisventilated,theeffectofthemasswillbenegated.Withsolargain,theinsidetemperaturewillrisequickly,astheinsulationpreventsabsorptionoftheenergybythemass.Buildingwithcoreinsulationinsidetwolayersofmass.HeretheTTCisafunctionofmostlytheinteriormassandtheamountofinsulation,andtheDHCisafunctionontheinteriormass.TheexternalmassinfluencesheatlossandgainbyaffectingthedeltaTacrosstheinsulation.Buildingwithmassinsulatedinternally.Here,boththeTTCisandDHCarelow.Themasswillstoreenergyandreleaseenergymostlytotheexterior,andthethermalresponseissimilartoalowmassbuilding.StrategiesSlowrateofindoorheatinginsummer(minimizesolargain).Fastrateofindoorcoolingandventilationinsummerevenings.Higherindoortemperaturesduringthedayinwinter.Slowreleaseofstoredheatduringwinternight.墙体节能3——

外墙外保温WhatisExternalWallInsulation?AmethodofupgradingthethermalperformanceandexternalappearanceofexistingpropertiesInsulatedandrenderedpropertiesaretransformedintowarm,energyefficientandattractivehomes/buildingsBeforeAfterExternalWallSolutions5.1外墙外保温技术外围护墙体节能外保温体系组成：1·保温隔热层。采用导热系数小的高效保温材料，其导热系数一般小于0.05W/（m·k)。2·保温隔热材料的固定系统。有的将保温板粘结或钉固在基底上，有的为两者结合，以粘结为主，或以钉固为主。超轻保温浆料可直接涂抹在外墙表面上。3·面层。薄面层一般为聚合物水泥胶浆抹面，厚面层则仍采用普通水泥砂浆抹面。有的则在龙骨上吊挂薄板覆面。4·零配件与辅助材料。在接缝处、边角处，还要使用一些零配件与辅助材料，如墙角、端头、角部使用的边角配件和螺栓、销钉等，以及密封膏如丁基橡胶、硅胶等，根据各体系的不同做法选用。Compriseofaninsulationlayerfixedtotheexistingwall,withaprotectiverenderordecorativefinish.Drycladding干挂

offersawiderangeoffinishessuchas–timberpanels,stoneorclaytiles,brickslipsoraluminiumpanels.ExternalWallExternalWallInsulation–KeyComponentsExternalWallSolutionsBeadsandclosuresInsulationFixingsReinforcementlayerBaserendercoatFinishcoatInsulationProperties:EPSMineralWoolPhenolicCorkPIRThermalConductivityw/m2k0.0370.0360.0200.0380.028FirePerformanceEmissionsProductionRecyclabilityxxxImpactResistanceCostKey:

=Excellent,=Good,=Adequate,X=PoorChoiceofInsulation–ComparativePerformanceExternalWallSolutionsFinishesavailableExternalWallSolutionsMineralrenderscrapedtextureDrydash

using6-8mm

colouredaggregateSprayroughcastBrickslipsorbrick-effectrenderLightsyntheticaggregate

usinganacrylicbinder外墙外保温的优越性：1、外保温可以避免产生热桥；2、外保温有利于保障室内的热稳定性：outsideinsideoutsideinsideThermalmassThermalmassTTC=43.8TTC=7.8insulationinsulation3、外保温有利于提高建筑结构的耐久性：4、外保温可以减少墙体内部冷凝现象：5、有利于既有建筑节能改造：6.一旦安装较少维护NointernallivingspaceislostExternalRenderSystemInternalFlexibleLining聚苯板EPS板薄抹灰外墙保温系统：1·EPS板薄抹灰系统是国内外使用最普遍、技术上最成熟的外保温系统。该系统EPS板导热系数小，约在0.038～0.041W/(m·K)之间，并且EPS板厚度一般不受限制，可满足严寒地区节能设计标准要求，尤适用于寒冷地区和严寒地区。

2·高层建筑可有多种防火构造措施，这是欧洲采用的一种做法，在国内使用需经抗裂试验验证，确保系统面层不会开裂。3·采取适当措施后可贴面砖。薄抹灰外墙保温系统的性能指标：胶粉EPS颗粒保温浆料外墙外保温系统：以聚苯乙烯颗粒为保温材料，加入聚合物水泥胶浆搅拌而成，直接抹在墙体表面为保温层，以耐碱玻纤布为增强层，抗裂层，以防水抗裂砂浆为保护层。外饰面为涂料或其它装饰材料而形成的，对建筑物起到冬季保温，夏季隔热和装饰、保护的效果。胶粉EPS颗粒保温浆料外墙外保温系统的优点：1·容量小，导热系数较低，保温性能好；2·软化系数高，耐水性能好；3·静剪切力强，触变性好；4·材质稳定，厚度易控制，整体性好；5·干缩率低，干燥快。EPS板现浇混凝土外墙外保温系统（模板）挤塑型聚苯板XPS板外保温隔热材料：1、优良的保温隔热性；2、卓越的高强度抗压性；3、优质的憎水、防潮性；4、质地轻、使用方便；5、稳定性、防腐性好；6、产品环保性能。挤塑聚苯板倒置式屋面墙体节能4——

外墙内保温5.2外墙内保温技术ExternalRenderSystemInternalFlexibleLiningInternalDryLining(DirectFix)InternalDryLining(OnStraps)InternalDryLining(FilledStuds)InternalWallSolutionsRigidboardsWhatarethesolutions?干作业

InternalWallSolutionsFlexiblethermalliningRigidboardCaseStudy–FlexiblethermalliningThesolutionSempatapisthermalinsulationonrollwhichisappliedlikewallpaperandatonly10mmthickdoesnotcausesignificantdisruptionduringinstallation.InternalWallSolutionsCaseStudy–RigidboardsInternalWallSolutionsCaseStudy–FlexiblethermalliningInternalWallSolutions

内保温复合墙体的优点：

1)对饰面和保温材料的防水、耐候性等技术指标的要求不高，取材方便；2)内保温材料被楼板所分隔，仅在一个层高范围内施工，施工方便，不需搭设脚手架。缺点：由于材料、构造、施工等原因，许多内保温复合墙体饰面层容易出现开裂；不便于用户二次装修和吊挂饰物；占用室内使用空间；

由于圈梁、楼板、构造柱等会形成热桥，热损失较大；对既有建筑进行节能改造时，对居民的日常生活干扰较大。

GRC内保温板：GRC内保温板集围护、保温和装饰于一体，外围护层是6mm的喷射GRC，保温层选用50mm厚聚苯板。GRC是玻璃纤维增强水泥的简称。它是以水泥砂浆作基材,玻璃纤维为增强材料,并加少量化学掺加剂混合而成,采用压缩空气喷射成型的一种无机复合材料。

单一材料外墙：1）加气混凝土砌块。该墙体轻质高强，热工性能好。2）混凝土空心砌块，外墙采用混凝土空心砌块作为承重材料，孔内填充保温材料，外墙内粉刷保温砂浆作保温处理。3）粘土多孔砖，多层住宅一般采用砖混结构，以粘土多孔砖为墙体。4）框架填充外墙。主要用于高层建筑。可以用水泥炉渣轻质砌块、加气混凝土砌块、大孔空心砖、各种轻质条板等。墙体节能5——

保温材料的构造1.1AIRBARRIERANDTHERMALALIGNMENT空气阻隔和热对齐Inorderforinsulationtobeaneffectivethermalbarrier,itshouldbeinstalledwithoutanygaps,voids,compression,orwindintrusion.Gapsandvoidsallowairtoflowthroughtheinsulation,decreasingitseffectiveness(Figure1.1.4).CompressionreducestheeffectiveR-valueoftheinsulation.Figure1.1.3-Theairbarriershouldbecontiguousandcontinuousovertheentirebuildingenvelope.Insulationshouldbeperfectlyalignedwiththeairbarrier.ImagecourtesyofSouthfaceEnergyInstituteFigure1.1.4-Gaps(left)andvoids(right)allowairtoflowthroughinsulation.Thefollowingimagesdepictmisalignmentbetweentheairbarrierandinsulationthatunderminetheperformanceofthethermalenclosure.Generally,theThermalBypassInspectionChecklistrequiresasealedair-barrieronallsixsidesofinsulation(top,bottom,back,front,left,andright),however,thereareafewexceptionsasnotedthroughoutthechecklist.InClimateZones1thru3,thereisageneralexemptionfortheinternalairbarrierclosesttoconditionedspacebecausethepredominantdirectionofair-flowinhotclimatesisfromtheoutsidetotheinsideofthehouse.InClimateZones4thru6,themostcriticalair-flowisfrominsidethehometotheoutsideduringcoldweather,thereforetheinternalairbarrierisrequired.Figure1.1.5showsacommoninsulationinstallationpracticecalledinsetstaplingwheretabsoffacedbattsarestapledtotheinsideedgesofwallframing.However,thispracticecommonlyresultsinlargegapsbetweentheinsulationandinteriorfinishthatwillallowconvectiveairflowaroundtheinsulation.Thisalsofacilitatesairleakageatanygapsorholesintheframing.Incontrast,staplingtheinsulationtothefaceofthestudswouldhaveallowedthebattstofilltheframingspaceandbealignedwiththeinteriorfinish.Notealsohowtheinsulationisalsocompressedaroundpipingandwiring,resultinginareducedR-value.1.1AIRBARRIERANDTHERMALALIGNMENTFigure1.1.6-InsulationinstalledwithgapsandvoidsFigure1.1.5–MisalignmentofinsulationduetocompressionSimilarly,inFigure1.1.6,thelargegapbetweentheinsulationandwheretheinteriorceilingfinishwillbeinstalledwillallowconvectiveairflowaroundandthroughtheinsulation.Anexceptiontothesix-sideairbarrierrequirementdiscussedearlierisatbandjoists.However,insideairbarriersatbandjoistsarehighlyencouragedforClimateZones4andhigherandinanyhomeswithopenwebtruss-joistfloorsbecauseasthehomesarebeingheated,drivingforceswillcauseheatedairbetweenthefloorstoflowthroughthebandjoisttothecoldexteriorframing.Thiscanleadtohigherutilitybills,discomfort,andpotentialmoistureproblems.Figure1.5.1depictstwobestpracticesforensuringthealignmentofanairbarrierandthermalbarrieratbandjoists.Inthedetailattheleft,sprayfoamisusedtofilltheentirejoistareaandactsasathermalbarrierandanairbarrier.Atright,asmallstructuralinsulatedpanel(SIP)isinstalled,alsoactingasbothathermalandairbarrier.Figure1.5.1-Optionsforinsulation/airbarrieralignmentatbandjoists喷涂泡沫SIPPanel1.5AIRBARRIERATALLBANDJOISTS带搁栅的空气阻隔Whilethealignmentofairandthermalbarriersisimportantthroughoutthehome,onespecificdetailmeritsfurthermention.Incoldclimates,exposedconcreteslabedgesareacommonsourceofdiscomfortandhighutilitybills.Properlyinsulatingtheslabedgecandramaticallyimprovehomeperformance.Figure1.4.1-Optionsforslabinsulation1.4SLAB-EDGEINSULATION板边绝缘Therearetwobasicwaystoinsulateaslab.First,rigidinsulationcanbeinstalleddirectlyagainsttheexterioroftheslab,asshowninthedetailatleftinFigure1.4.1.Notethatinareaswithhightermitepopulations,buildersshouldbecarefultoavoidinstallingfoaminsulationincontactwiththeground.Asecondoptionisa“floatingslab,”whichcanbeconstructedusinginteriorinsulation,asshowninthedetailatright.Inbothcases,insulationshouldbecontinuouslyalignedwiththeairbarrier.DiagramscourtesyoftheUSDepartmentofEnergy2.5SKYLIGHTSHAFTWALLS天窗侧边保温Skylightshaftsprotrudingthroughtheceilingandanunconditionedspaceneedtobeinsulatedsincetheshaft’swallsareeffectivelyattickneewallsadjoininganunconditionedspace.Skylightshaftwallsshallbeinsulatedtothesamelevelasattickneewallsandshallincludeasealedair-barrieralignedwiththeinsulationonbothinteriorandexteriorsidesofthewalls(seeFigure2.5.1).ClimateZones1thru3areexemptfromthesealedinteriorair-barrier,butthisisunlikelytobeanissuesinceskylightshaftsarealmostalwaysfinished.SkylightAirBarrierAirBarrierAtticInsulationLighttubessuchastheonepicturedinFigure2.5.2shouldalsobecoveredwithinsulationandanair-barrier.Infact,thelighttubedepictedincludesapproximately30squarefeetofexposedsurfaceareatotheunconditionedattic.OneacceptablemethodforinsulatingthelighttubeistouseR-8ductinsulationwiththeplasticliningfunctioningastheexteriorair-barrier.Additionally,thepenetrationofthelighttubethroughtheceilingshallbesealedbetweenconditionedandunconditionedspace.SeeSection4.1and4.2ofthisdocument.Figure2.5.1–ArchitecturaldetailforinsulationandairbarrieratskylightshaftFigure2.5.2–Exampleofanun-insulatedlighttube4.3FLUESHAFT贯穿的管道的保温Fluepenetrationsintoatticsaremorecomplicatedbecausetheyalsoneedcodemandatedcombustionsafetyclearanceswithcombustibleframingmaterials.InFigure4.3.1below,insulationisusedtofillthespacebetweentheflueandthestuds.However,thisisapoordetailbecausebattinsulationisnotaneffectiveairbarrieranddoesnotmeetcombustionsafetyclearances.Figure4.3.1-InsulationimproperlyusedasanairbarrierImagecourtesyofEnergyLogicBattinsulationFigure4.3.2showshowafluecanbeproperlysealedinalargeopening.Inthiscase,anOSBpanelwascuttofilltheairspacearoundtheflue.ThefluewasthenfittedwithametalcollartofillthegapneededforcombustionsafetyclearancebetweentheOSBpanelandflue.Figure4.3.2-UL-ratedmetalcollarinstalledaroundaflueshaftImagecourtesyofBuildingScienceCorp.5.5WHOLE-HOUSEFAN风扇保温Whilewhole-housefansarenotfrequentlyfoundinnewconstructioninmanypartsofthecountry,theycanprovidequicknight-timecoolinginhot-dryclimateswithcoolevenings.However,theyrepresentanalmost10squarefootthermalholetotheatticbecausethelargeopeningisnotinsulatedandtheirmetallouverseffectivelytransferandleakheatbetweenthehomeandunconditionedattic.Thisproblemcanbefixedwithasimpleinsulatedcoverthatcanbeconstructedandgasketedtothefantopreventtheflowofheatfromtheatticintotheconditionedspace(Figure5.5.1).However,thiscovermustliftautomaticallywhenthefanisswitchedon,orbeabletobeliftedwithoutthehomeownerclimbingintotheattic.Insulatedcoversthatdorequireclimbingintotheatticarenotallowedbecausetheyarehighlyunlikelytobeused.Asabestpractice,usewhole-housefanswithbuilt-ininsulatedcoversthatoperateautomaticallyandarefullysealed(Figure5.5.2).Figure5.5.1-Whole-housefancoverFigure5.5.2-Whole-housefanwithbuilt-incoverAnotherfactory-builtwallsystemshownisInsulatedConcreteForms,orICFs(seeFigure1.6.5).ICFsareblocksmadefromextrudedpolystyreneinsulationdesignedtobeassembledlike“Lego”blocksintoacompetewallassembly.Steelreinforcingrodsareaddedandconcreteispouredintothevoids,resultinginaveryair-tight,well-insulated,andsturdywall.Inadditiontonothermalbridging,theinsulationisinherentlyalignedwiththeexteriorandinteriorairbarrierswithnogaps,voidsorcompression.Therearefactory-builtinsulatedwallassembliesreadilyavailabletodaythat,byvirtueofhowtheyaremanufacturedandassembledinthefield,ensureminimalthermalbridgingalongwithfullalignmentofinsulationwiththeintegratedairbarriersincludingnogaps,voidsorcompression.StructuralInsulatedPanelsorSIPs(Figure1.6.4)arewholewallpanelscomposedofinsulatedfoamboardgluedtobothaninternalandexternallayerofwoodsheathing,typicallyOSBorplywood.Thisassemblywilloftenbemanufacturedwithprecutwindowopeningsandchases.Figure1.6.4-StructuralInsulatedPanels(SIPs)Figure1.6.5-InsulatedConcreteForm(ICF)1.6MINIMIZETHERMALBRIDGING尽量少热桥墙体节能6——

玻璃幕墙1.2玻璃幕墙玻璃幕墙在现代建筑中大量应用，节能设计十分重要。玻璃幕墙的传热过程包括：1）幕墙内表面的换热2）幕墙外表面的换热3）幕墙和金属框格的传热严寒地区和寒冷地区的冬季，采用断热铝框中空玻璃幕墙能够有效改善保温状况。1

墙体1.2

玻璃幕墙德国莱比锡新会展中心设计：冯·格康，玛格和合伙人事务所会展中心的焦点是雄伟壮观的玻璃大厅，大厅跨度80米，长度243米和高度近30米。1.2

玻璃幕墙1

墙体1.2

玻璃幕墙1.2

玻璃幕墙德国莱比锡新会展中心1.2

玻璃幕墙1992年塞维利亚世博会英国馆1.2

玻璃幕墙1992年塞维利亚世博会英国馆1.3特隆布墙特隆布墙是一种太阳能集热蓄热墙体。主要利用了被动式热压通风原理。1

墙体1.4透明绝热墙透明绝热墙是由透明绝热材料（TIM）和外墙复合构成的。相对特隆布墙只有一层空气层，透明热阻墙有两层空气层，加上透明热阻材料本身的热阻，可有效保温。1

墙体透明绝热墙的缺点是吸收热量最多的时候和需要热量最多的时间不同步。一般可在玻璃外设卷帘遮阳。1.5双层玻璃幕墙双层玻璃幕墙的保温隔热性能优于单层玻璃幕墙，在建筑中应用日益广泛。1

墙体双层玻璃幕墙被称为“可呼吸的皮肤”，两层或三层玻璃幕墙之间留有一定宽度的通风道，并配有可调节的百叶。GSW总部大楼1.5双层玻璃幕墙柏林著名双层幕墙大楼，由Sauerbruch和Hutton共同设计的GSW大楼。柏林光电技术中心的设计结合了建筑师对工作场所、城市、功能、形态美的兴趣。波浪形的正面展现一个大范围的色调光谱，而且它的双层结构使得办公室能有自然通风。1.5双层玻璃幕墙1.5双层玻璃幕墙REW总部英格豪恩，欧文迪克事务所设计双层表皮所采用的智能幕墙系统。外层为单片玻璃的点式连接幕墙，中间有一宽50厘米的热通道，内装有能收放并调节角度的百页。内侧为双层中空绝热玻璃。置于双层表皮之间的鱼嘴型装置，可通过空气交换系统防止太阳的有害侵入，有效的避免眩光。墙体节能7——

绿化墙体1.6绿化墙体1

墙体绿化墙体一般外表面覆盖爬墙植物和攀藤植物，这些落叶植物保证冬季日照和夏季保温。适合垂直绿化的常见藤本植物有爬山虎、常春藤、凌霄、金银花、扶芳藤等数十种。其中墙体绿化广泛使用爬山虎。墙体绿化模块1.6绿化墙体最环保办公大楼位于智利首都圣地亚哥的Concorcio大厦是世界上最环保办公大楼，外墙大面积覆盖的植物让大厦内冬暖夏凉，帮助楼内的办公室节约了48%的能量，特别是夏季可有效削弱日光的辐射。到秋天的时候，植物从绿色变成红色，又是另一番美景。

1.6绿化墙体绿苔覆盖的商店这是韩国MassStudies设计事务所为首尔的AnnDemeulemeester零售商店所设计的墙面绿化方案，700多平方米的墙体外立面覆盖着青苔——真正生态环保的墙面装饰。甚至是在商店内部，也能看到令人惊喜的绿色1.6绿化墙体“缝”成的绿色花园这个户外安装工程由来自建筑设计公司的10名年轻人完成，旨在将波士顿一座高层建筑的空白砖墙变成郁郁葱葱的绿色花园。种植了景天属植物的小方板被“缝”在一块网状基底上，并且系上了照明电缆，在晚上也能创造出现代个性的艺术效果。

1.6绿化墙体生产果蔬的“城市植物园”利用城市空间为城市居民生产果蔬食物。这座大厦拥有利用溶液培养的蔬菜园和整合式可再生能源系统，可以大大减少能源的使用，并培养城市居民形成爱护自然、亲近自然的环保意识。1.6绿化墙体低成本墙面绿化系统这套墙面绿化系统由日本清水（Shimizu）公司设计，绿色植物被种植在类似海绵一样的聚酯混合土壤上，给予建筑一个全新的美丽外观，每平方米的成本折合成人民币仅需30元。

1.6绿化墙体独特的垂直盆景花园大面积的白色墙面上挂满了各种颜色的盆栽花卉，这里绝对值得一看，而且技术成本很低——只需要钉子和挂钩。1.6绿化墙体路易-威登的绿色“活”广告建筑师GregoryPolleta想出了这个简单而巧妙的解决办法：在旧墙面上覆盖具有路易威登特色的Logo图案装饰，这些图案都由绿色植物拼成，定期还会更换新的图案。门窗节能2、门窗围护结构节能设计2.1保温门窗门窗是围护结构中保温的薄弱环节，在围护结构整体热损失中，门窗热损失达到40%，其中传热损失占25%，通过缝隙的冷热风渗透占15%。门窗保温可从以下几个方面入手：1）控制窗墙比2）提高材料的保温性能3）增加门窗的层数4）提高门窗的气密性2、2窗用玻璃（1）吸热玻璃和热反射玻璃吸热玻璃含有氧化亚铁，对红外线有高度的吸收作用。常见的有灰色和青铜色。热反射玻璃镀有金属膜，可以反射大量辐射热。2.2窗用玻璃（2）变色玻璃根据致变色材料的不同，有光致变色玻璃，电致变色玻璃和热致变色玻璃。2.2窗用玻璃银座-Chanel

设计师： 彼得·马里诺

CHENAL银座店，电致变色玻璃白天透明典雅，到了晚上，整个立面变成了一个超大LED屏（3）复合玻璃如吸热中空玻璃、热反射中空玻璃，低辐射中空玻璃，低辐射热反射中空玻璃，硅气凝胶特种玻璃等。2.2窗用玻璃西伯利亚猛犸博物馆Leeser事务所为了防止辐射光影响到地下的冻土，6.5万平方英尺的博物馆将抬升在20英尺高的支柱上。透明的外层用双层玻璃建造，添加了气凝胶，一种能产生雾状效果的超级绝缘物质。2.3窗用贴膜2.4绝热窗框常用的绝热窗框包括塑料门窗和断热桥型铝合金窗框。2.5玻璃百叶调光窗户2.门窗2.6