雅思阅读标题题上课件

第六讲：雅思阅读标题题（Heading）

第六讲：雅思阅读标题题（Heading）1一、 题型要求

文章由若干段话组成，要求给每段话找个小标题。小标题即指该段话的段落大意，中心思想，主旨。题目形式通常是文章中的一段话标出小标题作为例子，要求选余下段落的小标题。给出小标题通常是原文的第一段。一、 题型要求文章由若干段话组成，要求给每段话找个小标题。2二、特点：位于文章前特别耗时间开头容易错错就错两个二、特点：位于文章前3三、掌握段落主旨的两种方法常用法：分析段落结构，找主题句a)总分结构b)分总结构c)分总分结构d)对比结构e)并列结构三、掌握段落主旨的两种方法常用法：分析段落结构，找主题句4简易法：重复出现时主旨a)原词重复b)同类词重复c)指代重复简易法：重复出现时主旨5总分结构（剑3Test2）：Alltheseactivitiesmayhavedamagingenvironmentalimpacts.Forexample,landclearingforagricultureisthelargestsinglecauseofdeforestation;chemicalfertilisersandpesticidesmaycontaminatewatersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiodstendtoexacerbatesoilerosion;andthespreadofmonocultureanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofcropshavebeenaccompaniedbythe总分结构（剑3Test2）：6disappearanceofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsomeinsuranceagainstpestsordiseasesinfuture.Soilerosionthreatenstheproductivityoflandinbothrichandpoorcountries.TheUnitedStates,wherethemostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendone,discoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilataratelikelytodiminishthesoil’sproductivity.Thecountrysubsequentlyembarkeduponaprogramtoconvert11percentofitscroppedlandtomeadoworforest.TopsoilinIndiaandChinaisvanishingmuchfasterthaninAmerica.disappearanceofoldvarieties71demandingenvironmentalimpacts(-)2deforestation(-)分析图2disappearanceofoldplants(-)2soilerosion(-)2contaminatewater(-)3soilerosion4/5theUS6IndiaandChina1demandingenvironmentalimpac8总分总结构:剑三TIP3Q31Ⅰ

TheCrickandWatsonapproachtoresearch

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Antidotestobacterialinfection

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Thetestingofhypotheses

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Explainingtheinductivemethod

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Anticipatingresultsbeforedataiscollected

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Howresearchisdoneandhowitisreported

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Theroleofhypothesesinscientificresearch

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Deducingtheconsequencesofhypotheses

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KarlPopper'sclaimthatthescientificmethodishypothetico-deductive

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Theunbiasedresearcher

总分总结构:剑三TIP3Q31Ⅰ

TheCricka9Hypothesesarisebyguesswork,orbyinspiration,buthavingbeenformulatedtheycanandmustbetestedrigorously,usingtheappropriatemethodology.Ifthepredictionsyoumakeasaresultofdeducingcertainconsequencesfromyourhypothesisarenotshowntobecorrectthenyoudiscardormodifyyourhypothesis.Ifthepredictionsturnouttobecorrectthenyourhypothesishasbeensupportedandmayberetaineduntilsuchtimeassomefurthertestshowsitnottobecorrect.Onceyouhavearrivedatyourhypothesis,whichisaproductofyourimagination,youthenproceedtoastrictlylogicalandrigorousprocess,basedupondeductiveargument-hencetheterm'hypothetico-deductive'.

Hypothesesarisebyguesswork,10分析图1hypothesescanandmustbetested2Ifthepredictionsarenotshowntobecorrect(-)3Ifthepredictionsturnouttobecorrect(+)4hypothetico-deductive分析图1hypothesescanandmustb11分总结构ListofHeadings

(i)Theeffectofchangingdemographicsonorganisations

(ii)FuturechangesintheEuropeanworkforce

(iii)Theunstructuredinterviewanditsvalidity

(iv)Theperson-skillsmatchapproachtoselection

(v)Theimplicationsofapoorperson-environmentfit

(vi)Somepoorselectiondecisions

(vii)Thevalidityofselectionprocedures

(viii)Theperson-environmentfit

(ix)PastandfuturedemographicchangesinEurope

(x)Adequateandinadequateexplanationsoforganizationalfailure

分总结构12Anorganizationisonlyasgoodasthepeopleitemploys.Selectingtherightpersonforthejobinvolvesmorethanidentifyingtheessentialordesirablerangeofskills,educationalandprofessionalqualificationsnecessarytoperformthejobandthenrecruitingthecandidatewhoismostlikelytopossesstheseskillsoratleastisperceivedtohavetheabilityandpredispositiontoacquirethem.Thisisapurelyperson/skillsmatchapproachtoselection.

Anorganizationisonlyasgoo13分析图1organization,asgoodas,people2skills,qualifications,ability3person/skillsmatch分析图1organization,asgoodas,14Therearenowover700millionmotorvehiclesintheworld–andthenumberisrisingbymorethan40millioneachyear.Theaveragedistancedrivenbycarusersisgrowingtoo–from8kmadayperpersoninwesternEuropein1965to24kmadayin1995.Thisdependenceonmotorvehicleshasgivenrisetomajorproblems,includingenvironmentalpollution,depletionofoilresources,trafficcongestionandsafety(TS).Therearenowover700mill15SECTIONAThemeansbywhichanartformpresentsitsmessageisreferredtoasthemedium.Thus，soundproducedbyinstrumentsorhumanvoicesisthemediumofmusic.Paintoncanvasorpaperisthemediumofpainting.Forliterature，themediumiswrittenlanguage.Fortheater,itisastoryperformedbyactorsonastage.SECTIONBDramaissometimesseenasabranchofliteraturebecauseplays，likeliterature,areoftenprintedinbookform.However,thereisanimportantdifferencebetweenthetwoforms.Unlikeanovel，aplayiswrittentobeperformed,andthescriptofaplayisnotafinishedwork；itisanoutlineforaperformance.Thephysicalproductionoftheplay--thescenery,lighting，andcostumes--willaffecttheperformance,andsowilltheactors.Howtheactorsinterprettheirrolesgreatlyinfluencestheplay’seffectontheaudience.SECTIONCThebasicencounterintheaterisbetweentheperformersandtheaudience.Thisisaspecialtypeofencounterbecausetheperformersareplayingotherpeople，characters.Moreover,thecharactersarepartofahumanstorythathasbeenwrittenbyadramatist.Thiscombinationofelementsdistinguishestheaterfromotherartforms.SECTIONA16分总分结构剑三T1P3Q30

ListofHeadings

Ⅰ

TheCrickandWatsonapproachtoresearch

Ⅱ

Antidotestobacterialinfection

Ⅲ

Thetestingofhypotheses

Ⅳ

Explainingtheinductivemethod

Ⅴ

Anticipatingresultsbeforedataiscollected

Ⅵ

Howresearchisdoneandhowitisreported

Ⅶ

Theroleofhypothesesinscientificresearch

Ⅷ

Deducingtheconsequencesofhypotheses

Ⅸ

KarlPopper'sclaimthatthescientificmethodishypothetico-deductive

Ⅹ

Theunbiasedresearcher

分总分结构剑三T1P3Q30

ListofHeadi17Thereisnosuchthingasanunbiasedobservation.Everyactofobservationwemakeisafunctionofwhatwehaveseenorotherwiseexperiencedinthepast.Allscientificworkofanexperimentalorexploratorynaturestartswithsomeexpectationabouttheoutcome.Thisexpectationisahypothesis.Hypothesesprovidetheinitiativeandincentivefortheinquiryandinfluencethemethod.Itisinthelightofanexpectationthatsomeobservationsareheldtoberelevantandsomeirrelevant,thatonemethodologyischosenandothersdiscarded,thatsomeexperimentsareconductedandothersarenot.Whereisyournaive,pureandobjectiveresearchernow?

Thereisnosuchthingasanu18分析图1…nosuch…unbiasedobservation…2Everyactofobservation…3…startswithsomeexpectation…4Thisexpectationisahypothesis5Hypothesesprovide…6Itisinthelightofanexpectation…7Whereisyour…researchernow分析图1…nosuch…unbiasedobserva19并列结构剑二T3P3StudentswhowanttoentertheUniversityofMontreal’sAthleticComplexneedmorethanjustaconventionalIDcard——theiridentitiesmustbeprovedgenuinebyanelectronichandscanner.InsomeCaliforniahousingestates,akeyaloneisinsufficienttogetsomeoneinthedoor;hisorhervoiceprintmustalsobeverified.AndsooncustomersatsomeJapanesebankswillhavetopresenttheirfacesforscanningbeforetheycanenterthebuildingandwithdrawtheirmoney.

并列结构剑二T3P3Studentswhowantt20分析图1IneedmorethanjustaconventionalIDcard2akeyaloneisinsufficienttogetsomeoneinthedoor3…willhavetopresenttheirfacesforscanning…分析图1Ineedmorethanjustac21简易法——重复出现是主旨如果段落结构比较复杂，又存在大量生词，可能导致我们难以找到主题句。这时候“简易法——重复出现是主旨”的作用就会显现。如果一段话在不断重复某一概念，就说明这段话在围绕这个概念展开，这个概念就是这段话的主旨。在一段话内部重复出现可以分为三种类型：“原词”重复、“同类词”重复和“指代”。简易法——重复出现是主旨22同义词重复：例如：“job/profession/career”属于同义词，可以概括成“work”。而“dance/ballet/classicalmusic/painting”属