实验室生物安全课件

Objectives目的了解:Classificationsofbiohazardousmaterial危险生物材料分类Riskgrouppathogens病原体危险性分组–定义Routesofexposure接触途径Barriersforcontainment隔离设施Methodsofdecontamination排除污染的方法Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/20231OHS4Objectives目的了解:EvaluationonlyDefinition定义BiohazardousMaterials危险生物材料:Biologicalagentsorsubstancespresentin,orarisingfrom,theworkenvironmentwhichpresents,ormaypresent,ahazardtothehealthorwellbeingoftheworkerorcommunity存在、或产生于工作环境，可能导致群体或个人的健康危害的生物介质或物质Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/20232OHS4Definition定义BiohazardousMaterBiohazardousAgents

危险生物介质Classifiedintoeightgroups分为8组:culturedanimalcellsandthepotentiallyinfectiousagentsthesecellsmaycontain培养的动物细胞，并可能发生感染primatebodyfluidsandotherpotentiallyinfectedclinicalspecimens灵长类动物体液和可能传染的医用样品microorganismsincludingBacteria,Viruses,Fungi,RickettsiaeandChlamydiae微生物类包括细菌、病毒、真菌、立克次氏体和Chlamydiae等Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/20233OHS4BiohazardousAgents

危险生物介质ClasBiohazardousAgents

危险生物介质Parasites寄生虫Allergens过敏原、tissuesfromexperimentalanimalsincludinganimaldander实验动物组织包括动物头屑plantviruses,bacteriaandfungi植物病毒、细菌和真菌toxins(bacterial,animalorplant)生物毒素（细菌、动物或植物）Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/20234OHS4BiohazardousAgents

危险生物介质ParaLaboratoryBiosafety

实验室生物安全TwomainsourcesofBiohazardousmaterialinuseinmostLaboratories实验室常用危险生物材料的两个主要来源:PathogensusedandtestedforinMicroDept微生物实验室试验用病原体Biologicalfluidsamples(eg.Plasma,urine),submittedforchemicalanalysis用于化学分析的生物液体样品（如血浆、尿）Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/20235OHS4LaboratoryBiosafety

实验室生物安全TwLaboratoryBiosafety

实验室生物安全TheriskgroupofpathogensasclassifiedbyWHO世界卫生组织对病原体危险性分组RiskGroup1Agents第一组介质Lowindividualandcommunityrisk低个体和群落风险RiskGroup2Agents第二组介质Moderateindividualrisk,limitedcommunityrisk中度个体风险，有限群落风险RiskGroup3Agents第三组介质Highindividualrisk,lowcommunityrisk高个体风险，低群落风险RiskGroup4Agents第四组介质Highindividualrisk,highcommunityrisk高个体风险，高群落风险Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/20236OHS4LaboratoryBiosafety

实验室生物安全ThRiskGroup1Agents

第一组介质Non-pathogenicbacteria,fungi非病原体细菌、真菌Nospecialfacilities,equipmentorproceduresarerequired无需特殊设备或操作Standardwell-designedexperimentalanimalandlaboratoryfacilitiesandbasicsafelaboratorypracticessuffice标准的设计合理的实验动物、实验设备及满足基本安全试验操作Hand-washingfacilitiesmustbeprovided必须提供洗手池Disinfectantsmustbeproperlyused必须合理使用消毒剂Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/20237OHS4RiskGroup1Agents

第一组介质Non-pRiskGroup2Agents

第二组介质E.Coli,Salmonella,ringwormfungi,influenzavirus,herpessimplexvirus大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、ringworm真菌、流行性感冒病毒和单纯疱疹病毒Laboratoryseparatedfromotheractivities,biohazardsign,roomsurfacesimperviousandreadilycleanable实验室与其它活动分开，贴有危险生物标志，室内台面防渗，随时可进行清洁Equipmentshouldincludeanautoclave,certifiedHEPAfilteredclassIorIIbiologicalsafetycabinet实验设施包括高压灭菌锅、高效空气过滤器、一级或二级生物安全柜Allcontaminatedmaterialtobeproperlydecontaminated所有污染材料须经净化Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/20238OHS4RiskGroup2Agents

第二组介质E.CoRiskGroup3Agents

第三组介质Anthrax,tuberculosis,HIV,hantavirus炭疽、结核、爱滋和hanta病毒Specializeddesignandconstructionoflaboratories,withcontrolledaccessdoubledoorentryandbodyshower实验室须专门设计，双道门和淋浴Allwallpenetrationsmustbesealed所有墙体渗漏必须进行密封Ventilationsystemdesignmustensurethatairpressureisnegativetosurroundingareasatalltimes,withnorecirculationofair通风系统必须保证与周围区域一直呈负压，不可使空气再流通Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/20239OHS4RiskGroup3Agents

第三组介质AnthrRiskGroup3Agents

第三组介质AirexhaustedthroughadedicatedexhaustorHEPAfiltrationsystem空气排放须经过专用排气系统或高效空气过滤器系统Laboratorywindowssealedandunbreakable实验室窗户须密闭并不可击碎Backuppoweravailable应有备用发电机CertifiedHEPAfilteredclassIIbiologicalsafetycabinet经鉴定的高效空气过滤器二级生物安全柜Dedicatedhandwashingsinkwithfoot,kneeorautomaticcontrols,locatedneartheexit在出口处设有专门的可用脚、膝盖或自动控制的洗手池Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202310OHS4RiskGroup3Agents

第三组介质AireRiskGroup4Agents

第四组介质Infectiousagentsareallviruses具有传染性的介质全部为病毒Ebolaviruses埃博拉病毒HerpesBvirus(Monkeyvirus)B疱疹病毒FootandMouthVirus脚和口病毒FootandMouthVirusEvaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202311OHS4RiskGroup4Agents

第四组介质InfecRiskGroup4Agents

第四组介质Highestlevelofcontainment最高级别屏蔽Representsanisolatedunitthatiscompletelyself-containedtofunctionindependently设立一个设备齐全的隔离单元，完全能够独立操作Facilitiesarehighlyspecialized,securewithanairlockforentryandexit设备专门设计，由空气锁控制出入ClassIIIbiologicalsafetycabinetsorpositivepressureventilatedsuits三级生物安全柜，正压通风Separateventilationsystemwithfullcontrolstocontaincontamination为全面控制污染物，采用单独的通风系统Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202312OHS4RiskGroup4Agents

第四组介质HigheRoutesofExposure

接触途径Themostcommonroutesofexposureare主要为:Oral口Respiratory呼吸Skinpuncture皮肤划伤Penetrationthroughunbrokenskin皮肤渗透Conjunctival结膜Vectors(mosquitoes,fleas,ticks)带菌者（蚊子、跳蚤、虱子）Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202313OHS4RoutesofExposure

接触途径ThemosRoutesofExposure

接触途径Respiratoryexposuresaccountfor65-75%ofallinfectionsforwhichacauseisknown.传染途径中有65-75%是呼吸造成的Itisthereforecriticalforpeopleworkingwithbiohazardousandpotentiallyinfectiousmaterialstoknowtherisksassociatedwiththemandtheappropriatelaboratorytechniquestopreventunnecessaryexposures.因此实验操作中接触危险生物材料或潜在传染性材料时，了解其危害，采用适当技术防止不必要的接触十分关键Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202314OHS4RoutesofExposure

接触途径RespiraPrimaryBarriers

第一道隔离primarycontainmentisthefirstlineofdefensewhenworkingwithinfectiousorganisms当工作中与传染性生物体接触时，第一道隔离是第一道防卫gloveboxes手套箱biologicalsafetycabinets生物安全柜animalcagingequipment动物笼养Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202315OHS4PrimaryBarriers

第一道隔离primaryPrimaryBarriers

第一道隔离Thegeneralprinciplesapplicabletocontainmentwithinaprimarybarriersystemincludethefollowing:第一道隔离一般原则Minimizethevolumetobecontained.隔离体积最小化Providesafe(i.e.non-contaminating)transferofmaterialintoandoutofthecontainerwithoutdestroyingthebarrier.采用安全的从容器中取放材料的方法，勿毁坏隔离Providemeansfordecontaminationoftheenclosureandeffluents.采用净化隔离栏和污物的方法Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202316OHS4PrimaryBarriers

第一道隔离ThegeneBiologicalSafetyCabinets

生物安全柜

Threetypes分为3种ClassI一级–protectsworkerandenvironment保护操作者和环境ClassII二级–protectsworker,environmentandproduct保护操作者、环境和产品ClassIII三级–forGroup4work,maximumprotectionofworker,environmentandproduct用于第4类危险品的操作，最大限度保护操作者、环境和产品Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202317OHS4BiologicalSafetyCabinets

生物安ClassIBSC一级生物安全柜SimilartochemicalfumehoodexceptexhaustpassesthroughHEPAfilter类似化学实验室的通风橱，排出的气体要通过高效空气过滤器Oftenusedtoencloseequipmentsuchascentrifugesorbalances常常用于放置离心机和天平Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202318OHS4ClassIBSC一级生物安全柜SimilartocClassIBSCSchematic

一级生物安全柜示意图Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202319OHS4ClassIBSCSchematic

一级生物安全柜示ClassIIBSC

二级生物安全柜SuppliesadownwardflowofHEPAfilteredairtoprotectproduct提供气流向下的经高效空气过滤器净化的空气，保护产品Furtherclassifiedbasedonratioofexhaustedvs.re-circulatedair进一步基于排气/再循环空气比值进行细化为A、B1、B2和B3型TypeA–75fpmfacevelocity,30%internalexhaustTypeB1–100fpm,>50%externalexhaustTypeB2–100fpm,100%externalexhaustTypeB3–100fpm,30%externalexhaustEvaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202320OHS4ClassIIBSC

二级生物安全柜SuppliesaClassIIBSC二级生物安全柜TypeATypeB1Thecabinetexhaustneedstobeconnectedtothebuildingexhaust.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202321OHS4ClassIIBSC二级生物安全柜TypeATypeClassIIIBSC二级生物安全柜ForRiskGroup4materials第四组介质Sealedunit密闭单元–“glovebox”“手套箱”ExhaustispassedthroughdoubleHEPAfiltersorotherwisetreated(e.g.airincineration)topreventescapeoflevel4materialtotheenvironment排气须经过双层的高效空气过滤器或其它处理方法（如空气焚烧），阻止第四组介质进入环境Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202322OHS4ClassIIIBSC二级生物安全柜ForRiskGClassIIIBSC二级生物安全柜gloveportswithO-ringforattachingarm-lengthglovestocabinet圆形手套固定端口，可戴手臂长度的手套在安全柜中操作

B.sash窗框

C.exhaustHEPAfilter排气滤膜

D.supplyHEPAfilter供气滤膜

E.double-endedautoclaveorpass-throughbox双头高压灭菌锅或贯通箱Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202323OHS4ClassIIIBSC二级生物安全柜gloveportSecondaryBarriers第二道隔离Ifprimarybarriersfail第一道隔离失败clothingandotheritemsofpersonalprotectiveequipmentbecomeanimportantlineofdefense工作服及其它个人防护用品成为重要的防线Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202324OHS4SecondaryBarriers第二道隔离IfprimDecontamination净化Sterilization杀菌Completeinactivationoftheinfectivepotentialofabiologicalagent完全阻止生物介质的可能传染Usuallybyautoclave常用高压灭菌锅Disinfection消毒Reductioninnumberorviabilityofpathogenicmicroorganismsbelowthepointofbeingabletotransmitdisease减少微生物病原体的数量和繁殖，使其无法传播疾病Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202325OHS4Decontamination净化SterilizationSterilization杀菌Bysteamatatemp.of121˚C.for15minutes121˚C蒸15分钟Bydryheatatatemperatureof160-170˚C.for2-4hours干燥加热需160-170˚2-4小时Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202326OHS4Sterilization杀菌BysteamatatDisinfection消毒ModeofactionCelllysis细胞溶解Proteincoagulationordenaturation蛋白凝固或变性Enzymedenaturationorinactivation酶变性或失活Destructionofenzymesubstrate酶作用物破坏Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202327OHS4Disinfection消毒ModeofactionEvDisinfection消毒Manychemicaldisinfectantsavailable主要化学消毒剂Alcohols醇类Formaldehyde‘s甲醛PhenolicCompounds酚化合物QuaternaryAmmoniumCompoundsorQuats季铵盐ChlorineCompounds氯化物IodineCompounds碘化物Glutaraldehyde‘s戊二醛Hydrogenperoxide‘s过氧化氢Chlohexidinecompounds六氯化合物Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202328OHS4Disinfection消毒ManychemicaldiAlcohols醇类Ethanoloriso-propanol乙醇或丙醇Denatureproteins蛋白质变性Effectiveagainstlipidcontainingviruses,envelopedvirusesandvegetativebacteria对含油脂病毒、膜包被病毒和植物细菌有效Lesseffectiveagainstmycobacteriumandfungi对分支杆菌和真菌作用小Flammable,inactivatedbyorganicmatter,volatile可燃、遇有机物活性差、挥发Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202329OHS4Alcohols醇类Ethanoloriso-propaAldehydes醛类Formaldehydeandglutaraldehyde蚁醛和戊二醛Effectiveagainstabroadspectrumofmicroorganisms对广谱微生物有效Requireslong(20-30min)contacttime作用时间长（20-30分钟）Lesssusceptibletoinactivationbyorganicmaterial对有机体的去活作用小Shortuse-life使用有效期短Humanhealthconcerns-respiratoryirritant,contactdermatitis对人体健康有害-呼吸刺激、接触性皮炎Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202330OHS4Aldehydes醛类FormaldehydeandgPhenolics酚类Usuallyphenoliccompoundwithdetergent常为分化合物清洁剂Effectiveagainstvegetativebacteria,fungiandlipid-containingviruses对植物细菌、真菌和含脂病毒有效EffectiveoverawidepHrangepH范围宽Skinandeyeirritation皮肤和眼的刺激Noteffectiveagainstspores对孢子无效Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202331OHS4Phenolics酚类UsuallyphenoliccoQuaternaryAmmoniaComponds

季铵盐化合物Cationicdetergents阳离子清洁剂/strongsurfactants强表面活性剂Effectiveagainstvegetativebacteria(some)andnon-lipid-containingviruses对植物细菌（部分）和不含脂病毒有效Stable,Non-irritating稳定、无刺激Ineffectiveagainstmycobacteria,lipid-containingviruses,spores对分支杆菌、含脂病毒和孢子无效Neutralizedbyorganicmaterial(esp.proteins)与有机物（特别是蛋白）中和Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202332OHS4QuaternaryAmmoniaComponds

季铵ChlorineComponds氯化物Strongoxidant强氧化剂“Universal”decontaminant普遍采用的纯化剂Maybepreparedas1/100or1/50(forsporesandmycobacteria)dilutionfromhouseholdbleachandtapwater用家用漂白剂或自来水稀释制备成1/100或1/50（对孢子和分枝杆菌）溶液Dilutesolutionsareunstable,preparefrequently稀释溶液不稳定，常配Neutralizedbyorganicmaterial用有机物质中和Corrosive具腐蚀性Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202333OHS4ChlorineComponds氯化物StrongoxiIodineComponds碘化物Similarinactiontochlorine与氯相似Effectiveagainstvegetativebacteriaandviruses对植物细菌和病毒有效Lesscorrosiveandtoxicthanchlorine比氯的腐蚀性和毒性低Self-indicating自显示:brown棕->yellow黄->clear无色Maystainsurfaces使表面染色Neutralizedbyorganicmaterial用有机物中和Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202334OHS4IodineComponds碘化物SimilarinaHydrogenPeroxide过氧化氢StrongOxidant强氧化剂6%sol’niseffectiveagainstvegetativebacteria,mycobacteria,fungiandviruses浓度6%的溶液即对植物细菌、分支杆菌、真