八世贸组织中英单词对照

八世贸组织中英单词对

照ThismodelpaperwasrevisedbyLINDAonDecember15,汉英口译分类词汇（08）—世贸组织词汇ofnaturalpersonofnaturalperson（补贴协议）可诉补贴Actionablesubsidy（纺织品与服装、农产品）一体化进程Integrationprocess（服务贸易）境外消费Consumptionabroad（服务贸易）跨境交付Crossbordersupply（服务贸易）商业存在Commercialpresence（服务贸易）自然人naturalperson（服务贸易）自然人流动Presence（解决争端）被诉方Defendant（解决争端）调查结果Findings（解决争端）上诉Appeal（解决争端）申诉方Complaint（利益的）丧失和减损Nullificationandimpairment（农产品）国内支持Domesticsupport（农产品）综合支持量AMS（AggregateMeasurementofSupport）（农产品国内支持）黄箱措施AmberBoxmeasuresConvention解》Convention解》DSU(UnderstandingonRules（农产品国内支持）蓝箱措施BOP（Balance-of-payments）Provisions（农产品国内支持）绿箱措施GreenBoxmeasures（农业）多功能性Multifunctionality（欧盟）共同农业政策CommonAgriculturePolicy（争端解决）专家组Panel（知识产权）地理标识Geographicalindications《巴黎公约》（关于保护工业知识产权的公约）ParisConvention《巴塞尔公约》（有关危险废弃物的多边环境协定）Basel《北美自山贸易协定》NAFTA（NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement）《濒危物种国际贸易公约》ConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpecies《伯尔尼公约》（有关保护文学和艺术作品版权的公约）BerneConvention《多种纤维协定》MFA（Mult辻ibreAgreement）《纺织品与服装协议》ATC（AgreementonTextilesandClothing）《服务贸易总协定》GATS（GeneralAgreementonTradeinServices）《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅

andProceduresGoverningtheSettlementofDisputes)《京都议定书》KyotoProtocol《里斯本条约》(有关地理标识及其国际注册)LisbonAgreement《蒙特利尔议定书》(有关保护大气臭氧层的多边环境协定)MontrealProtocol《农产品协议》特殊保障SSG(SpecialSafeguard)《农业协议》中关于反补贴的和平条款Peaceclause《生物多样性公约》CBD(ConventiononBiologicalDiversity)《信息技术协议》ITA(InformationTechnology-Agreement)WTO最不发达国家高级别会议HLM(WTOHigh-levelMeetingforLDCs)北美自111贸易区NAFTA(NorthAmericanFreeTradeArea)采取措施后Expost采取描施前Exante产品生命周期分析LCA(L辻eCycleAnalysis)出口补贴Exportsubsidy出口实绩Exportperformance当地含量Localcontent垂直兼并当地含量Localcontent电子商务ElectronicCommerce东部和南部非洲共同市场COMESA(CommonMarketforEasternandSouthernAfrica)东盟自由贸易区ASEANFreeTradeArea动植物卫生检疫措施SPS(SanitaryandPhytosanitaryStandard)反补贴税Countervailingduty反倾销措施anti-dumpingmeasuresagainst…反向通知ICounter-notification非配额产品quota-freeproducts非生产性投资investmentinnon-productiveprojects非洲.加勒比和太平洋国家集团(洛美协定)ACP(African,CaribbeanandPacificGroup)风险管理/评佔riskmanagement/assessment关贸总协定，世界贸易组织的前身GATT(GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade)规避Circumvention国际标准化组织ISO(InternationalOrganizationforStandardization)国际纺织品服装局ITCB(InternationalTextileandClothingBureau)国际货币基金组织IMF(InternationalMonetaryFund)国际劳工组织ILO(InternationalLaborOrganization)国际贸易中心ITC仃nternationalTradeCenter)国际贸易组织ITO(InternationalTradeOrganization)国际贸易组织临时委员会ICITO(InterimCommissionfortheInternationalTradeOrganization)国际清算internationalsettlement国际收支balanceofinternationalpayments/balanceofpayment国际收支条款BOP(Balance-of-payments)Provisions国际兽疫组织InternationalOfficeofEpizootics国民待遇Nationaltreatment国内补贴Domesticsubsidy国内生产Domesticproduction海关佔价Customsvaluation海关完税价值Customsvalue横向兼并horizontalmerger环保型技术EST(Environmenta11y-soundtechnology)灰色区域措施Greyareameasures货币留成制度Currencyretentionscheme货币贸易理事会CTG(Counc订forTradeinGoods)

基础税率Basetar辻flevel既定日程Built-inagenda交叉报复Crossretaliation进口差价税Importvariableduties进口附加税Importsurcharge进口环节税importlinkagetaxpenetrationsubstitutionlicensingdeposits进口渗透Import进口替代Import进口许可Import进口押金Import经济合作与发展组织OECDpenetrationsubstitutionlicensingdeposits(OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment)联合国环境署UNEP(UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgram)联合国开发计划署UNDP(UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram)联合国粮农组织FAO(FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedStates)联合国贸易与发展会议UNCTAD(UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment)粮食安全Foodsecurity慢性萧条chronicdepression贸易和投资自山化和便利化TILF(TradeandInvestmenton垃圾融资junkfinancingTradeandDevelopmentLiberalizationandFacilitation)贸易与发展委员会Committeeon垃圾融资junkfinancingTradeandDevelopment贸易与环境委员会CommitteeonTradeandEnvironment模式Modalities南方共同市场(或称南锥体共同市场)MERCOSUR(SouthernCommonMarket)南亚区域合作联盟SAARC(SouthAsianAssociationforRegionalcooperation)欧洲自山贸易联盟EFTA(EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation)配额调整条款modulationofquotaclause瓶颈制约'bottleneck'restrictions全球配额globalquota申报制度reportingsystem;incomedeclarationsystem生产补贴Productionsubsidy实行国民待遇grantthenationaltreatmentto实质损害Materialinjury食品法典委员会CAC(CodexAlimentariesCommission)世界海关组织WCO(WorldCustomsOrganization)世界贸易组织WTO(WorldTradeOrganization)世界知识产权组织WIPO(WorldIntellectualProperty上诉机构Appealbody上诉机构Appealbody市场准人的行政管理措施AAMA(AdministrativeAspectsofMarketAccess)市场准入Marketaccess通知义务Notificationobligation同类产品Likeproduct乌拉圭回合UruguayRound消费膨胀inflatedconsumption协调制度(商品名称及编码协调制度)HS(HarmonizedCommodityandCodingSystem)新议题Newissues许可费Licensefee有秩序的市场安排Orderlymarketarrangements约束水平Boundlevel争端解决机构DisputeSettlementBody政府采购Governmentprocurement知识产权IPRs(Intellectualpropertyrights)直接支付Directpayment诸边协议Plurilateralagreement专门的营销机构Marketboards转基因生物GMOs(GeneticallyModifiedOrganisms)祖父条款grandfatherclause最不发达国家LDCs(Least-developedcountries)最初谈判权(初谈权)INRs(InitialNegotiatingRights)最惠国待遇（现通常称'正常贸易关系')MFN(most-favored-nation)treatment最惠国贸易地位(待遇)MF\(Most-favored-nation)(Treatment)WTOstyle).WTOstyle).WTO术语英文解释GeneralGATT—GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade,whichhasbeensupersededasaninternationalorganizationbytheWTO.AnupdatedGeneralAgreementisnowoneoftheWTO*sagreements・GATT1947—Theold(pre-1994)versionoftheGATT・GATT1994—ThenewversionoftheGeneralAgreement,incorporatedintotheWTO,whichgovernstradeingoods・Members—WTOgovernments(firstlettercapitalized,inMFN—Most-favoured-nationtreatment(GATTArticleI,GATSArticleIIandTRIPSArticle4),theprincipleofnotdiscriminatingbetweenone'stradingtreatment—Theprincipleofgivingothersthesametreatmentasone'sownnationals・GATTArticleIIIrequiresthatimportsbetreatednolessfavourablythanthesameorsimilardomestically-producedgoodsoncetheyhavepassedcustoms.GATSArticleXVIIandTRIPSArticle3alsodealwithnationaltreatmentforservicesandintellectualpropertyprotection.

TPRB,TPRM—TheTradePolicyReviewBodyisGeneralCounciloperatingunderspecialproceduresformeetingstoreviewtradepoliciesandpracticesofindividualWTOmembersundertheTradePolicyReviewMechanism・transparency—Degreetowhichtradepoliciesandpractices,andtheprocessbywhichtheyareestablished,areopenandpredictable・UruguayRound—MultilateraltradenegotiationslaunchedatPuntadelEste,UruguayinSeptember1986andconcludedinGenevainDecember1993・SignedbyMinistersinMarrakesh,Morocco,inApril1994.Tariffsbinding,bound—seeutariffbinding"electroniccommerce—Theproduction,advertising,saleanddistributionofproductsviatelecommunicationsnetworks.principle.free-rider—Acasualtermusedtoinferthatacountrywhichdoesnotmakeanytradeconcessions,profits,nonetheless,fromtariffcutsandconcessionsmadebyothercountriesinnegotiationsunderthemost一favoured—nationprinciple.HarmonizedSystem—AninternationalnomenclaturedevelopedbytheWorldCustomsOrganization,whichisarrangedinsixdigitcodesallowingallparticipatingcountriestoclassifytradedgoodsonacommonbasis・Beyondthesixdigitlevel,countriesarefreetointroducenationaldistinctionsfortariffsandmanyotherpurposes・ITA—InformationTechnologyAgreement,orformallytheMinisterial-DeclarationonTradeinInformationTechnologyProducts,underwhichparticipantswillremovetariffsonITproductsbytheyear2000.ITAII—NegotiationsaimedatexpandingITA'sproductcoverage・nuisancetariff—Tariffsolowthatitcoststhegovernmentmoretocollectitthantherevenueitgenerates.scheduleofconcessions—Listofboundtariffrates.tariffbinding—Commitmentnottoincreasearateofdutybeyondanagreedleve1・Oncearateofdutyisbound,itmaynotberaisedwithoutcompensatingtheaffectedparties.tariffescalation—Higherimportdutiesonsemi-processedproductsthanonrawmaterials,andhigherstillonfinishedproducts・Thispracticeprotectsdomesticprocessingindustriesanddiscouragesthedevelopmentofprocessingactivityinthecountrieswhererawmaterialsoriginate・tariffpeaks—Relativelyhightariffs,usuallyon“sensitive”products,amidstgenerallylowtarifflevels・Forindustrializedcountries,tariffsof15%andabovearegenerallyrecognizedas"tariffpeaksM.tariffs—Customsdutiesonmerchandiseimports・Leviedeitheronanadvalorembasis(percentageofvalue)oronaspecificbasis・S7per100kgs・)・Tariffsgivepriceadvantagetosimilarlocally-producedgoodsandraiserevenuesforthegovernment・WCO一WorldCustomsOrganization,amultilateralbodylocatedinBrusselsthroughwhichparticipatingcountriesseektosimplifyandrationalizecustomsprocedures・Non-tariffmeasuresanti-dumpingduties—ArticleVIoftheGATT1994permitstheimpositionofanti-dumpingdutiesagainstdumpedgoods,equaltothedifferencebetweentheirexportpriceandtheirnormalvalue,ifdumpingcausesinjurytoproducersofcompetingproductsintheimportingcountry.circumvention—Measurestakenbyexporterstoevadeantidumpingorcountervailingduties・countervailingmeasures—Actiontakenbytheimportingcountry,usuallyintheformofincreaseddutiestooffsetsubsidiesgiventoproducersorexportersintheexportingcountry.dumping—Occurswhengoodsareexportedatapricelessthantheirnormalvalue,generallymeaningtheyareexportedforlessthantheyaresoldinthedomesticmarketorthird-countrymarkets,oratlessthanproductioncost・NTMs—Non-tariffmeasuressuchasquotas,importlicensingsystems,sanitary-regulations,prohibitions,etc.priceundertaking—Undertakingbyanexportertoraisetheexportpriceoftheproducttoavoidthepossibilityofananti-dumpingduty.PSI—Preshipmentinspection—thepracticeofemployingspecializedprivatecompaniestocheckshipmentdetailsofgoodsorderedoverseas—・price,quantity,quality,etc・QRs—Quantitativerestrictions—specificlimitsonthequantityorvalueofgoodsthatcanbeimported(orexported)duringaspecifictimeperiod・rulesoforigin—Laws,regulationsandadministrativeprocedureswhichdetermineaproduct?scountryoforigin・Adecisionbyacustomsauthorityonorigincandeterminewhetherashipmentfallswithinaquotalimitation,qualifiesforatariffpreferenceorisaffectedbyananti-dumpingduty・Theserulescanvaryfromcountrytocountry.safeguardmeasures—Actiontakentoprotectaspecificindustryfromanunexpectedbuild-upofimports—governedbyArticleXIXoftheGATT1994.subsidy—Therearetwogeneraltypesofsubsidies:exportanddomestic・Anexportsubsidyisabenefitconferredonafirmbythegovernmentthatiscontingentonexports・Adomesticsubsidyisabenefitnotdirectlylinkedtoexports・tariffication—Proceduresrelatingtotheagriculturalmarket-accessprovisioninwhichallnon~tariffmeasuresareconvertedintotariffs・tradefacilitation—Removingobstaelestothemovementofgoodsacrossborders・simplificationofcustomsprocedures)・VRA,VER,OMA—Voluntaryrestraintarrangement,voluntaryexportrestraint,orderlymarketingarrangement・Bilateralarrangementswherebyanexportingcountry(governmentorindustry)agreestoreduceorrestrictexportswithouttheimportingcountryhavingtomakeuseofquotas,tariffsorotherimportcontrols・TextilesandclothingATC—TheWTOAgreementonTextilesandClothingwhichintegratestradeinthissectorbacktoGATTruleswithinaten-yearperiod・carryforward—Whenanexportingcountryusespartofthefollowingyear1squotaduringthecurrentyear・carryover—Whenanexportingcountryutilizesthepreviousyearfsunutilizedquota.circumvention—Avoidingquotasandotherrestrictionsbyalteringthecountryoforiginofaproduct・CTG—CouncilforTradeinGoods—overseesWTOagreementsongoods,includingtheATC.integrationprogramme—ThephasingoutofMFArestrictionsinfourstagesstartingon1January1995andendingon1January2005.ITCB—InternationalTextilesandClothingBureau—Genevabasedgroupofsome20developingcountryexportersoftextilesandclothing・MFA—MultifibreArrangement(1974-94)underwhichcountrieswhosemarketsaredisruptedbyincreasedimportsoftextilesandclothingfromanothercountrywereabletonegotiatequotarestrictions・swing—Whenanexportingcountrytransferspartofaquotafromoneproducttoanotherrestrainedproduct・TMB—TheTextilesMonitoringBody,consistingofachairmanplustenmembersactinginapersonalcapacity,overseestheimplementationofATCcommitments.transitionalsafeguardmechanism—Allowsmemberstoimposerestrictionsagainstindividualexportingcountriesiftheimportingcountrycanshowthatbothoverallimportsofaproductandimportsfromtheindividualcountriesareenteringthecountryinsuchincreasedquantitiesastocause—orthreaten—seriousdamagetotherelevantdomesticindustry.Agriculture/SPSAgenda2000—EC'sfinancialreformplansfor2000-06aimedatstrengtheningtheunionwithaviewtoreceivingnewmembers.IncludesreformoftheCAP(seebelow).borderprotection—Anymeasurewhichactstorestrainimportsatpointofentry.BSE—Bovinespongiformencephalopathy,orumadcowdiseaseM・box—Categoryofdomesticsupport・一Greenbox:supportsconsiderednottodistorttradeandthereforepermittedwithnolimits・一Bluebox：permittedsupportslinkedtoproduction,butsubjecttoproductionlimitsandthereforeminimallytrade-distorting.—Amberbox：supportsconsideredtodistorttradeandthereforesubjecttoreduetioncommitments.CairnsGroup—Groupofagriculturalexportingnationslobbyingforagriculturaltradeliberalization.Itwasformedin1986inCairns,AustraliajustbeforethebeginningoftheUruguayRound・Currentmembership：Argentina,Austglia,Bolivia,Brazil,Canada,Chile,Colombia,Costa

Rica,Guatemala,Indonesia,Malaysia,NewZealand,Paraguay,Philippines,SouthAfrica,ThailandandUruguay.CAP—CommonAgriculturalPolicy—TheEU'scomprehensivesystemofproductiontargetsandmarketingmechanismsdesignedtomanageagriculturaltradewithintheEUandwiththerestoftheworld・CodexAlimentarius—FAO/WHOcommissionthatdealswithinternationalstandardsonfoodsafety・distortion—Whenpricesandproductionarehigherorlowerthanlevelsthatwouldusuallyexistinacompetitivemarket・deficiencypayment—Paidbygovernmentstoproducersofcertaincommoditiesandbasedonthedifferencebetweenatargetpriceandthedomesticmarketpriceorloanrate,whicheveristheless・EEP—Exportenhancementprogramme—programmeofUSexportsubsidiesgivengenerallytocompetewithsubsidizedagriculturalexportsfromtheEUoncertainexportmarkets・domesticmarkettoforeignfoodsecurity—Conceptwhichdiscouragesopeningtheagriculturalproductsontheprinciplethatacountrymustbeasself-sufficientaspossibleforitsbasicdietaryneeds.domesticmarkettoforeigninternalsupport—Encompassesanymeasurewhichactstomaintainproducerpricesatlevelsabovethoseprevailingininternationaltrade;directpaymentstoproducers,includingdeficiencypayments,andinputandmarketingcostreductionmeasuresavailableonlyforagriculturalproduction.InternationalOfficeofEpizootics—Dealswithinternationalstandardsconcerninganimalhealth・multifunctionality—Ideathatagriculturehasmanyfunctionsinadditiontoproducingfoodandfibre,・environmentaiprotection,landscapepreservation,ruralemployment,etc.Seenon一tradeconcerns・non-tradeconcerns—Similartomultifunctionality.ThepreambleoftheAgricultureAgreementspecifiesfoodsecurityandenvironmentalprotectionasexamples・Alsocitedbymembersareruraldevelopmentandemployment,andpovertyalleviation.peaceclause—ProvisioninArticle13oftheAgricultureAgreementsaysagriculturalsubsidiescommittedundertheagreementcannotbechallengedunderotherWTOagreements,inparticulartheSubsidiesAgreementandGATT・Expiresattheendof2003.reformprocess/program—TheUruguayRoundAgricultureAgreementstartsareformprocess・Itsetsoutafirststep,intheprocess,・aprogramforreducingsubsidiesandprotectionandotherreforms・CurrentnegotiationslaunchedunderArticle20areforcontinuingthereformprocess・SPSregulations—SanitaryandPhytosanitaryregulations—governmentstandardstoprotecthuman,animalandplantlifeandhealth,tohelpensurethatfoodissafeforconsumption.variablelevy—Customsdutyratewhichvariesinresponsetodomesticpricecriterion.IntellectualpropertyBerneConvention—Treaty,administeredbyWIPO,fortheprotectionoftherightsofauthorsintheirliteraryandartisticworks・CBD—ConventiononBiologicalDiversity・compulsorylicensing—Forpatents：whentheauthoritieslicensecompaniesorindividualsotherthanthepatentownertousetherightsofthepatent—tomake,use,sellorimportaproductunderpatent・apatentedproductoraproductmadebyapatentedprocess)—withoutthepermissionofthepatentowner.AllowedundertheTRIPSAgreementprovidedcertainproceduresandconditionsarefulfilled・Seealsogovernmentuse・counterfeit—Unauthorizedrepresentationofaregisteredtrademarkcarriedongoodsidenticalorsimilartogoodsforwhichthetrademarkisregistered,withaviewtodeceivingthepurchaserintobelievingthathe/sheisbuyingtheoriginalgoods・exhaustion—Theprinciplethatonceaproducthasbeensoldonamarket,theintellectualpropertyownernolongerhasanyrightsoverit.(AdebateamongWTOmembergovernmentsiswhetherthisappliestoproductsputonthemarketundercompulsory-licences・)Countriesflawsvaryastowhethertherightcontinuestobeexhaustediftheproductisimportedfromonemarketintoanother,whichaffectstheowner*srightsovertradeintheprotectedproduct・Seealsoparallelimports.geographicalindications—Placenames(orwordsassociatedwithaplace)usedtoidentifyproducts(forexample,“Champagne",“Tequ订a"or"Roquefort")whichhaveaparticularquality,reputationorothercharacteristicbecausetheycomefromthatplacegovernmentuse——Forpatents:whenthegovernmentitselfusesorauthorizesotherpersonstousetherightsoverapatentedproductorprocess,forgovernmentpurposes,withoutthepermissionofthepatentowner・Seealsoellectualpropertyrights—Ownershipofideas,includingliteraryandartisticworks(protectedbycopyright),inventions(protectedbypatents),signsfordistinguishinggoodsofanenterprise(protectedbytrademarks)andotherelementsofindustrialproperty・IPRs—Intellectualpropertyrights・LisbonAgreement—Treaty,administeredbyWIPO,fortheprotectionofgeographicalindicationsandtheirinternationalregistration.MadridAgreement—Treaty,administeredbyWIPO,fortherepressionoffalseordeceptiveindicationsofsourceongoods・mailbox—ReferstotherequirementoftheTRIPSAgreementapplyingtoWTOmemberswhichdonotyetprovideproductpatentprotectionforpharmaceuticalsandforagriculturalchemicals・Since1January1995,whentheWTOagreementsenteredintoforce,thesecountrieshavetoestablishameansbywhichapplicationsofpatentsfortheseproductscanbefiled・(AnadditionalrequirementsaystheymustalsoputinplaceasystemforgrantinguexclusivemarketingrightsMfortheproductswhosepatentapplicationshavebeenfiled・)parallelimports—Whenaproductmadelegally・notpirated)abroadisimportedwithoutthepermissionoftheintellectualpropertyright一holder・thetrademarkorpatentowner)・Somecountriesallowthis,othersdonot・ParisConvention—Treaty,administeredbyWIPO,fortheprotectionofindustrialintellectualproperty,・patents,utilitymodels,industrialdesigns,etc.piracy—Unauthorizedcopyingofmaterialsprotectedbyintellectualpropertyrights(suchascopyright,trademarks,patents,geographicalindications,etc)forcommercialpurposesandunauthorizedcommercialdealingincopiedmaterials・RomeConvention—Treaty,administeredbyWIPO,UNESCOandILO,fortheprotectionoftheworksofperformers,broadcastingorganizationsandproducersofphonograms・TRIPS—Trade-RelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRights.UPOV—InternationalUnionfortheProtectionofNewVarietiesofPlantsWashingtonTreaty—Treatyfortheprotectionofintellectualpropertyinrespectoflay-outdesignsofintegratedcircuits.WIPO—WorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization.Investmentexport一performancemeasure—Requirementthatacertainquantityofproductionmustbeexported.FDI—Foreigndirectinvestment・local-contentmeasure—Requirementthattheinvestorpurchaseacertainamountoflocalmaterialsforincorporationintheinvestor*sproduct・product-mandating—Requirementthattheinvestorexporttocertaincountriesorregion.trade-balancingmeasure—Requirementthattheinvestoruseearningsfromexportstopayforimports・TRIMS—Trade-relatedinvestmentmeasures・DisputesettlementAppellateBody—Anindependentseven-personbodythat,uponrequestbyoneormorepartiestothedispute,reviewsfindingsinpanelreports・automaticity—The“automatic”chronologicalprogressionforsettlingtradedisputesinregardtopanelestablishment,termsofreference,compositionandadoptionprocedures・DSB—DisputeSettlementBody—whentheWTOGeneralCouncilmeetstosettietradedisputes.DSU—TheUruguayRoundUnderstandingonRulesandProceduresGoverningtheSettlementofDisputes.nullificationandimpairment—Damagetoacountry*sbenefitsandexpectationsfromitsWTOmembershipthroughanothercountry1schangeinitstrade

regimeorfailuretocarryoutitsWTOobligations・panel—Consistingofthreeexperts,thisindependentbodyisestablishedbytheDSBtoexamineandissuerecommendationsonaparticulardisputeinthelightofWTOprovisions・Servicesaccountingrate—Intelecoms,thechargemadebyonecountry'stelephonenetworkoperatorforcallsoriginatinginanothermercialpresence—Havinganoffice,branch,orsubsidiaryinaforeigncountry.GATS—TheWTO'sGeneralAgreementonTradeinServices・generalobligations—Obligationswhichshouldbeappliedtoallservicessectorattheentryintoforceoftheagreement・Initialcommitments—Tradeliberalizingcommitmentsinserviceswhichmembersarepreparedtomakeearlyon.consumptionabroad;mode3:modesofdelivery—Howinternationaltradeinservicesissuppliedandconsumed・Mode1:crossbordersupply;mode2：foreigncommercialpresence;andmode4:movementofnaturalpersons・consumptionabroad;mode3:multi-modal—Transportationusingmorethanonemode・IntheGATSnegotiations,essentiallydoor-to-doorservicesthatincludeinternationalshipping・nationalschedules—TheequivalentoftariffschedulesinGATT,layingdownthecommitmentsaccepted—voluntarilyorthroughnegotiation—byWTOmembers・naturalpersons—People,asdistinctfromjuridicalpersonssuchascompaniesandorganizations・offer—Acountry1sproposalforfurthertocols—AdditionalagreementsattachedtotheGATS.TheSecondProtocoldealswiththe1995commitmentsonfinancialservices・TheThirdProtocoldealswithmovementofnaturalpersons・prudence,prudential—Infinancialservices,termsusedtodescribeanobjectiveofmarketregulationbyauthoritiestoprotectinvestorsanddepositors,toavoidinstabilityorcrises・schedule—uScheduleofSpecificCommitments”一AWTOmember*slistofcommitmentsregardingmarketaccessandbindingsregardingnationaltreatment・specificcommitments—See“schedule".Regionalism,/tradeanddevelopmentACP—African,CaribbeanandPacificcountries・Groupof71countrieswithpreferentialtradingrelationwiththeEUundertheformerLomTreatynowcalledtheCotonouAgreement・AndeanCommunity—Bolivia,Colombia,Ecuador,PeruandVenezuela・APEC—AsiaPacificEconomicCooperationforum・ASEAN—AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations.ThesevenASEANmembersoftheWTO—Brunei,Indonesia,Malaysia,Myanmar,thePhilippines,SingaporeandThailand—oftenspeakintheWTOasonegroupongeneralissues・TheotherASEANmembersareLaosandVietnam.Caricom—TheCaribbeanCommunityandCommonMarketcomprises15countries・CTD一TheWTOCommitteeonTradeandDevelopmentCustomsunion—Membersapplyacommonexternaltariff・theEC).EC—Euro