自考00096外刊经贸知识选读密训高频考点重点汇总

第一章China’sForeignTrade 第二章China’sAbsorptionofForeignDirectInvestment 第三章China’sOpenedEconomy 2第四章Theworldeconomy 第五章OntheUSStrategy&PolicyinTrade 第六章TheDevelopmentofEU 第七章OnJapan’sPositiononTrade 第八章SouthKorea&OtherFastdevelopingAsianCountries—TheirProgressandProblems 第九章Newly—EmergingTradingStars 第十章OnGATT——WTO 第十一章BarterStillinUse 第十二章MarketCompetition 第十三章MarketAnalysis 第十四章CommoditiesMarket 第十五章ReportsonCommoditiesExchangeinTelex 第一章China’sForeignTrade★★★★★知识点名称知识点内容单选题（同义词替换）measures/action措施compensation/payment补偿disbursed/paid支付role/part角色exacerbate/worsen/deteriorated/exasperated恶化adopted/took采取buoyant/vigorous/rising趋于上升的raise/collect筹集jumped/increased提高upgrade/renovate改善balance/equal平衡introduced/brought引进objective/goal目标sophistication/upgrade高级quicken/accelerate/speedup加快substantially/considerably非常地facilitated/madeeasier使便利eligible/legal/qualified有资格的attributed/ascribed归因于specializes/actsprofessionally专门从事decline/fall下降，减少perannum/everyyear每年domestic/local国内的bottlenecks/barriers障碍access/entry进入bartered/exchanged交换compiled/gathered编写earnings/incomes收入obligations/duty/debts债务run-down/reduction/decline下降disbursed/paid支付leading/major主要的comeintoforce/takeeffect起作用countertrade对等贸易（反向贸易）单词短语翻译最惠国待遇most-favorednationtreatment海关税/关税/进口税customsduties国际收支balanceofpayments贸易赤字tradedeficit有形贸易收支visibletradeaccount无形贸易收支invisibleaccount国际清算银行BankforInternationalSettlements欧洲经济共同体EuropeanEconomicCommunity外汇收入foreignexchangeearnings贸易展销会tradefairsandexhibitions经济合作和发展组织（OECD）OrgforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment经常项目currentaccount易货贸易barter经互会Comecon中央银行centralbank合资企业jointventure世界银行theWorldBank盈余/顺差insurplus反向贸易Counter-trade国民收入nationalincome免税/免除exemption贸易政策tradepolicy高技术high-tech国内市场domesticmarket★★★★pg二★★★★pg知识点名称知识点内容incentives/stimulation/encouragement/motivgranted/given给,赠单选题（同义词替换）ator激励comprehensive/all-inclusive全部的;所有的aspire/desire渴望stock-taking/assessment/reviewing盘点，评估promulgated/announced/declared宣布assembling/collecting收集discourage/dissuade阻止dealwith/tackle应付，处理vulnerable/easilyattackedby易受伤害的preferential/favored偏爱的，优待的afflicting/bothering困扰，折磨robust/vigorous强壮的prospect/possibility可能性uniform/unchanging/same统一的，不变的frangible/breakable易碎的grassroots/masses群众boom/prosperity繁荣comesintoforce/takeseffect生效aspireto/longfor渴望entitled/authorized/empowered给...权利reserves/storages储备inthedriver'sseat/dominant统治coastalcities沿海（开放）城市SEZ经济特区foreignexchangereserves外汇储备单词短语翻译沿海（开放）城市coastalcities外汇储备foreignexchangereserves对外直接投资foreigndirectinvestment利润汇款profit-remittance技术转让technologytransfer贸易制裁tradesanctions外商独资拥有的whollyforeign-owned盘货/评估/估量stock-taking合作(经营)企业cooperativeenterprise基础设施infrastructure消费品consumergoods补偿贸易compensationtrade优惠税率preferentialtaxrate资本货物capitalgoods经济结构economicstructure企业家精神entrepreneurship生产资料meansofproduction房地产realestate竹幕bamboocurtain段落翻译Duringthepastfewyears,amajorobjectiveoftheChineseauthoritieshasbeentoreducetheproportionofagriculturalexports,whileincreasingthatofindustrialandmineralproducts.AwidevarietyofindustrialgoodsarenowexportedandChinesecapitalequipmenthasbeenusedbyanumberofdevelopingcountriestoestablishprojectsinareassuchasagriculture,forestry,lightindustry,foodprocessing,waterconservationandtransportandcommunications.在过去的几年中，中国政府的主要目标是减少农产品出口的比例，增加工业产品和矿产品的出口比例。目前各种各样的工业品被出口到海外，中国的资本设备被许多发展中国家用来投资以下领域的建设项目：农业、林业、轻工业、食品加工业、储水业、运输和通讯业。y★★★★py★★★★p知识点名称知识点内容formidable/powerful巨大的，有力的peak/top顶峰单选题（同义词替换）dynamic/energetic/active充满活力的dominant/leading首要的backlash/opposition反对moribund/stagnant停滞的considerable/great相当大的manifest/demonstrate显现emergence/appearance出现profits/returns收益retaliation/revenge报复abargain/anagreement协议promulgated/issued宣布distributed/spread散布,分散predicting/foretelling预言stake/interest利益opportunities/chances机会confronted/faced面对breach/violation违背amplify/increase增加restraint/constraint约束bounce/rebound反弹surpass/exceed超过evident/clear显然的tumultuous/noisy嘈杂的dominant/mostinfluential首要的supplant/replace替代reaping/obtaining/getting收获laggard/slothful/slowcoach落后的moribund/lifeless垂死的bustling/lively繁忙的，热闹的outbid/overgo高于standstill/stagnation停滞shifted/removed转移commercialhub商业活动的中心economicheavyweight举足轻重的经济强国单词短语翻译关税及贸易总协定GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT)中国国际信托投资公司CITICChinaInternationalTrustandInvestmentCompany举足轻重的经济强国economicheavyweight国民生产总值GrossNationalProduct(GNP)证券及房地产市场securitiesandrealestatemarkets进口关税importtariff惩罚性进口关税punitiveimporttariff华人经济区ChineseEconomicArea跨行业公司conglomerate与...有利害关系haveastakein...按人均计算的：percapita高技术high-tech高工资经济high-wageeconomy商业活动中心commercialhub房地产市场realestatemarket证券市场securitiesmarket生产力productiveforces国际财团Consortium国家机器thestateapparatus优先地位preferredstatus经济作物cashcrops剩余劳动力surpluslabour生活水平standardofliving集装箱container出价高于outbidy★★★★★y★★★★★知识点名称知识点内容单选题curtail/restrict限制onset/beginning开始（同义词替换）moderate/ease缓和aggregate/total总计的adverse/harmful有害的inarow/successively/consecutive连续accommodative/cooperative/helpful配合的stagnating/inactive停滞annual/yearly每年comparable/similar相似的slump/drop暴跌deteriorated/worsened恶化integration/combination结合share/portion一份affected/reduced/impacted影响discounted/reducedinprice降价breakthroughs/achievements进展robust/strong强壮的stagnated/depressed停滞slackened/weakened变弱sustain/maintain保持merchandise/commodity商品diversification/variety多样化merger/combination结合,兼并hardcurrency硬通货primarycommodity初级产品EuropeanMonetarySystem欧洲货币体系deinflationarypolicy反通货政策单词短语翻译对外直接投资foreigndirectinvestment欧洲货币体系EuropeanMonetarySystem(EMS)反通胀政策deinflationarypolicies人均收入percapitaincome证券投资portfolioinvestment国内生产总值GrossDomesticProduct反通货膨胀货币政策anti-inflationarymonetarypolicy由减税引发的繁荣tax-cut-inducedboom初级产品primarycommodity商品市场commoditymarket硬通货hardcurrency国内需求domesticdemand债务调整debtrestructuring贸易谈判tradenegotiation直接投资directinvestment经济衰退economicrecession商业周期businesscycle举债经营leverage汇率exchangerate段落翻译Inmattersrelatingtotheenvironment,theUnitedNationsConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopment,heldinJune1992inRiodeJaneiro,producedan"EarthCharter",ordeclarationofbasicprinciplesfortheconductofnationsandpeopleswithrespecttoenvironmentanddevelopment;agreementsonspecificlegalmeasures,includingconventions（公约）onclimatechangeandbiodiversity,andprinciplesforaframeworkagreementonforests;andanagendaforaction("Agenda21"),establishingtheenvironmentalworkprogramagreedbytheinternationalcommunityfortheperiodbeyond1992andintothetwenty-firstcentury.在有关环境问题上，联合国环境与发展会议于1992年6月在里约热内卢举行，制定了“地球宪章”，换言之，宣布了各个国家和各个民族在环境和发展方面的基本行为准则；就具体的法律措施达成协议，包括气候变化和生物多样性公约和关于森林框架协议的准则；还制定了一个行动议程(“21世纪议程”)，确定了被国际社会认可的，从1992年以后到进入21世纪期间内的环境工作方案。第五章OntheUSStrategy&PolicyinTrade★★★知识点名称知识点内容单选题（同义词替换）friction/clash摩擦discrimination/differentiation/prejudice区别suspend/postpone推迟escalate/grow增长push/promotion促进consequences/results结果divergent/different不同的pose/present摆姿势procurement/purchasing购买bargains/arrangements协议stall/postpone延期bullied/threatened恐吓embrace/acceptance接纳sanctions/penalties制裁underpinnings/support基础，支柱underpinned/strengthened加强单词短语翻译贸易制裁tradesanctions政府采购governmentprocurement银行兼并mergerofbanks贸易（谈判）代表traderepresentative以美元标价的dollar-dominated出口导向export-oriented强硬政策toughpolicy金融危机financialcrisis贸易壁垒tradebarrier商会chamberofcommerce段落翻译Consumerpricespostedtheirsmallestincreaseinmorethan50yearsin2008.Agovernmentreporttoday(Friday)saidthesaggingeconomyiskeepinginflationincheck,andslashingdemandforenergy.SeriousU.S.economicproblemsareatthetopofPresident-electBarackObama’sagendaashetriestorallypublicsupportforaplantostimulatetheeconomywithgovernmentspendingandtaxcuts.Mr.Obamahassaidhehopestocreatehalfamillionjobswithinvestmentsincleanenergyprojects.2008年的消费价格增长为50多年来的最小幅度。今天(星期五)公布的一份政府报告说，疲软的经济得以遏制通货膨胀，导致能源需求大大降低，美国严重的经济问题是当选总统奥巴马工作日程上的当务之急。奥巴马正努力争取公众支持一项包括政府开支和减税的刺激经济计划。奥巴马曾表示，他希望通过在洁净能源项目上的投资创造50万个工作岗位。2011,dubbed(被称为)the“yearofglobalindignation,”revealedthreemajorsocialproblemsofthecurrentworld.First,thefinancialcrisishascausedrisingincomedisparities.Livingstandardsofthemiddleclasswereseverelyimpactedastheirwealthshrankbyawidemargin.Second,rapidlydevelopinginformationtechnologyandglobalizationhavebroughtpeopletogether.Withthehelpofnewmediaandnon-stateactors,turmoilinonecountrycaneasilyspreadtoothercountries.Third,theunbalancedpopulationandemploymentstructurehaveaggravatedsocialtensions.Thelong-termunemploymentofyoungpeoplehasmade“youngmalcontents(不满现状者)”acommonproblemofthewholeworld.2011年被称为“全球愤怒的一年”，主要反映了当前全球的三大社会问题。首先，金融危机导致收入差异增大。中等阶层的生活水平因为财富的大量缩水而受到严重影响。第二，高速增长的信息科技和全球化使得人们联系更紧密。新媒体和无国别的演员们使得一个国家的动乱能够轻易传播到另一国家。第三，人口和就业结构的不平衡分布加重了社会矛盾。年轻人的长期失业使得他们成为“年轻的心怀不满者”，这成为全球的一个通病。第六章TheDevelopmentofEU★★★知识点名称知识点内容单选题（同义词替换）backlash/resistance抵制moribund/dying/stagnant垂死的justifications/reasons理由skidding/sliding降低imposedaban/shutoutimports关闭进口slash/remarkabledrop显著的下降traverses/goesthrough渡过anticipate/expect预料rough/difficult困难的excess/surplus过量的blueprint/detailedplan计划soured/worsened恶化breach/violation违反languishing/weak无力的debut/firstappearance首次露面windup/endup完成，停止单词短语翻译反倾销anti-dumping市场份额marketshare自由市场（无壁垒市场）barrier-freemarket兼并merger撤销管制规定deregulation自由贸易区freetradezone进口配额制importquotasystem金融自由化financialderegulation欧洲一体化Europeanintegration乘飞机外出度假的人holidayfliers段落翻译MonetaryUnion,warnsMalcolmRifkind,theBritishforeignsecretary,willbearadicalanddivisivedeparturefrom40yearsofcommonPolicies."Europewillbedividedbetweenthosecountriesthatarepartofeconomicandmonetaryunion,andthosecountriesthatarenot,"hesaid."Thisisnotwhatthefoundingfathershadinmind."HintsofapotentialrupturearealreadyapparentinthestrainedrelationsbetweenGermanyandsouthernEUmembers.WhilemanyGermansfeartheinclusionoftheliraandthepesetawillproduceaweakeuro,leadersofItaly,SpainandPortugalhavesteppeduptheircampaigntojoinmonetaryunionattheoutset.英国外交大臣MalcolmRifkind警告说，货币联盟将是一种激进的、分裂的政策，偏离40年的共同政策。“欧洲将被划分为属于经济和货币联盟的国家和不属于这一联盟的国家两部分。”他说，“这可不是创立者们的想法。”在德国和欧盟成员国之间的紧张关系中，潜在的破裂迹象已经显而易见。尽管许多德国人担心里拉和比塞塔的加入会导致欧元疲软，但意大利、西班牙和葡萄牙的领导人在一开始就加紧了加入货币联盟的行动。December11,2011marksthetenthanniversaryofanevent,whichprofoundlychangedtheglobaleconomy:China’saccessiontotheWorldTradeOrganization.Itisdifficultnottooverstatetheeffectsofthisaccession,certainlyonChina,butalsoonChina’stradingpartnersandontheglobaltradingsystemitself.Byintegratingfullyintotheglobaleconomy,Chinahasbecomethelargestexporterofmanufacturedgoodsandthesecondlargesteconomyintheworld.ThisremarkabletradeexpansionhascontributedsignificantlytoChina’sgrowthanddevelopmentandhashelpedliftsome500millionpeopleoutofpoverty.2011年12月11日标志着中国入世十周年，这一事件深刻地改变了全球经济。中国入世对于中国及其贸易伙伴，以至于全球贸易体系都产生了不容低估的影响。中国全面融入了全球经济，成为最大的制成品出口国，世界第二大经济体。这种显著的贸易扩张极大地促进了中国的发展，帮助近五亿人民摆脱了贫困。第七章OnJapan’sPositiononTrade★★★知识点名称知识点内容单选题（同义词替换）reckon/estimate估计bilateral/two-sided双边的opposed/objected反对patently/obviously显然gearedto/suitablefor适合ofitsownaccord/willingly自愿thrust/point要点strengthening/growing增长capitulate/succumb/yield屈服ingenuous/innocent天真的adamant/unyielding坚定的languish/beneglected忽视amplified/exaggerated使...扩大withstood/resisted承受reckon/calculate估算move/influence影响，改变dispute/quarrel争论tariff/tax税金单词短语翻译贸易差额tradebalance贸易赤字/贸易逆差tradedeficit贸易盈余/贸易顺差tradesurplus管理贸易managedtrade财政一揽子计划fiscalpackages宏观经济因素macroeconomicfactors制成品manufacturedgoods操纵价格的/垄断价格的price-rigging批发商wholesaler白皮书WhitePaper出口驱动的export-driven既得利益vestedinterests失常/失调outofkilter贸易报复tradereprisal行政部门civilservice段落翻译Once,whenJapanfacedpressurefromabroad,itwouldeithergiveinreluctantlyorkeepquietandhopethatthefusswoulddiedown.Nolonger,itseems.TheClintonadministrationstronglybelievesinexertingsuchpressure.ItspolicyistoopensomeJapanesemarketsbysettingimporttarget—anapproachtotradepolicythatsupporterscall“results-oriented”.Thisuglytermforeshadowsuncertainconsequences.FarfromcapitulatingtothisnewthrustofAmericantradepolicy,Japanistakingastandthatcouldleadtoatrans-Pacificconfrontation.从前，当日本面对来自国外的压力时，它或者会勉强屈服，或者会保持安静，并且希望那些骚扰会逐渐消失。但看起来日本现在已经不再采取这种态度。克林顿政府热衷于施加这样的压力。其政策旨在用设定进口指标的方法打开一些日本市场——拥护者将这一处理贸易政策的方法称之为“结果导向法”。这一令人生厌的术语预示了许多不确定的结果。日本非但没有向美国新推行的贸易政策屈服，反而采取了一种可能导致跨太平洋冲突的立场。AnalysisexplainstherecentriseinJapan’stradesurplusasfollows:becauseoftherecessionathome,Japanhasseenadeclineinexpensiveimportsofluxuries,whichwereenormouslyfashionableduringthesecondhalfofthe1980s.Thiseffecthasbeencompounded,thankstoslowgrowthelsewhere,bylowpricesfortheinternationalcommoditiesthatJapaneseindustrydependsupon.ExportsofJapanesemachinery,ontheotherhand,withstoodthedownturnquitewellbecausetheAsianeconomiesthatbuythemcontinuedtoboom.分析解释了近期日本贸易顺差增长的原因：由于日本国内的经济衰退，昂贵奢侈品的进口有所下降，而这些产品在19世纪80年代后期是相当时髦的。因为其他地区的经济增长缓慢，同时日本工业所依赖的国际商品价格低廉，使得这种效果很明显。另一方面，由于亚洲国家的经济持续高速增长，日本的机械产品出口成功地承受了这次经济衰退的考验。第八章SouthKorea&OtherFCountries—TheirProgressandProblems★★★知识点名称知识点内容单选题（同义词替换）comeupwith/bringforth提出auto/automobile汽车edge/advantage优势insolvent/bankrupt破产的fledgling/inexperienced缺乏经验的poised/prepared准备好的churningout/producing生产sweat/effort艰苦的劳动onthemove/inprogress在进行中boost/promote促进emergence/appearance出现passed/filtered透过rivals/competitors竞争者intrude/trespass侵入revamping/reconstructing翻新clout/influence影响surging/rising上升，激增bolstered/strengthened加强vulnerable/susceptible/easilyattackedby易受影响的reinin/control控制单词短语翻译智囊团braintrust倾销dumping市场力量marketforces时髦词语buzzword新兴工业fledglingindustries高技术经济high-techeconomy股权式合资企业equityjointventure普遍优惠制generalizedsystemofpreferences财源/繁荣bonanza暴发户nouveauriche转让人licenser一个闭关自守的国家ahermitnation无偿还能力insolvency总部headquarters资金短缺的cash-strappedTheprimarymessageforpeoplewhoareinterestedtoinvestinthestockmarketisthatthey段落翻译shouldignoremarkettimingandbuystocksforthelongterm.Thisstrategyissimpleandyeteffectivebecausestocksgivegoodreturnsoveralongperiodoftime.ThesimpleststrategyistheBuy—&—Holdstrategy.Onedoesnotneedtodoanythingnomatterwhathappensaftertheinitialinvestmentismade.Forexample,youhave$100andyouthendecidetokeep$60insavingsandusetheremaining$40tobuystocks.Whetherthestockmarketgoesupordown,youdonotuseyoursavingstobuymorestocksorsellstockstoputmoneybackintosavings.对投资股票感兴趣的人，有一个基本信息要传达给他们：不要理会进场的时机，买入股票做长期投资。这是个简单、有效的投资策略，因为股票能在长期带来不错的回报。最简单的策略就是买入股票并长期持有。买入股票后，不管发生什么都把它搁置一旁。举例说，你有100美元，把60美元储蓄起来，其余40美元用来买股票。不管股市是起是落，你都不会用你的储蓄买入更多的股票，或是卖掉股票把钱再存起来。第九章Newly—EmergingTradingStars★★★知识点名称知识点内容单选题（同义词替换）legitimacy/lawfulness合理性compromise/settlement妥协reaped/earned挣得thin/small小的provision/arrangement提供，安排seesaw/back-and-forth摇摆discrepancy/difference差异buoyant/rising攀升lucrative/profitable赢利的supreme/highestinrankorposition最高的forthright/straightforward直率的reasonable/fair合理的phase/stage阶段booming/flourishing繁荣nominees/candidates候选人neutralize/stop使无效resumes/continues持续prospect/possibility可能性summon/call传唤plethora/excess过量keepingabreastof/beinginformedabout跟上weight/importance重要awareness/consciousness认识单词短语翻译中国出口商品交易会ChineseExportCommoditiesFair石油输出国组织OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries海湾地区Gulfregion有形贸易visibletrade进口配额importquotas毛利润profitmargin产地证明书certificateoforigin公开招标publictender招标tender双重税carbontax附加税surcharge主权争端sovereigntydisputeThelocalArabicpresshasgivenfullcoveragetothecouncil'sdebatesandtoaseriesofinformalmajlisdiscussionsheldweeklyduringRamadan.Inthelatter,theissuesofyouthunemployment,drugs,theroleofwomenandthesizeoftheimmigrantpopulationwere段落翻译freelydiscussed.However,observerssayWestern-styledemocracyisnotonthepoliticalagendaasthemajlissystemenjoyslegitimacyandappearswell-suitedtothetribaltraditionsofGulfsociety.当地的阿拉伯媒体全面报导了议会的辩论，报道了一系列斋月每周一次的议会非正式辩论。非正式辩论会上可以自由讨论青年失业、毒品、妇女地位和移民人口数量等问题。然而，观察家说，当议会制度享受其合法性并显得非常适合海湾社会的部落传统时，西方式的民主并没有进入政治日程。Itisnocoincidencethatgovernmentdepartmentsinthevariousemiratesarewelcomingbidsfromconsultantsthatarenewtothearea.Easilyluredawayfromtherecession-hitWestbythenotionthatthestreetsofAbuDhabiandDubaiarepavedwithgold,thesecompaniesaretendingtosubmitverylowofferstogainafootholdinthearea.WhilethereundoubtedlyisworkaboutandtheoutlookfortheUAEisbright,theeverincreasingcompetitionamongconsultantsandcontractorsmeansthatmarginsarebeingsqueezed.Intheopinionofonemajorlocalconsultant,theonlywayforwardistodiversify:"Diversificationintoprojectmanagementintheoilandgassectoristheonlywaytosecurecontinuityofworkandrevenuesandkeepinternationalcalibreconsultantsontheground."各酋长国的政府部门都很欢迎许多对该地区还很陌生的公司进行投标，这绝非巧合。受经济衰退打击的西方很容易被阿布扎比和迪拜的街道铺满黄金的想法吸引来，他们倾向于以很低的报价在该地区获得立足点。阿联酋无疑有工程可做而且前途光明，但投标者和承包商之间不断的竟争意味着利润下降。在当地一位主要投标者看来，眼前唯一的出路是经营多样化：“确保继续有活干、有收入并使国际承包商立于不败之地的唯一办法是兼营油气行业的项目管理。”第十章OnGATT——WTO★★★知识点名称知识点内容单选题（同义词替换）spurred/stimulated刺激wreck/destroy破坏inprospect/expected预期的block/obstruct妨碍detached/separated独立的jurisdiction/authority管辖contains/includes包含settle/stop解决争端bedeviled/troubled使困惑单词短语翻译知识产权intellectualpropertyright据粗略估计ataroughestimate自由贸易freetrade反补贴税countervailingduty不平等贸易unfairtrade多边贸易multilateraltrade段落翻译Topromotetradeandinnovation,thedraftagreementoffersnewsafeguardstoownersofintellectualproperty.ItbringstradeinservicesintotheGATTforthefirsttime,openingnewforeignmarketstoefficientproducersofservicesinAmericaandEurope.America'sambitiousearlygoalsforfarm-tradeliberalizationwillnotbefullymetbythecompromisethatisnowwithinreach;buteveninfarming,ahalf-successfulroundwilldelivergreatbenefits.Andifthispackagecanbebanked,futureroundswillbeobligedtoargueoverhowmuchtocutfarmprotection,notwhether——anachievementinitself.为了促进贸易和创新，协议草案为知识产权所有者提供了新的保障。它首次将服务贸易纳入关贸总协定，给美洲和欧洲的高效服务提供者打开了新的外国市场。美国最初的野心勃勃的农产品贸易自由化目标，在即将达成的妥协中将不能完全实现。但即使在农业方面，一轮成败参半的谈判仍会带来巨大的利益。如果这个一揽子计划有所指望的话，未来的多轮谈判必将讨论削减多少农业保护（措施而不是是否要削减——这本身就是一个成就。第十一章BarterStillinUse★★★★知识点名称知识点内容单选题（同义词替换）crude/raw粗制的creditors/loaners债权人steer/guide指导debtor/borrower债务人prohibited/forbidden禁止issubjectto/isgovernedby由...支配distributor/seller销售者contest/competition竞赛locates/situates位于purchaser/buyer买主proceed/income收入convertible/negotiable/exchangeable可协商的antiquated/outdated过时的flourish/growvigorously繁荣expertise/knowledge知识equivalent/same相等的finance/providemoney资金province/field范围单词短语翻译利息付款debtservice/interestpayment可兑换货币convertiblecurrency补偿协议compensationagreement双边条约bilateralpacts货币升值appreciationofcurrency商品交易所commodityexchanges制成品manufacturedgoods注册资本registeredcapital服务贸易tradeinservices附属国clientstate取得所有权taketitle对等价值equivalentvalue清算协议clearingagreement原材料rawmaterials易货贸易barter段落翻译Thenextchallengewillbetoassisttradeinservices,whichisgrowingmorequicklythantradeingoods.Afreshroundofservicestalksisduetostartin2000.Theaimwillbetostrengthenlastyear’sagreementsontelecoms,financialservicesandIT,aswellascompletinganaccordonaccountancyserviceswhichiscurrentlybeingnegotiated.Richcountrieswantfirmrulesongovernmentprocurement,toreplacethevagueexistingcode.Somecountries,butnotAmerica,arealsokeentotackleothersubjectsthateludedagreementinearliertalks,suchasshipping.Thesewillprovethorny,too,asanyglobaltalkswillhavetocopewithbilateralagreementsdatingbackdecades.下一项挑战是助推服务贸易，其增长速度快于商品贸易。新一轮服务贸易谈判将于2000年开始，目的是完善去年关于电信、金融服务和信息技术方面的协议，并完成目前正在谈判中的会计服务协议。在政府采购方面，富裕国家想以严格的规则取代现有模糊不清的法规。一些国家，但不包括美国，也热衷于解决先前谈判中未能达成协议的其他议题，如航运问题。这些问题很棘手，因为任何全球性谈判都必须要应对几十年来的双边协议。U.S.governmentofficialsworrythattheexplosivegrowthincountertradewillweakentheworldtradingsystem.Byconcealingtherealpricesandcostsoftransactions,saysoneU.Straderepresentative,thevariousformsofbartermayconcealandhelpperpetuateeconomicinefficienciesinthemarketplace.Bartercanalsoberiskybusiness.“Manycompanies,”saysDavidYoffie,“sufferlossesbecausethey’restuckwithproductsofpoorqualityorwiththewrongspecifications.”Internationaltradebybarteris,accordingtosomeexperts,aninefficientandexpensivemeansofdoingbusinesscomparedtotradingwithmoney.Ontheotherhand,someotherexpertsassertthattheriseofcountertradeprovidespracticalsolutionstothedebtproblemsoftheinternationalmonetarysystem.美国政府官员担心，反向贸易的猛增会削弱世界贸易体系。一位美国贸易代表说，通过隐瞒交易的实际价格和成本，各种形式的易货贸易可能会掩盖并助长市场经济效率的长期低下。易货贸易还可能是有风险的交易。DavidYoffie说：“许多公司因无法摆脱他们的产品质量低劣或存在规格不符的产品（的状况）而遭受损失。”根据一些专家的观点，与使用货币进行贸易相比，通过易货进行国际贸易实际上是一种效率低下且成本高昂的贸易方式。另一方面，一些专家认为，反向贸易的兴起为国际货币体系的债务问题提供了切实可行的解决方案。第十二章MarketCompetition★★★知识点名称知识点内容单选题（同义词替换）nichemarkets/targetablemarkets目标市场segment/divide划分concentrating/focusing专注flavor/taste味道promotion/encouragement促进hiked/raised上升brands/trademarks商标fluctuation/volatility波动unstable/unsteady不稳定的state-runenterprises国营企业单词短语翻译独家经销合同exclusivecontract国营企业state-runenterprises试销市场testmarket试销testmarketing生育高峰期出生的人baby-boomers特许专营权franchise/franchiserights经纪业brokerage商务顾问commercialcounselor国际品牌internationalbrand报复性制裁retaliatorysanction赠券coupon第十三章MarketAnalysis★知识点名称知识点内容单选题（同义词替换）monopolize/dominate垄断accountedfor/took/amountedto占…比例dominate/control控制facilitating/easing/makeeasy便利alternative/choice选择unique/unusual不寻常的competitiveness/capabilityofcompetition竞争能力expand/enlarge扩大constitute/compose构成packinglist装箱单单词短语翻译market垄断monopoly主要供应商majorsuppliers装箱单packinglist推销商品promotesales第十四章CommoditiesMarket★★★知识点名称知识点内容单选题（同义词替换）bewildering/amazing惊异的,困惑的sluggish/inactive不活跃的glut/surplus过剩offset/balance抵消forecast/foreshadowed预示impending/upcoming即将发生liquidassets/currentassets/easilychangedintocash流动资产rally/recovery恢复tumble/fall暴跌precipitous/fallingsharply急剧下降commodities/products商品boost/push推动，增长spur/stimulate刺激subsequent/following相继而来的complex/complicated复杂的rigid/stiff僵硬的accelerating/speedingup加速volatility/unpredictability不可预测性tookitstollon/causedlossesto损失currency/money货币speculators/opportunists投机者inventories/commoditiesofferedforsale库存rollercoaster/upsanddowns起伏softcommodity软商品单词短语翻译流动资产liquidassets有价证券securitie