初中生学英语构词法

英语构词方法主要有三种：即合成、派生和转化。1转化英语单词的词性非常活跃，名词用作动词，动词转化为名词，形容词用作动词等现象非常普遍，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性的方式就叫做词性的转化。阅读中经常出现转化词，只要抓住单词的原始意思，结合句子成分，就容易弄清它们的引申义。1.动词和名词之间的相互转化。有时意思变化不大，有时有一定的变化。1)动词转化为名词。如：Shall

we

go

out

for

a

drive

next

Sunday?下个星期天咱们出去驱车旅行，好吗?句中的drive由动词转化为名词(词意引申为“驱车旅行”)。I

often

go

there

for

a

walk.我经常去那里散步。(句中walk由动词转化为名词)2)名词转化为动词。如：Have

you

booked

your

ticket?你的票订好了吗?(句中book由名词转化为动词,词意引申为“订购”)Hand

me

your

knife,

please.请把你的刀子递给我。(句中hand由名词转化为动词,词意引申为“传递”)2.少部分形容词转化为动词。The

train

slowed

down

to

half

its

speed.火车速度减慢了一半。(句中slow由形容词转化为动词，词意引申为“减速”)Don't

dirty

yourclothes.别把你的衣服弄脏了。(句中dirty由形容词转化为动词，词意引申为“弄脏”)3.形容词和名词之间的相互转化。The

poor

were

not

allowed

to

go

into

this

park

those

days.那个时候，穷人是不允许进入这个公园的。(句中poor由形容词转化为名词，词意引申为“穷人”)They

took

the

sick

to

hospital

yesterday.昨天他们把那个病人送进了医院。(句中sick由形容词转化为名词，词意引申为“病人”)4.有些词可以词形不变，只因重音变化而发生词类转化，有时词义也可能变化。如:record

[reˈkɔːd]

v.记录record

[rɪˈkɔːd]

n.记录5.有些词词形不变，只因词尾的清浊音变化而发生词类转化，有时词形也可以变化。如:excuse

[ɪksˈkjuːz]

v.原谅excuse

[ɪksˈkjuːs]

n.原谅use

[juːz]

v.用use

[juːs]

n.用2派生派生词是在一个单词前面加前缀或后面加后缀构成新词。如：happy—unhappy(加前缀un-)happy—happily(加后缀-ly)1.通过加前缀构成另一个词。前缀一般不造成词类的转换，但能引起词义的变化。前缀中有相当一部分可构成反义词。常用的前缀有：前缀意义例词dis-不,相反的dislike,

disappear,

dishonestim-不impossible,

impolitemis-错误的misuse,

misunderstand,

mistrustre-重新,再次rewrite,

retellsuper-超级,上层supermarket,

supermantele-远telephone,

telegram,

televisionun-不unfair,

unusual,

unable,

unlikeunder-下面的underground,

undergraduate个别前缀也可以引起词类的变化，如：en-可以和名词或形容词构成动词：enlarge（扩大）,enable（使能够）,encourage（鼓励）；a-可以和名词构成形容词：asleep（睡着的）；out-可以和一些动词构成名词：outcome（结果）,outlet（出口）,outlook（观点）。2.通过加后缀构成另一个词。后缀不仅能改变词义,也能改变词类。1)常用的构成名词的后缀：后缀意义例词-er人,动作者worker,

singer,

recorder,

teacher-or人,动作者actor,

visitor,

editor-ist人,主义者chemist,

dentist,

scientist,-ess女性actress,

waitress-hood身份,状态childhood,

boyhood-ment行为,动作,结果government,

movement,

development-ness

状态,性质illness,

happiness-ion动作,状态discussion,

decision,

organization-th状态length,

wealth,

truth-ese人Japanese,

Chinese-ian人American,

musician,

historian-ship状态friendship,

membership2)常用的构成动词的后缀：后缀意义例词-en动词词尾widen,

strengthen,

darken,-fy动词词尾beautify3)常用的构成副词的后缀：后缀意义例词-ly副词词尾slowly,

happily,

simply-ward(s)副词词尾eastward(s),

backward(s)4)常用的构成形容词的后缀：后缀意义例词-able……的agreeable,

payable,

readable-an……的European,

American,

Canadian-al……的political,

musical-en由……制成woolen,

golden-ed……的blue-eyed-ful充满的careful,

painful,

hopeful-ish……的foolish,

Swedish-less没有的careless,

homeless,

endless-ly充满,性质friendly,

lovely,

motherly-ous有……的famous,

dangerous-y充满,性质rainy,

dirty,

sunny,

cloudy,

sleepy5)数词后缀后缀意义例词-teen十几thirteen;

fifteen;

eighteen-ty几十forty;

fifty;

ninety-th第……fifth;

sixth;

eighth3

合成将两个或两个以上的单词合成在一起而构成的新词，叫做合成词。合成词在英语中比较活跃，广泛运用在涉及各个领域的语言文字中。常用的合成词的构成方法如下：1.合成形容词常见的构成方法：构成方法例词形容词+

名词+

-edwhite-haired,

warm-hearted,

kind-hearted形容词+

现在分词good-looking,

easy-going形容词+

过去分词ready-made,

new-born副词+

现在分词hard-working,

well-meaning副词+

过去分词well-known,

newly-built名词+

现在分词English-speaking,

south-facing

名词+

过去分词man-made,

water-covered名词+

形容词snow-white,

homesick副词/形容词+

名词right-hand,

full-time数词+

名词100-meter,

million-pound数词+

名词+

形容词180-foot-high,

10-year-old

数词+

名词+

-edfour-legged,

one-eyed2.合成动词常见的构成方法：构成方法例词副词+

动词overcome,

understand形容词+

动词dry-clean,

white-wash名词+

动词typewrite,

sleepwalk3.合成名词常见的构成方法：构成方法例词名词+

名词classroom,

schoolgirl,

weekend,

bookshop形容词+

名词highway,

blackboard,

hotdog,

greenhouse动词+

副词get-together,

break-down名词+

动名词handwriting,

storytelling副词+

名词outbreak,

overcoat动名词+

名词di