研究生英语写作 第五次

Warm-UpYouhaveoneminutetowriteasmanysinglewordsaspossible.Forexample:

orangerunskybabytowerheaddogbirdgorunboottraditionalheatrubberhandfriendblossompearlshorseraceundertoiletfastnightstreetcomputeryellowfarmtreetelephonegirlsometimesjump…整理pptWarm-UpNowwriteusingthewords.Youmustuseeachwordintheexactorderyouhavewrittenthemdown.Forexample:

orangerunskybabytowerheaddogbirdgorunboottraditionalheatrubberhand Iwaseatinganorangewhiledoingmymorningrunaroundtheblock.Lookinguptowardsthesky,Isawababyfallingfromanearbytower…整理ppt

Unit5WritinganArgument

整理pptTheNatureofArgumentWritingThereisnoonetoargueagainst…Thus,thewritermusttrytocreateanInternalArgumentAnInternalArgumentiscreatedby a)arguingfairly

b)consideringtheopposingargument c)takingapositionbypresentingrelevantinformationthatstrengthensyourargument整理pptTwoThingstoConsider:

Support&OrganizationSupportingStatementsNotonlyopinionsEnoughconvincingstatements(Elaborating)Showingtheoppositepointofview

2.Organization

整理pptWhatcanbeusedinanArgument?1.Facts2.Opinions3.AnOutsideAuthority4.PersonalExperience5.Statistics整理ppt1.Fact&2.Opinion:Whatisit?Whatisafact?Definition:Afactissomethingthatcannotbereasonablydisputed.Afactisnotdebatablebecauseitcanbeprovedandtherecanbenodoubtaboutitstruth.整理ppt Fact?BeijingisthecapitalofChina.Maradona,fromArgentina,wastheworld’sgreatestfootballplayer.BuyingahomeinBeijingisexpensive.Gunskillpeople.Smokingcigarettescancausecancer.Toomuchreadingcausespeoples’eyesighttoworsen.Remember…Canitbeproved?Isthereanydoubtaboutitstruth?Canitbereasonablydisputed?整理ppt2.OpinionsOpinionsarekeytoargumentativewriting,buttheyshouldnotbetheonlydefenseused.整理ppt3.UsinganOutsideAuthorityWhatisanoutsideauthority?

Apersonorgroupconsideredtobehigh-levelexpertsintheirfield. Examples:JerrySloan,whohascoachedtwenty-plusseasonswiththeNBA’sUtahJazz.ProfessorWu,headoftheEngineeringDepartmentatXXXUniversity.TheOxfordEnglishDictionaryJohnRoberts,ChiefJudgeontheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt.整理ppt3.UsinganOutsideAuthorityAnoutsideauthoritymustbecompletelyreferenced. Theargumentisthatprofessionalbasketballplayersaresmarterthanprofessionalfootballplayers GoodExample:

“AccordingtoJeffVanGundy,formercoachoftheNBA’sHoustonRockets,thereasonthatNBAplayersaremorecerebralisbecausemostofthemhavegraduatedfromuniversity,whereasmostfootballplayersjumpdirectlytotheprofessionallevelafterhighschool.”BadExample:

“VanGundysaysthatthereasonthatNBAplayersaremorecerebralisbecausemostofthemhavegraduatedfromuniversity,whereasmostfootballplayersjumpdirectlytotheprofessionallevelafterhighschool.”整理ppt4.UsingPersonalExperienceUsefulonlyifit

supportsyourargument.Theexperiencedoesn’thavetobeyourexperience;itcouldbesomeoneelse’s.整理ppt4.PersonalExperienceWhichparagraphismoreusefultotheargument?Why?ExampleA

I’m

not

a

smoker,

so

whenever

I

go

out

to

the

bars,

I

really

hate

second-hand

smoke.

Nothing

is

worse

than

sitting

next

to

someone

when

you’re

trying

to

enjoy

an

ice-cold

beer,

and

they’re

blowing

smelly

smoke

into

your

face.

I

believe

that

this

second-hand

smoke

causes

health

problems.

I

can

feel

this

because

I

have

difficulty

breathing

and

get

an

upset

stomach

whenever

this

happens.整理pptExampleB

I’m

not

a

smoker,

so

I

was

surprised

when

my

doctor

told

me

that

I

ought

to

smoke

less

after

he

gave

me

a

chest

X-ray.

I

had

been

having

coughing

and

breathing

problems

for

several

weeks,

so

I

visited

my

local

physician

to

get

to

the

root

of

the

problem.

Little

did

I

know

that

spending

so

much

time

around

my

heavily

smoking

friends

in

the

bars

would

affect

my

health

in

such

a

major

way.

It

turns

out

that

all

the

second-hand

smoke

I

was

breathing

led

to

some

very

serious

personal

health

problems.整理ppt

Number1(negativepoints):“Ireallyhatesecond-handsmoke.”“Ibelieve

thatthissecond-handsmokecauseshealthproblems.”“Icanfeelthisbecause…”ThetoneisobviouslybiasedandunbalancedNumber2(strongpoints):“Mydoctortoldme…”Thefactthatheisnotasmoker,butthathisdoctortoldhimhishealthproblemsweresmoking-relatedThetoneismuchmorebalancedandrealistic整理ppt5.StatisticsStatisticsmustbecitedandpreferablydated: Forexample:SmokingshouldbebannedinpublicplacesAccordingtoastudybytheWorldHealthOrganizationin2007…TheWorldHealthOrganizationconcludedin2007that…Severalstatisticssupportthisargument,includinga2007surveybytheWorldHealthOrganization,whichfoundthat…整理ppt5.StatisticsStatisticsareofteninterpretive.Theycanbemisleading.Theyshouldbenew,unbiased,andtrustworthy.Themoredetailsandbackgroundaboutthestatisticsyoucanoffer,thebetterandmoretrustworthythey’llappear.整理pptElaborate!!!Don’tjustgiveafact,opinion,personalexperience,outsideresourceorstatistics.Backitup!Givedetails.Developyourideas.Convinceyourreader.Saywhy,sayhow…整理pptPracticeLook

at

the

argument

below.

Has

the

writer

elaborated

it

enough?

Where

can

the

writer

elaborate?What

points

or

relevant

information

could

he

include

or

take

out?

整理pptElaborating

Themostclearandobviousreasonforthisisthatsmokingnotonlyaffectssmokers,butthepeoplearoundthem.Asifthatwerenotenough,cigarettescontainnicotine,whichisadrug.Anothercompellingargumentistheamazinglyhighnumberoftoxicchemicalsinasinglecigarette,somethinglike40,000.Thelastandperhapsthemostconvincingargumentisthatpublicsmokingcontributestoadevaluingofsociety.整理pptElaboratingThemostclearandobviousreasonforthisisthatsmokingnotonlyaffectssmokers,butthepeoplearoundthem.Asifthatwerenotenough,cigarettescontainnicotine,whichisadrug.Anothercompellingargumentistheamazinglyhighnumberoftoxicchemicalsinasinglecigarette,somethinglike40,000.Thelastandperhapsthemostconvincingargumentisthatpublicsmokingcontributestoadevaluingofsociety.Whatisnicotine?DrugsHavedifferenteffects.Whataretheeffectsofnicotine?No,that

isnotenough!It’scertainlynotclearorObvious!Tellusexactlyhowitaffectsothers.Somethinglike…?Beexact!No,thisisnotaconvincingargument.Howdoessmokingcontributetoadevaluationofsociety?整理pptUnit5(B)

Translationofvocabulary整理ppt

一、多义词的处理

（同一汉语词对应的英

文多义词）整理ppt

上下文与词义选择

例如，“发”是一个多义词，在下列语句中含义不同，英译时须分别选择特定上下文中的英语对应词。(1)发货(2)发传单(3)发言(4)发光发热(5)发电整理ppt

(1)发货—delivergoods(2)发传单—distributeleaflets(3)发言—speakatameeting(4)发光发热—emitlightandheat(5)发电—generateelectricity整理ppt上下文与词义的广狭

汉语重整体思维，命名重统一，而英语中有skin（人皮）、bark（树皮）、hide（兽皮）、cover（书皮），却没有与统称“皮”对应的词。英译时，需要根据上下文辨别词义的广狭。比如：出入下车。

Nocyclingatthegate．或Cyclistspleasedismount．这里的车表示的不是类属概念，而是“自行车”，即车的一种。整理ppt

搭配

翻译时，应在准确把握上下文的基础上，根据英语习惯进行词语搭配。例如，“看”在下列各句中译法不同。

(1)我看出了他的心事。

(2)他看出了她的破绽。

整理ppt

搭配

(1)我看出了他的心事。

Icouldreadhismind．

(2)他看出了她的破绽。

Hespottedherweakpoint．整理ppt

二、反义词的处理整理ppt两个单音节反义词结合在一起构成的

新的双音节词

表示状况、距离、程度、大小等。(1)那个湖方圆八百里。Thelakehasacircumferenceof800li．(2)屋里静悄悄的，一点儿动静没有。Itwasquietinthehouse,nothingstirring．

“动静”表示声响，译文根据英语习惯以融合法做了处理。整理ppt

表示无条件

汉语中表示无条件“无论怎样”的词，如“好歹”、“横竖”、“左右”、“反正”、“早晚”等，都是由两个意义相反的单音节词构成的双音节词。英译时，常以anyway，inanycase，anyhow或其他表示无条件的英语表达法进行转换。

(1)不管怎样，反正工作不能停。

Comewhatmay，theworkmustgoon．

(2)反正得去个人，就让我去吧。

Sincesomeonehastogoanyway，letmego．整理ppt

由于汉英两个民族的思维方式不同，思维反映现实的角度不同，汉英语言竟呈现出截然不同的视角，许多汉语词译成英语后变成了自身的反义词，翻译时要特别注意。例如：

自学

肤浅

九五折

红眼

红茶

红糖

寒衣

整理ppt

由于汉英两个民族的思维方式不同，思维反映现实的角度不同，汉英语言竟呈现出截然不同的视角，许多汉语词译成英语后变成了自身的反义词，翻译时要特别注意。例如：

自学

self-taught

(学——教)

肤浅

skin-deep

(浅——深)

九五折

afivepercentdiscount

(九五—五)

红眼

green-eyed

(红——绿)