大学英语2020年7月四级阅读理解电子讲义

ReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.“Scienceandeverydaylifecannotandshouldnotbeseparated.”ThosewerethewordsutteredbypioneeringBritishscientistRosalindFranklin,whofirmlybelievedthatthepursuitofscienceshouldbe26_______toall.Asawomanworkinginthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury,Franklin'scontributionstosomeofthegreatestscientificdiscoveriesofourtimeincludingthestructureofDNA-weresadly27______inherlifetime.Morethan60yearsafterFranklin’sdeath,weare28______livinginadifferentworld,wherewomenplayanimportantpartineveryechelon(阶层)ofoursocietynotleastinscience,innovationhighereducationandresearch.UKuniversitiesareworldleaderswhenitcomestoadvancingand29______genderequality.Inthepastdecade,wehaveseena30______increaseinEnglandinthenumberofwomenacceptedontofull-timeundergraduatedegreesinscience,technology,engineeringandmaths(Stemsubjects).Andinthelastacademicyear,women31_______formorethanhalfofallStempostgraduatesatUKuniversities.Datashowsusthe32______tosuccessgetsharderforwomentoclimbthefurtheruptheygoAlthoughwomenmakeupthemajorityofundergraduatesinouruniversities,justunderhalfofacademicstaffarefemale.At33_______levels,onlyaquarterofprofessorsarewomen,andblackwomenmakeuplessthan2%ofallfemaleacademicstaff.Therearealsostarkdifferencesinpayacrossgrades.Thegenderpaygapbasedonmediansalariesrossthesectorin2016-2017was13.7%o,34________thereisstillsomewaytogotoensurewomenarerisingthroughtherankstohighergradepositionsandbeingpaid35_______.A)accessibleB)accountedC)AdaptationD)appropriatelyE)considerableF)effectiveH)MisreadI)NominationJ)OverlookedK)PromotingL)SeniorM)SubmissionN)SuggestingO)thankfullyG)LadderSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2HowtoEatWellA)WhydosomanyAmericanseattonsofprocessedfood,thestuffthatiscorrectlycalledjunk(垃圾)andshouldreallycarrywarninglabels?B)It'snotbecausefreshingredientsarehardtocomeby.Supermarketsoffermorevarietythanever,andthereareoverfourtimesasmanyfarmers'marketsintheUSastherewere20yearsago.Norisitforlackofavailableinformation.Thereareplentyofrecipes(食谱),how-tovideosandcookingclassesavailabletoanyonewhohasacomputer,smartphoneortelevision.Ifanything,theinformationisoverwhelming.C)Andyetwearen’tcooking.IfyoueatthreemealsadayandbehavelikemostAmericans,youprobablygetatleastathirdofyourdailycalories(卡路里)outsidethehome.Nearlytwo-thirdsofusgrabfastfoodonceaweek,andwegetalmost25%ofourdailycaloriesfromsnacks.Sowereeatingoutortakingin,andwedon’tsitdownorwedo,butwehurry.D)Shouldn’tpreparingandconsumingfoodbeasourceofcomfort,pride,health,well-being,relaxation,sociability?Somethingthatconnectsustootherhumans?Whywouldwewanttooutsource(外包)thisbasictask,especiallywhenoutsourcingitissoharmful?E)WhenItalkaboutcooking,I’mnottalkingaboutcreatingelaboratedinnerpartiesorthree-dayscienceprojects.I'mtalkingaboutsimple,easy,everydaymeals.Mymissionistoencouragegreenhandsandthoselackingtimeormoneytofeedthemselves.Thatmeansweneedmodest,realisticexpectations,andweneedtoteachpeopletocookfoodthat'sgoodenoughtosharewithfamilyandfriends.F)Perhapsareturntorealcookingneedn’tbefaroff.ArecentHarrispollrevealedthat79%ofAmericanssaytheyenjoycookingand30%"loveit;14%admittonotenjoyingkitchenworkandjust7%won'tgonearthestoveatall.Butthisdoesn'tnecessarilytranslatetorealcooking,andtheresultofthissurveyshouldn'tsurpriseanyone:52%ofthose65oroldercookathomefiveormoretimesperweek;onlyathirdofyoungpeopledo.G)Backinthe1950smostofusgrewupinhouseholdswhereMomcookedvirtuallyeverynight.Theintentiontoputahome-cookedmealonthetablewasprettymuchuniversal.Mostpeoplecouldn’taffordtodootherwise.H)Althoughfrozendinnerswereinventedinthe40s,theirpopularitydidn’tboomuntiltelevisionsbecamepopularadecadeorsolater.Sincethen,packaged,pre-preparedmealshavebeenwhat'sfordinner.Themicrowaveandfast-foodchainswerethebiggestcatalysts(催化剂)butthebigfoodcompanieswhichwanttosellanythingexcepttherawingredientsthatgointocookingmadethehomecookanendangeredspecies.I)Still,Ifinditstrangethatonlyathirdofyoungpeoplereportpreparingmealsathomeregularly.Isn’tthisthesamecrowdthatrailsagainstprocessedjunkandchampionscraftcooking?Andisn'tthisthegenerationwhosaytheyreconcernedabouttheirhealthandthewell-beingoftheplanet?Ifthesearetrulythevaluesofmanyyoungpeople,thentheirbehaviordoesn’tmatchtheirbeliefs.J)Therehavebeenhalf-heartedbutwell-publicizedeffortsbysomefoodcompaniestoreducecaloriesintheirprocessedfoods,buttheStandardAmericanDietisstillthepolaroppositeofthehealthy,mostlyplant-baseddietthatjustabouteveryexpertsaysweshouldbeeating.Consideringthatthegovernmentsstandardsarenotnearlyambitiousenough,thepictureisclear:bynotcookingathome,we'renoteatingtherightthings,andtheconsequencesarehardtooverstate.K)Tohelpquantify(量化)thecostsofapoordiet,Irecentlytriedtoestimatethisimpactintermsofamostfamousfood,theburger(汉堡包).Iconcludedthattheprofitfromburgersismorethanoffset(抵消)bythedamagetheycauseinhealthproblemsandenvironmentalharm.L)Cookingrealfoodisthebestdefensenottomentionthatanymealyourelikelytoeatathomecontainsabout200fewercaloriesthanoneyouwouldeatinarestaurant.M)TothoseAmericansforwhommoneyisaconcern,myadviceissimpleBuywhatyoucanafford,andcookityourself.Thecommonprescriptionprimarilyshopthegrocerystore,sincethat’swherefreshproduce,meatandseafood,anddairyare.Andtosavemoneyandstilleatwellyoudon’tneedlocalorganicingredients;allyouneedisrealfood.I'mnotsayinglocalfoodisn’tbetter;itis.Butthereisplentyofdecentfoodinthegrocerystores.N)Theothersectionsyoushouldgettoknowarethefrozenfoodsandthecannedgoods.Frozenproduceisstillproduce;cannedtomatoesarestilltomatoes,Justmakesureyou'regettingrealfoodwithouttonsofaddedsaltorsugar.Askyourself,wouldGrandmaconsiderthisfood?Doesitlooklikesomethingthatmightoccurinnature?It'sprettymuchcommonsense:youwanttobuyfood,notunidentifiablefoodlikeobjects.O)Youdon’thavetohitthegrocerystoredaily,nordoyouneedanabundanceofskill.SincefewerthanhalfofAmericanssaytheycookatanintermediatelevelandonly20%describetheircookingskillsasadvancedthecrisisisoneofconfidence.Andtheonlyremedyforthatispractice.There'snothingmysteriousaboutcookingtheeveningmeal.Youjusthavetodoalittlethinkingaheadandredefinewhatqualifiesasdinner.Likeanyskill,cookinggetseasierasyoudoitmore;everytimeyoucook,youadvanceyourlevelofskill.Somedayyouwon'tevenneedrecipes.Myadviceisthatyounotpayattentiontothenumberofstepsandingredients,becausetheycanbedeceiving.P)Time,Irealize,isthebiggestobstacletocookingformostpeople.Youmustadjustyourprioritiestofindtimetocook.Forinstance,youcanmoveaTVtothekitchenandwatchyourfavoriteshowswhileyou'restandingatthesink.Nooneisaskingyoutogiveupactivitiesyoulikebutifyou'rewatchingfoodshowsonTV,trycookinginstead.36.Cookingbenefitspeopleinmanywaysandenablesthemtoconnectwithoneanother.37.AbundantinformationaboutcookingisavailableeitheronlineoronTV.38.Youngpeopledolesscookingathomethantheelderlythesedays.39.Cookingskillscanbeimprovedwithpractice.40.Inthemid-20thcentury,mostfamiliesatedinnerathomeinsteadofeatingout.41.Eventhoseshortoftimeormoneyshouldbeencouragedtocookforthemselvesandtheirfamily42.Eatingfoodnotcookedbyourselvescancauseseriousconsequences.43.Toeatwellandstillsavemoney,peopleshouldbuyfreshfoodandcookitthemselves.44.Wegetafairlylargeportionofcaloriesfromfastfoodandsnacks.45.ThepopularityofTVledtothepopularityoffrozenfood.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thewalletisheadingforextinction.Asaday-to-dayessential,itwilldieoffwiththegenerationwhoreadprintnewspapers.Thekindofshopping-whereyouhandovernotesandcountoutchangeinreturn-nowhappensonlyinthemostminorofourretailencounters,likebuyingabarofchocolateorapintofmilk,fromacornershop.Attheshopswhereyouspendanyrealmoney,thatmoneyisincreasinglyabstracted.Andthisismoreandmoretrue,thehigherupthescaleyougo.Atthemostcutting-edgeretailstoresVictoriaBeckhamonDoverStreet,forinstanceyoudon’tgoandstandatanykindofcashregister,whenyoudecidetopay.ThestaffareequippedwithiPadstotakeyourpaymentwhileyourelaxonasofaWhichisnothingmoreorlessthanexcellentservice,ifyouhavethemoney.Butacrosssociety,theabstractionoftheideaofcashmakesmeuneasy.MaybeI'mjustold-fashioned.Butearningmoneyisn'tquickoreasyformostofus.Isn'titabitweirdthatspendingitshouldhappeninhalfablink(眨眼)ofaneye?Doesn’tawallet-thattime-honouredFriday-nightfeelingofpleasing,promisingfatness-representsomethingthatmatters?ButI'llleavetheeconomicstotheexperts.Whatbothersmeaboutthedeathofthewalletisthechangeitrepresentsinourphysicalenvironment.Everythingaboutthelookandfeelofawallet-thewaythefasteningsandmaterialswearandtearandloosenwithage,theplasticandpaperandgoldandsilverandhandwrittenphonenumbersandprintedcinematicketsistheveryoppositeofwhatourworldisbecoming.TheoppositeofawalletisasmartphoneoraniPad.Theroundededges,coolglass,smoothandunknowableasapebble(鹅卵石).Insteadofdiggingthroughpiecesofpaperandpeeringintocorners,wemoveourfingersleftandright.Nomorecountingoutcoins.Showyourwallet,ifyoustillhaveone.Itmaynotbeheremuchlonger.46.Whatishappeningtothewallet?A)ItisdisappearingB)ItisbeingfattenedC)ItisbecomingcostlyD)Itischanginginstyle47.Howarebusinesstransactionsdoneinbigmodernstores?A)IndividuallyBElectronicallyC)IntheabstractD)Viaacashregister48.Whatmakestheauthorfeeluncomfortablenowadays?A)SavingmoneyisbecomingathingofthepastB)ThepleasingFriday-nightfeelingisfadingC)EarningmoneyisgettingmoredifficultD)Spendingmoneyissofastandeasy.49.Whydoestheauthorchoosetowriteaboutwhat'shappeningtothewallet?AItrepresentsachangeinthemodernworldB)Ithassomethingtodowitheverybody’slifeC)Itmarkstheendofatime-honouredtraditionD)Itistheconcernofcontemporaryeconomists50.Whatcanweinferfromthepassageabouttheauthor?AHeisresistanttosocialchangesB)HeisagainsttechnologicalprogressC)HefeelsreluctanttopartwiththetraditionalwalletD)Hefeelsinsecureintheever-changingmodernworldPassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.It'slateintheevening:timetoclosethebookandturnoffthecomputer.Youredonefortheday.Whatyoumaynotrealize,however,isthatthelearningprocessactuallycontinuesinyourdreams.Itmightsoundlikesciencefiction,butresearchersareincreasinglyfocusingontherelationshipbetweentheknowledgeandskillsourbrainsabsorbduringthedayandthefragmented,oftenbizarreimaginingstheygenerateatnight.Scientistshavefoundthatdreamingaboutataskwe’velearnedisassociatedwithimprovedperformanceinthatactivity(suggestingthatthere'ssometruthtothepopularnotionthatwe'regetting"aforeignlanguageoncewebegindreaminginit).What'smore,researchersarecomingtorecognizethatdreamingisanessentialpartofunderstanding,organizingandretainingwhatwelearn.Whilewesleep,researchindicates,thebrainreplaysthepatternsofactivityitexperiencedduringwakinghours,allowingustoenterwhatonepsychologistcallsaneural(神经的)virtualreality.Avividexampleofsuchreplaycanbeseeninavideoresearchersmaderecentlyaboutsleepdisorders.Theytaughtofdancemovestoagroupofpatientswithconditionslikesleepwalking,inwhichthesleeperengagesinthekindphysicalmovementthatdoesnotnormallyoccurduringsleep.Theythenvideotapedthesubjectsastheyslept.Lyinginbed,eyesclosed,onefemalepatientonthetapeperformsthedancemovesshelearnedearlier.Thisshowsthatwhileourbodiesareatrest,ourbrainsaredrawingwhat'simportantfromtheinformationandeventswe’verecentlyencountered,thenintegratingthatdataintothevaststoreofwhatwealreadyknow.Ina2010study,researchersatHarvardMedicalSchoolreportedthatcollegestudentswhodreamedaboutacomputermaze(迷宫)tasktheyhadlearnedshoweda10-foldimprovementintheirabilitytofindtheirwaythroughthemazecomparedwithparti