新教材2024版高中英语Unit9HumanBiologyPartEGrammar-完成时和动词短语学生用书北师大版选择性必修第三册

PartEGrammar——完成时和动词短语语法Ⅰ完成时1.现在完成时由“have/has＋过去分词”构成，基本用法如下：(1)表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间，但现在已经完成，且其结果对现在仍有影响。常用的时间状语有：lately近来；recently最近；sofar到目前为止；bynow到现在；upto/tillnow直到现在；inthelast/pastfewdays/years在过去的几天/几年里❶Progresshasbeensofarverygoodandwearesurethattheworkwillbefinishedontime.到目前为止，工作进展得很顺当，我们确信工作确定会按时完成。❷Thejournalisthaswritten50reportsinthepasttwoyears.这位记者在过去两年里写了50篇报道。(2)表示从过去起先始终持续到现在的动作或状态，可能还会接着进行下去，常用的时间状语有：since＋时间点；for＋时间段❸Hisfirstnovelhasreceivedgoodreviewssinceitcameoutlastmonth.他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了好评。❹Thelibrarianhasworkedinthislibraryfornearlytwentyyears.这位图书管理员在这个图书馆工作了将近二十年。(3)瞬间动词可以用于现在完成时，但在确定句中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。在否定句中，瞬间动词可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。常用的瞬间动词有：go,come,arrive,leave,begin,borrow,buy,die,fall,stop,start,kill,close,graduate,join,finish,lose等。若瞬间动词要接表示一段时间的状语，须要做一些相应的变换，如：buy→have 买borrow→keep 借finish→beover 结束leave→beaway 离开close→beclosed 关闭open→beopen 打开come/go/become→be 来/去/变得；成为die→bedead 死fallasleep→beasleep 睡觉fallill→beill 生病puton→have/wear 穿marry→bemarried 结婚jointhearmy→beasoldier/beinthearmy参军“他已经参军三年了”可以用以下方式表达：❺Hejoinedthearmythreeyearsago.＝Itis/hasbeenthreeyearssincehejoinedthearmy.＝Hehasbeenasoldierforthreeyears.＝Hehasbeeninthearmyforthreeyears.即学即练1单句语法填空①Sofar,thedisabledboy________(accept)threeoperationsinordertoliveanormallife.②Uptonow,theemployer________(hire)morethantenexcellentgraduatestoworkforhim.③Don'tgetoffthebusuntilit________(stop).④Inthelastfewyearsthousandsoffilms________(produce)allovertheworld.⑤Itisaboutfiveyearssincethesaleswoman________(work)inthisfactory.⑥He________(do)alotofthingsfortheelderlyinhiscitysincehisretirement.完成句子⑦Thisis_____________________________________________________________(我第一次来这里).⑧Suchathinghas________________________________________________________(闻所未闻)before.⑨________________(许多年过去了)sincewemetlasttime.⑩—Mary,Imissyousomuch.Wherehaveyoubeen?—I____________________(去一所学校)inamountainareafortwoyears.2．过去完成时过去完成时由“had＋过去分词”构成，必需以过去某一时刻为基点，即“过去的过去”。基本用法如下：(1)表示在过去某一时间或过去某一事务之前已经发生并完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。❶WhenIhurriedtothestationtoseethespecialistoff,thetrainhadalreadyleft.当我匆忙赶到车站为专家送行时，火车已经开走了。(2)表示一个动作或状态从过去某一时间之前已经起先，始终持续到过去这一时刻，并也可能接着下去。常用的时间状语有：bythen到那时为止；bythattime到那时候；before在……之前；bytheendof到……末为止；untilthen直到那时；bythetime＋一般过去时的从句❷Theworkerhadworkedintheworkshopforthreehoursbeforehismachinebrokedown.机器损坏之前这个工人已经在车间里工作了三个小时。❸BythetimeJackreturnedhomefromEngland,hissonhadgraduatedfromcollege.杰克从英国回到家里，他的儿子已高校毕业。(3)intend,mean,hope,want,plan,suppose,expect,think等动词的过去完成时，可表示过去未曾实现的愿望或想法等。❹Ihadintendedtovisityouyesterday,butIhadanunexpectedvisitor.我原来准备昨天去看你的，但来了一个不速之客。(事实上没去)❺Ihadmeanttogotoseethedentisttohaveoneofmybrokenteethpulledout,butIhadtoattendanimportantmeeting.我本想去看牙医把其中一颗坏了的牙齿拔掉，但我不得不参与一个重要的会议。(事实上没去)3．将来完成时将来完成时由“will/shall＋have＋过去分词”构成：❶HopefullyafterthreeyearsatuniversityIwillhavematuredandmasteredtheessentialskillsaboutlife.希望经过三年的高校生活，我将成熟并驾驭生活的基本技能。❷Onlyfiveyearslater,yourmoneywillhavegrownby$94，000.仅仅5年后，你的钱就会增多94000美元。(1)将来完成时表示“将来完成”：即表示到将来某个时间为止势必会完成或预料要完成的动作。[温馨提示]假如表示到将来某个时间或某件事情为止，某动作或状态已经发生或完成，要用将来完成时，常用的时间状语有“by＋将来的某个时间”或“bytheendof＋将来的某个时间”或bythetime引导的一个一般现在时的从句等。❸—Tommyisplanningtobuyacar.汤米支配要买一辆汽车。—Iknow.Bynextmonth,he'llhavesavedenoughforanewone.我知道。到下个月，他就攒够买一辆新车的钱了。❹Whenwegetthere,ourclientwillhavealreadywaitedforusatthehotel.当我们到那里的时候，我们的客户将已经在酒店等我们了。❺Iexpectyouwillhavechangedyourmindbytomorrow.我预料到明天你就会变更方法了。(2)表示“持续”：即表示某种状况将始终持续到说话人所提及的某一将来时间。❻WewillhavebeenmarriedayearonJune25th.到6月25日我们俩就结婚1年了。❼Bythistimenextweek,Iwillhavebeenworkingastheassistantforthespecialistfor2years.到下周的这个时候，我就已经给这位专家做了两年的助理了。(3)表示“推想”：即表示依据某状况作出的推想。❽TherewillhavebeenadefiniteresultbeforeFriday.周五之前会有明确的结果。4．常运用完成时的句型(1)Itwas/hadbeen＋一段时间＋since从句．(从句用过去完成时)❶Itwastenyearssincewehadhadsuchawonderfultime.我们十年没感受这么兴奋的时间了。(2)Itisthefirst/second/...time＋that从句．(从句用现在完成时)Itwasthefirst/second/...time＋that从句．(从句用过去完成时)❷Itisthefirsttimethattheintelligentboyhasmadesuchasillymistake.这是这个聪慧的男孩第一次犯这样愚蠢的错误。❸TheteachersaiditwasthefirsttimethatlittleJohnhadlistenedsoattentively.老师说这是小约翰第一次那么全神贯注地听讲。(3)That/This/Itis/was＋最高级＋名词＋定语从句．(从句常用完成时)❹ThefilmdirectedandstarredbyhimisoneofthemostimpressivefilmsIhaveeverseen.由他导演和主演的这部电影是我看过的令人印象最深刻的电影之一。❺Thatdinnerwasthemostexpensivemealwehadeverhad.那顿晚饭是我们吃过的最贵的一顿饭。(4)在hardly/scarcely...when...及nosooner...than...(一……就……)句型中，主句常用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时且hardly/scarcely及sosooner位于句首时用部分倒装。❻HardlyhadIreachedthebusstopwhenthebusstarted.我刚到公共汽车站，公共汽车就开了。5．现在完成进行时由“have/hasbeen＋现在分词”构成，基本用法如下：(1)表示从过去某一时刻起先，始终持续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚完成，也可能仍在进行。常用的时间状语有：allthismorning整个早上；thismonth这个月；recently最近；thesefewdays这几天；allnight整个晚上；since自……以来❶I'mtiredout.IhavebeenshoppingallafternoonandIdon'tseemtohavefinishedanything.我累坏了。我整个下午都在购物，而且我似乎什么事也没完成。❷Thelibrarianhasbeenworkinginthelibraryeverynightoverthelastthreemonths.在过去的三个月里，那位图书管理员每天晚上都在图书馆工作。(2)现在完成进行时有时所表示的动作并不是始终在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。❸Ihavebeenringingyouseveraltimesintwodays.这两天内我给你打过几次电话。即学即练2单句语法填空①Since1978about5.2millionChinese________(study)abroadandamongthosewhograduatedabout83.7percentreturnedtoChina.②Inthelastfewyears,China________(make)greatachievementsinenvironmentalprotection.③I________(read)halfoftheEnglishnovel,andI'lltrytofinishitattheweekend.④Thestudents________(work)hardontheirlessonsandtheireffortwillberewarded.⑤Inmyhometown,thereisalwaysaharvestsupperforthefarmersafterallthewheat________(cut).⑥It'sreportedthatbytheendofthismonth,theoutputofcementinthefactory________(rise)byabout10%.⑦AsIwalked,heexplainedthathe________(win)theshowtheweekbeforeandwasn'tallowedtogoonagain.⑧Hopefullyin2025wewillnolongerbee-mailingeachother,forwe________(develop)moreconvenientelectroniccommunicationtoolsbythen.⑨ThatwasthefirsttimeI________(be)toHongKongsoIhadgreatdifficultyfindingthehotel.⑩Sheissurprisedtofindthefridgeempty;thechildren________(eat)upeverything!⑪Motherwantstobeagoodprovider,aroleshe________(shoulder)sincehermarriagetoFather.⑫I________(write)abookrecentlydescribingmyresponsetotheecologicaldilemmawe'renowin.⑬ScientistsinAustraliadeclareproudlythatthey________(develop)theworld'sfirstbloodtesttofindadeadlyskincancerinitsearlystages.⑭Overthelasttwoyearsthepark________(receive)650monkeysfromabreedingfarmthatshutdown.⑮Ihopethatwhenwereturntomorrow,you________(adjust)yourplan.完成句子⑯那是我第一次见到那位在这个领域作出巨大贡献的专家。________________________whohasmadegreatachievementsinthisfield.⑰在过去的几个月里，我们学校发生了巨大的变更。________________________inthepastfewmonths.⑱到下个月为止，这个厨师在这家餐馆工作满三年。Bytheendofnextmonth,thechef______________________forthreeyears.⑲当这个销售员匆忙赶到车站时，火车已经离开了。Whenthesalesmanhurriedtothestation,________________________．⑳据说这家公司的财政危机在春节前已经得到了解决。Itissaidthat________________________beforetheSpringFestival.eq\o(○,\s\up1(21))________________________(我刚做完练习)whenthebellrang.eq\o(○,\s\up1(22))Bytheendoflastyear,we________________________(已经生产)20，000cars.eq\o(○,\s\up1(23))WhenIarrived,myfriends________________________(已经离开了).eq\o(○,\s\up1(24))Toomuch________________________(发生)recently.eq\o(○,\s\up1(25))Nowonderheissotiredout.Theapplicant________________________(在公司外着急地等)fornearlytwohours.语法Ⅱ动词短语1.动词短语的概念两个或两个以上的词在一起构成一个固定结构，表达一种特定的含义，作用近似于一个单一动词，称为动词短语。2．分类动词短语有及物(vt.)和不及物(vi.)之分，及物动词短语必需跟宾语，不及物动词短语不跟宾语。(1)及物动词短语❶Itisestimatedthathehasgotthroughhisworkforhelooksrelaxed.估计他已经完成了工作，因为他看上去很放松。❷Itisnotessentialforustolookupeveryunknownwordwhenreading.我们没有必要在阅读时查阅每一个生词。(2)不及物动词短语❸TheelectionwilltakeplacenextFriday,whichhasattractedalotofattentionsofar.竞选活动将于下星期五实行，到目前为止已经吸引了许多关注。❹Theweekswentslowlyby.时间一星期一星期渐渐地过去了。(3)部分动词短语既可作及物动词短语，也可作不及物动词短语。❺Hetookoffhiscoat.他脱下他的外套。❻Theplanetookoffatnineo'clock.飞机在九点起飞。3．及物动词短语的用法(1)“动词＋副词”构成的及物动词短语，宾语假如是名词，可置于动词短语之后，也可置于动词与副词之间；宾语假如是代词，则只能置于动词与副词之间。❶Wewillhandouttheadvertisements.＝Wewillhandtheadvertisementsout.我们将要分发广告。❷Ifyoulikeit,pleasetryiton.假如你宠爱它，就请试试。不能说成：Ifyoulikeit,pleasetryonit.(2)“动词＋副词”构成的及物动词短语，举例如下：puton 穿上setup 建立turnoff 关掉putoff 推迟pickup 捡起；复原turnon 打开putup 挂起；举起putdown 放下cleanup 打扫干净writedown 写下call/ringup 打电话cheerup 使激扬getback 取回eatup 吃光giveup 放弃lookup 查阅takeoff 脱下giveaway 捐赠workout 算出cutdown 砍倒handout 分发turnup 把(声音)调大wakeup 叫醒handin 交上来turndown 把(声音)调小takeout 取出thinkup 想出(3)“动词＋介词”或“动词＋副词＋介词”构成的及物动词短语，举例如下(宾语放于介词之后)：comeupwith 想出(方法)lookafter 照看lookfor 找寻geton 上车agreewith 同意askfor 恳求；找hearof 听说knockat 敲(门、窗等)laughat 讪笑waitfor 等候payfor 付钱；支付runoutof 用完；用完即学即练3用适当的介词或副词填空①China'seffortsonfoodproductionandsafetywillpay________afterthenewfoodlawisintroduced.②Ningboisasmallcity.Therefore,tospeed________theflowoftraffic,thegovernmenthasdeterminedtobroadensomemainstreets.③Adoptingthedoctor'sadvice,hecutdown________coffeeandcigarettesandateabalanceddiet.④EinsteinlikedBose'spapersomuchthatheset________hisownworkandtranslateditintoGerman.⑤Ifyousitinanofficealldaylongandrarelywork________，you'relikelytosufferfromneckandbackpains.⑥Twodoctorsandeightnursesmake________themedicalteam,whichwillbesenttothecountrysideforthesakeofthevillagers'health.⑦Ourclassconsists________forty-onestudentsandthemostintelligentoneisLiMei.⑧Whatwasitthatmadetheyoungmanstand________amongtheapplicants?⑨Youhadpromisedtodrop________whenpassingbyourtown,butwhatwasitthatpreventedyoufromshowing________inmyhome?⑩Haveyoufigured___