高考热点题型与考点专练英语一题型一命题点3主旨大意题提炼归纳

命题点3主旨大意题·提炼归纳【考向研析】考向1段落大意题每个段落都有一个中心思想,且中心思想通常会在段落的首句或尾句体现出来,这个句子就是常说的段落主题句。没有给出明显的主题句时,要根据段落内容概括出段落大意考向2文章大意题考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力,即考查考生的归纳概括能力考向3标题归纳题概括出文章的中心思想,并对中心思想再次加以提炼,拟定出文章的标题。文章标题可以是单词、短语,也可以是句子【真题研磨】【考向1】段落大意题【典例展示】(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·D篇节选)Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbeecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.32.WhatisParagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation.B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.【解题思维】第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。关键词:What,Paragraph2,is...mainlyabout第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。定位原文信息:Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbeecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.(第二段)第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可知,第一段引出了“群体智慧”效应,并解释什么是“群体智慧”效应,即大量人独立做估计,如果把这些独立估计平均起来,得到的平均数还是很准确的。紧接着,第二段分析为什么会这样,原因是有些人会高估,有些人会低估,如果足够多的高估和低估做一下平均,高估和低估引起的误差就会相互抵消,而最终导致一个比较准确的结果。第二段的内容其实是“群体智慧”效应运作的一个深层次的逻辑,故选__B__。

【易错警示】解题时,考生很容易误选A项。文章第二段中多次提到有关“估计”的概念,有的是“高估”,有的是“低估”,还有“精确估计”等,其目的是分析“估计的准确性”,可见本段并不是介绍方法,故排除A项。【考向2】文章大意题【典例展示】(2023·浙江高考·B篇)Livewithroommates?Havefriendsandfamilyaroundyou?Chancesarethatifyou’relookingtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle,noteveryonearoundyouwillbereadytojumponthatbandwagon.

IexperiencedthiswhenIstartedswitchingtoazerowastelifestylefiveyearsago,asIwaslivingwithmyparents,andIcontinuetoexperiencethiswithmyhusband,asheisnotpletelyzerowastelikeme.I’velearnedafewthingsalongthewaythough,whichIhopeyou’llfindencouragingifyou’redoingyourbesttofigureouthowyoucanmakethechangeinanotalwayssupportivehousehold.Zerowastewasaradicallifestylemovementafewyearsback.IremembershowingmyparentsavideoofBeaJohnson,sharinghowcoolIthoughtitwouldbetobuygrocerieswithjars,andhavesolittletrash!Afewdayslater,Icamebackwithmyfirstjarsofzerowastegroceries,andmydadmentedonhowsillyitwasformetocarryjarseverywhere.Itcameoffasabitdiscouraging.Yetasthemonthsofreducingwastecontinued,IdidwhatIcouldthatwaswithinmyownreach.Ihadmyownbedroom,soIworkedonremovingthingsIdidn’tneed.SinceIhadmyowntoiletries(洗漱用品),Iwasabletostartpersonalisingmyroutinetobemoresustainable.Ialsoofferedtocookeverysooften,soIportionedoutabitofthecupboardformyownzerowastegroceries.Perhapsyourhouseholdwon’tentirelymaketheswitch,butyoumayhavesomecontroloveryourownpersonalspacestomakethechangesyoudesire.Asyoumakeyourlifestylechanges,youmayfindyourselfwantingtospeakupforyourselfifothersmentonwhatyou’redoing,whichcanturnitselfintoawholehouseholddebate.Ifyouhaveindividualswhoarenotonboard,yourwordsprobablywon’tdomuchandcanoftenleaveyoufeelingmorediscouraged.Sohereismyadvice:Leadbyaction.27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Howtogetonwellwithotherfamilymembers.B.Howtohaveone’sownpersonalspaceathome.C.Howtoliveazerowastelifestyleinahousehold.D.Howtocontrolthebudgetwhenbuyinggroceries.【解题思维】第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。关键词:What,thetext,is...mainlyabout第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。定位原文信息:Chancesarethatifyou’relookingtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle,noteveryonearoundyouwillbereadytojumponthatbandwagon.(第一段)I’velearnedafewthingsalongthewaythough,whichIhopeyou’llfindencouragingifyou’redoingyourbesttofigureouthowyoucanmakethechangeinanotalwayssupportivehousehold.(第二段)第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可知,文章第一段中提出问题的具体情形,第二段提出了问题解决的可能性,下文叙述了具体的做法,据此可知文章主要讲述了作者如何在家庭中过零浪费的生活方式。故选__C__。

【易错警示】解题时,考生很容易误选A项。文章中涉及处理和家庭成员的关系,但是确实是围绕着文章主题展开的,也就是作者如何让家人能够配合过一种零浪费的健康生活,这样A项明显是错误的,需要排除。【考向3】标题归纳题【典例展示】(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·B篇)Turningsoil,pullingweeds,andharvestingcabbagesoundliketoughworkformiddleandhighschoolkids.Andatfirstitis,saysAbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlowineschools.Theprogramaimstohelpstudentsdevelopscienceskills,environmentalawareness,andhealthylifestyles.Jaramillo’sstudentsliveinneighborhoodswherefreshfoodandgreenspacearenoteasytofindandfastfoodrestaurantsoutnumbergrocerystores.“Thekidsliterallyetoschoolwithbagsofsnacksandlargebottlesofsoftdrinks,”shesays.“Theyetousthinkingvegetablesareawful,dirtisawful,insectsareawful.”Thoughsomeareinitiallyscaredoftheinsectsandturnedoffbythedirt,mostareeagertotrysomethingnew.UrbanSprouts’classes,attwomiddleschoolsandtwohighschools,includehandsonexperimentssuchassoiltesting,flowerandseeddissection,tastingsoffreshordriedproduce,andworkinthegarden.Severaltimesayear,studentscookthevegetablestheygrow,andtheyoccasionallymakesaladsfortheirentireschools.Programevaluationsshowthatkidseatmorevegetablesasaresultoftheclasses.“Wehavestudentswhosaytheywenthomeandtalkedtotheirparentsandnowthey’reeatingdifferently,”Jaramillosays.Sheaddsthattheprogram’sbenefitsgobeyondnutrition.Somestudentsgetsointerestedingardeningthattheybringhomeseedstostarttheirownvegetablegardens.Besides,workinginthegardenseemstohaveacalmingeffectonJaramillo’sspecialeducationstudents,manyofwhomhaveemotionalcontrolissues.“Theygetoutside,”shesays,“andtheyfeelsuccessful.”27.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.RescuingSchoolGardensB.ExperiencingCountryLifeC.GrowingVegetableLovers D.ChangingLocalLandscape【解题思维】第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。关键词:What,titleforthetext第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。定位原文信息:Theprogramaimstohelpstudentsdevelopscienceskills,environmentalawareness,andhealthylifestyles.(第一段);Jaramillo’sstudentsliveinneighborhoodswherefreshfoodandgreenspacearenoteasytofindandfastfoodrestaurantsoutnumbergrocerystores....(第二段)...Somestudentsgetsointerestedingardeningthattheybringhomeseedstostarttheirownvegetablegardens....(第五段)第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可知,第一段以及下文内容讲述了为了培养学生的科学技能、环保意识以及养成健康的生活方式,AbbyJaramillo和另外一位老师在低收入学校发起UrbanSprouts菜园项目,这个项目让学生体验菜园生活,对学生影响深远。因此推断B项“体验乡村生活”符合文意,最适合作为本文标题。故选__B__。

【易错警示】解题时,考生很容易误选A项,因为文章中提到thegarden,grocerystores等信息,但是这些信息都是帮助介绍活动内容,文章主旨是介绍“体验乡村生活”的情况,故排除A项。【考场技法】技法1段落大意题:“一定、二找、三归纳”技法2文章大意题:“速读、识别、再总结”技法3标题归纳题:“速浏览、定主题、巧概括”【多维演练】Test体裁:说明文词数:341话题:动物保护建议用时:7分钟AteamofresearchersfromseveralinstitutionsintheUKandoneinEstoniahascreatedatypeofbuoy(浮标)thathasproventobeeffectiveatfrighteningseabirds,thuspreventingthemfromgettingcaughtingillnets—atypeofverticalfishingnetthatismadeofamaterialthatmakesitnearlyinvisibleunderwater.Everyyear,hundredsofthousandsofseabirdsdiewhentheygetcaughtingillnets.Someestimatessuggestthatuptoahalfmillionbirdsarecaughtinthemeachyear.Overtheyears,researchershavecreateddevicestopreventthebirdsfromtryingtocatchfishnearoringillnets,butthosedidn’tworkwell.Tofindawaythatwouldworkforallseabirds,theresearchersfirststudiedseabirdsinageneralsense,lookingtofindthingsthattheywouldavoid.Theynotedthatseabirdsavoidedeyecontactwithothercreatures.Thentheresearcherscameupwithasimpleidea—theyputasmallpoletoaregularbuoyandthenattachedapairofgooglyeyes(金鱼眼)tothetopofit.Theymadetheeyesbigenoughsothatevenbirdswithpooreyesight,suchasgeese,wouldseethem.Addingtotheeffectivenessofthedevice,wavesmadetheeyesmovebackandforth.Andthewindmadethebuoyspinveryslowly,makingsurethatbirdsfromeverydirectionwouldgetagoodlookattheeyes.Totesttheiridea,theresearchersselectedseveralsitesneargillnetsandcountedhowmanybirdsapproachedandhowmanyattemptedtocatchfishnearthenets.Theythensetuptheirgooglyeyedbuoysandonceagaincountedbirds.Overthecourseof62days,theyfoundthenumberofbirdsthattriedtocatchfishnearthegillnetsdroppedbyapproximately25%foradistanc