词句猜测题-重点练-2022年高考英语阅读理解专项突破(练习版)

备战2022年高考英语阅读理解专项突破

技能2词义猜测题

解题指导素养提升

题型特点

词义猜测题是历年高考必考题型。常见的考查形式有：①猜测某个词、短语或句子的含义；②推断某

个常见的多义词或短语在具体语境下的意思；③判断文中的某个代词指代的对象；④解释英语中特定的表

达（谚语、俚语等）。

正确选项特征

1.相应词语的同义词语。

2.对相应语句、语块的解释、复运或概括。

干扰选项特征

1.对原相应表达方式的不正确改写。

2.半对半错。

3.曲解原意。

常见的设问方式有：

Whichofthefollowinghastheclosestmeaningto44...."?

Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheword)..."?

Wh；Udoestheunderlinedword/phrase/expression4t.../'referto/mean?

Whodoest4.Hrefertointhetext?

典例剖析

规律技巧1：根据上下文逻辑猜测。要特别注意需猜测词义的词句前后出现的表示因果、转折、对比或递进

等逻辑关系的词语飞

[真题典例1](2021•新高考IC篇节选)

Whentheexplorersfirstsetfoolupon(hecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithan

astonishingvarietyofwildlife.NaliveAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.

Unfortunatelyjttooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartof

thesercsources.Millionsofwaterfowl（水禽）werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverly

ambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasing

populations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat（栖息地）.

29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword4tdecimatenmeaninthefirstparagraph?选项出处

A.Acquire.原文未提

B.Export.原文未提

C.Destroy.一段②③句

D.Distribute.原文未提

［路径一］从问（题干）的角度解答一一如何得出正解

第1步：题干的关键信息为decimate和thefirstparagmph。根据理解原文的三大方法，我们回到原文〜段③

句。该句提到，不幸的是，探险者和随后而来的殖民者仅用了几十年时间，就将这些资源中的一大部分

decimate.o由本句尚无法得知decimate一词的意思，但由句首的Unfortunately（不幸的是）一词可知，本句与

上句之间应为转折关系，故需联系上文。

第2步：一段②句指出，美洲原住民妥善地保护着这些珍贵的自然资源。由于③句与②句应形成转折，因

此，③句中的decimate的释义应与②句中的hadtakencareof（保护）的释义相反。备选项中Destroy（破坏）代

人后符合语意，且能够与②句中的hadtakencareof形成对照。C项是对原文的合理推断，同时可排除A、B、

D三项。

第3步：己由第2步得出正确答案，因此，第3步省略。

规律技巧2：根据上下文线索，如打比方、举例子、作比较、下定义等猜测。

［真题典例2］（2021-3月天津C篇节选）

Thepoignancy（酸楚）ofJordanretiringfromhisbelovedbasketballtoplaybaseballandwhathadpushedhim

tomakesuchatoughdecisiontookmebysurprise.AsIwatchedhimtakeoffhisbasketballuniformandreplaceit

withabaseballuniform,!sawhimleavingbehind（helayerthatnolongerservedhimjustasourlizardhad.Neither

ofthemchosethemomentthathadtransformedthem.Buttheyhadtolivewithwhotheywereaftereverythingwas

different.Justlikeus.Irealizedthatwehavetolearntoleavethepastbehind.

43.Theunderlinedpartkllcavingbehindthelaycr"inParagraph8canbeunderstoodas.选项出处

A.lettinggoofthepast八段末句

B.lookingforanewjob八段⑥句

C.gettingridofabadhabit原文未提

D.givingupanopportunity原又未提

I路径一］从问（题干）的角度解答——如何得出正解

第1步：题干的关键信息为leavingbehindthelayei•和Paragr叩1】8。根据理解原文的三大方法，我们可以定

位到第八段第2句。该句提到，当作者看着乔丹脱下篮球服，换上棒球服时，看到他离开了不再为他服务

的那层（球衣），就像我们的蜥蜴一样。据此可初步得知作者用蜥喝蜕皮来比喻乔丹退役，但还无法完全确认

答案。

第2步：浏览上下文，尤其是首尾句可知此处应是作者看到乔丹放下过去，A项符合语境。

第3步：已由第2步得出正确答案，因此，第3步省略。

规律技巧3：根据语境判断代词（this,that,it,they,one,which等）或助动词（do,does,did等）的指代对象。仔细分析

指代词上下文（就近原则），找最近的名词、短语或句子;以之替换该指代词，看其意思、逻辑是否通顺，

再比对选项确定最佳答案。

［真题典例3］（2020•新高考IC篇节选）

Inthemid-1990s.TomBisselltaughtEnglishasavolunteerinUzbekistan.Heleftaftersevenmonths,physically

brokenandhavinglosthismind.Afewyearslater,slillattractedtothecountry,hereturnedtoUzbekistantowritean

articleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSea.

Hisvisit,however,endedupinvolvingalotmorethanthat.Hencethisbook,C/?asi〃gtheSea:LostAmongthe

GhostsofEmpireinCentralAba,whichtalksaboutaroadtripfromTashkenttoKarakalpakstan,wheremillionsof

liveshavebeendestroyedbytheslowdryingupofthesea.ltisthestoryofanAmericantravellingtoastrange

land,andofthepeoplehemeetsonhisway:RustamJiistranslator,alovely24-year-oldwhopickeduphiscolorful

EnglishinCalifornia,OlegandNatasha,hishostsinTashkent.andastringofforeignaidworkers.

9.Whatdoestheunderlinedword<4that"inparagraph2referto?选项出处

A.Developingaseriousmentaldisease.一段②句

B.TakingaguidedtourinCentralAsia.原文未提

C.WorkingasavolunteerinUzbekistan.一段①句

D.WritinganarticleabouttheAralSea.一段③句

［路径一］从问（题干）的角度解答一一如何得出正解

第1步：题干的关键信息为that和Paragraph2。根据理解原文的三大方法，我们可以定位到第2段。根据画

线词所在句无法得知that的指代对象。

第2步：根据就近原则，that通常指代上文的事物或现象。浏览上文，根据第一段③句可知，出于对乌兹别

克斯坦这个国家的兴趣，他回到了这里，目的是写一篇关于咸海是如何消失的文章。所以画线词that指代

上文中提到的“写文章”这件事，故选D项。

第3步：已由第2步得出正确答案，因此，第3步省略。

［路径二］从答（选项）的角度解答一如何反向印证，排除干扰项

A答案：

第I步：根据本项关键词mentaldisease可定位到第一段②句：TomBissell因为身体状况令人堪忧和神志不

清不得不离开（乌兹别克斯坦）。

第2步：画线词上下文提到：这一次的造访可不只是……那A么筒单，他做的其实更多。因为ChasingtheSea:

LostAmongtheGhostsofEmpireinCentralAsia这本书讲述的是他从塔什干到卡拉帕尔克斯坦的公路旅

行……这与"发展成严重的精神疾病”逻辑不通，故排除。

第3步：略

B答案

本项讲述内容无法在原文中获取定位，且原文并未提及TomBissell在中亚做导游，故排除。

C答案

第I步：根据本项关键词volunteer可定位到第一段①句：提到TomBissell作为志愿者在乌兹别克斯坦教英

语。此时无法确定that是指代“做志愿者”。

第2步：联系下文，七个月后离开了，出于对C这个国家的兴趣，几年后Tom回到了这里，打算写一篇关

于咸海是如何消失的文章，所以判断此次造访的收获与“做志愿者”相去甚远，故排除。

第3步：略

D答案

第1步：根据本项关键词writeanarticle可定位到第一段③句：提到Tom第二次来到乌兹别克斯坦的目的是

要写一篇关于咸海是如何消失的文章。

第2、3步：联系下文以及本文主旨可知，实际上Tom回到乌兹别克斯坦远不止写一篇文章，他写了一本书

叙述其在该国旅行中的见闻，并对这本书进行了简要介绍，所以画线词that指代上文提到的“写文章”，

故选D项

限时训练应用体验

Passage1（2021•全国•高考真题）

IhaveworkedasakeeperattheNationalZoo,Parisfor11years.SpotandStripearethefirsttigercubsthat

haveeverbeenbornhere.Globally,athirdofSumatrancubsinzoosdon'tmakeittoadulthood,soIdecidedto

givethemround-the-clockcareathome.

I'vegottwochildren—theyoungerone,Kynan,wasextremelyhappyaboutthetigersarriving-butallofus

reallylookedforwardtobeingpartoftheirlivesandwatchingthemgrow.Iwasn'tworriedaboutbringingthem

intomyhomewithmywifeandkids.Thesewerecubs.Theyweighedabout2.5kgandweresosmallthatthere

wasabsolutelynorisk.

Astheygrewmoremobile,weletthemmovefreelyaroundthehouseduring(heday,butwhenwewere

asleepwehadtocontaintheminalargeroom,otherwisethey'dUD【Omiachicf.We'dcomedowninthemorning

tofindthey'dturnedtheroomupsidedown,andleftitlookinglikeazoo.

Thingsquicklygotveryintenseduetothehugeamountofenergyrequiredtolookafterthem.Therewere

sometoughtimesandIjustfeltextremelytired.Iwasgratefulthatmyfamilywastheretohelp.Wehadtohavea

bitofaproductionlinegoing,makingup"tigermilk”,washingbabybottles,andcleaningthefloors.

WhenSpotandStripewerefourmonthsold,theywerelearninghowtoopendoorsandjumpfences,andwe

knewitreallywastimefor(hemtogo.Ilwashardfbrustofinallypartwith(hem.Forthefirstfewdays,Kynan

wasalwaysabitdisappointedthatthecubsweren'tthere.

I'mnotsadaboutit.I'mhands-onwiththemeverydayatthezoo,andIdolookhackveryfondlyonthetime

thatwchadthem.

1.Whydidtheauthorbring(hetigercubshome?

A.Toensuretheirsurvival.B.Toobservetheirdifferences.

C.Toteach(hemlifeskills.D.Toleithemplaywithhiskids.

2.Whatdotheunderlinedwords"getuptomischief^meaninparagraph3?

A.Behavebadly.B.Losetheirway.C.Sleepsoundly.D.Misstheirmom.

3.Whatdidtheauthorthinkofraisingthetigercubsathome?

A.Boring.B.Tiring.C.Costly.D.Risky.

4.Whydidtheauthordecidetoser.dSpotandStripebacktothezoo?

A.Theyfrightenedthechildren.B.Theybecamedifficulttocontain.

C.Theyannoyedtheneighbours.D.Theystartedfightingeachother.

Passage2(2021•北京•高考真题)

Hundredsofscientists,writersandacademicssoundedawarningtohumanityinanopenletterpublishedlast

December:Policymakersandtherestofusmustengageopenlywiththeriskofglobalcollapse.Researchersin

manyareashaveprojectedthewidespreadcollapseas“acrediblescenario（情景）thiscenlury”.

Asurveyofscientistsfoundthatextremeweatherevents,foodinsecurity,andfreshwatershortagesmight

createglobalcollapse.Ofcourse,ifyouareanon-humanspecies,collapseiswellunderway.

Thecallfbrpublicengagementwith（heunthinkableisespeciallygermaneinthismomentofstill-uncontrolled

pandemicandeconomiccrisesintheworld'smosttechnologicallyadvancednations.Notverylongago,itwasalso

unthinkable（hataviruswouldshutdownnationsandthatsafetynetswouldbeprovensodisastrouslylackingin

flexibility.

Theinternationalscholars'warningletterdoesn'tsayexactlywhatcollapsewilllooklikeorwhenitmight

happen.Collapseology,thestudyofcollapse,ismoreconcernedwithidentifyingtrendsandwiththeir,thedangers

ofeverydaycivilization.Amongthesignatories（签署者）ofthewarningwasBobJohnson,theoriginatorofthe

“ecologicalfbotprint^^concept,whichmeasuresthetotalamountofenvironmentalinputneededtoma.ntainagiven

lifestyle.Withthecurrentfootprintofhumanity,<4itseemsthatglobalcollapseiscertaintohappeninsomeform,

possiblywithinadecade,certainlywithinthiscentury,Johnsonsaidinanemail.

“Onlyifwediscusstheconsequencesofourbiophysicallimits/'theDecemberwarninglettersays,“canwe

havethehopetoreducetheirspeed,severityandhann”.Andyetmessengersofthecomingdisturbancearclikelyto

beignored.Wcallwanttohopethingswillturnoutfine.Asapoetwrote,

Manisavictimofdope（麻醉品）

Intheincurableformofhope.

Thehundredsofscholarswhosignedtheletterareintent（执着）onquietinghopethatignorespreparedness.

“Let'slookdirectlyintotheissueofcollapse,,5theysay,“anddealwiththeterriblepossibilitiesofwhatweseethere

tomakethebestofatroublingfuture.”

5.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“germane“inParagraph3probablymean?

A.Scientific.B.Credible.

C.Original.D.Relevant.

6.Asforthepublicawarenessofg'obalcollapse,theauthoris.

A.worriedB.puzzled

C.surprisedD.scared

7.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?

A.Thesignatoriesmaychangethebiophysicallimits.

B.Theauthoragreeswiththemessageof(hepoem.

C.Theissueofcollapseisbeingprioritized.

D.Theglobalcollapseiswellunderway.

Passage3(2021•全国•高考真题)

WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithan

astonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.

Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartof

theseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverly

ambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousethecvcr-incrcasingpopulations,

greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.

In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anincreasinglyconcernednation

tookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory(迁徙的)waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.

UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuck

Stamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ.N.“Ding"Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDes

Moines,Iowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauof

BiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.

About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundto

purchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensures

(hislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934.betterthanhalfabilliondollars

hasgoneintothatFund(opurchasemore(han5millionacresofhabitat.Littlewonder(heFederalDuckStamp

Programhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.

8.WhatwasacauseofthewaterfowlpopulationdeclineinNorthAmerica?

A.Lossofwetlands.B.Popularityofwatersports.

C.Pollutionofrivers.D.Arrivalofotherwildanimals.

9.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”meaninthefirstparagraph?

A.Acquire.B.Export.

C.Destroy.D.Distribute.

10.WhatisadirectresultoftheActpassedin1934?

A.Thestamppricehasgonedown.B.Themigratorybirdshaveflownaway.

C.Thehuntershavestoppedhunting.D.Thegovernmenthascollectedmoney.

11.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.TheFederalDuckStampStoryB.TheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem

C.TheBenefitsofSavingWaterfowlD.TheHistoryofMigratoryBirdHunting

Passage4（2021•福建泉州,模拟预测）

Peopletodayarenotunfamiliarwithtermsuchas"goingeco-friendly"and"sustainablelifestyle".However,

（hereexistsagroupofsceptics（怀疑论者）whobelievethatgoingeco-friendlyismerelyafad（•时的风尚）.1

disagreewiththisviewpoint.Goingcco-fricndlyisnotmerelyafadanditdocs,infact,changethebeliefsand

attitudesofpeople.

Thelong-termpresenceofenvironmentalorganisationsshowstheeffortsthatpeoplehavemadetowardsgoing

eco-friendly.OrganisationssuchasWorldWildlifeFundadvocatepeopletogoeco-friendly.Thehighinvolvement

oftheorganisationsandtheparticipantsisthusastrongindicatorthatgoingeco-friendlyisnotmerelyafadbuta

trendthatcanlastdecades.

Anotherstrongindicatoristheemergenceofsustainableproductsinmanyindustries,suchasorganicproduce

andelectricvehicles.Theconsumerdemand,coupledwitheco-conscious（环保意识的）businesses,isbehindthe

sharpincreaseinsuchproducts.Thisshowsashiftinthebeliefsandattitudesofpeopletowardsadoptinga

sustainablelifestyle.Thus,itseemsquitecertainthatgoingeco-friendlyisnotmerelyafad.

Whilesomepeoplewhobroadcasttheireco-friendlypracticesarecriticisedfbrjusthopingtoprojectan

eco-consciousimage,thereareanumberofcelebritieswhohavebeenpractisingthezero-waslelifestyleforyears.

Forthosewhodosofbryears,andnotmeredaysormonths,itisindeedacommitmentthatcanonlycomewitha

（ruechangeinbeliefsandattitudestowardscaringfortheearth.

Thecalltosavetheearthlookssettostay.Withthedevelopmentoftechnologyandtheappearanceofmany

platformsadvocatinggoinggreen,peoplearcmorewillingtochangetheirbeliefsandattitudeswhentheycanlearn

aboutandappreciatethepositiveimpactoftheworkofdifferentenvironmentalorganisationsandindividuals.Itis

hopedthattheseeffectswillgoalongwayinensuringthatourplanetwillremainasuitableplacetolivein.

12.WhydoestheauthormentionWorldWildlifeFund?

A.Toappreciateitsenvironmentalefforts.

B.Tbencouragepeopletogoeco-friendly.

C.lbevidencetheuniversalrecognitionofgoinggreen.

D.Tohighlightthedifficultyinchangingpeople'sattitudes.

13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"emergence"meaninparagraph3?

A.Suddendisappearance.B.Sharpincrease.

C.Gradualdevelopment.D.Limitedapplication.

14.Whatdoestheauthorexpectoftechnologydevelopment?

A.Itmaydiscouragepeoplefromsustainablelifestyle.

B.Itmayboostthebusinessoforganicproduce.

C.Itwillbeusedtoprojectaneco-consciousimage.

D.Itwillpromoteenvironmentalawareness.

15.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthistext?

A.Toprovegoingcco-friendlyalastingtrend.

B.Topopularizetheeco-fricndlyproducts.

C.Toofferstrategiestogoeco-friendly.

D.Toadvertiseforeco-friendlyplatforms.

Passage5（2021•山东省实验中学模拟预测）

Everyyeararoundtheworldsome2.2millionbooksarepublished.Formostoftheseauthorsthewriting

processhasrelativelybeenunchangedsinceMarkTwain'sdayinthelate19thcentury.Plotoutlinesandideasare

wriitcndowntobedeciphered（解读）,developedandrefinedovertime.

Thesedays,however,technologyisincreasinglymakingthelifeofanauthoralittleeasier.ForMichaelGreen,

anovelist,theneedtousetechnologytosimplifyandstreamlinethewritingprocesscamewhenhewasinthe

micdlcofwritinghisfirstbook.

“IhadallthesedocumentsonthedeeperaspectsoftheworldIwascreating.Iwasworriedaboutbeingableto

keeptrackofitall.That'swhenIswitchedintomymoredatascience-mindedapproachtosolvingacomplex

problemwithalotofdifferentpieces."TheendresultwasthatMr.GreencreatedLynit,a