CPA会计英语讲义(一)

陪会计英语FF【字体：大中，

I.背景介绍

中国注册会计师协会决定在今年的中国注册会计师资格考试会计科、审计科加试io分英语试题,并将该成绩纳入最上

成绩，也即110分的试卷60分及格。该安排看似突然,实际上代表了一个趋势，就是要全面提升中国注册会计师的语言水平

中西合璧，融会贯穿，取长补短,为我所用的目的。

针对此变化,广阔考生应该做到：

稳定情绪调整心态振奋精神悉心备考

该考试变化对广阔考生的参考并未产生实质性的不利影响。

所以应该充满自信，不要出现急躁、不安情绪！

积极应对！从积极方面来看待这个趋势和变化！

I[.考试题型预测

目前获得的关于这10分英语考试最新的信息为：

1.一道题

2.主观题

3.专业题

分析：

正是针对此次考试“三题”的特点，我们预测此次考试极有可能的题型如卜.：

1.名词解释

2.简答题

3.翻译（英汉互译）

4.案例分析

这四类题型都会很好地表达“三题”精神。

会计科考试体系是在中国会计准则（CAS）与国际会计准则（IAS/JFRS）趋同的背景下考察英文水平的;趋同不是等同

具体某些业务的分录的可能性虽然存在，但是不大；更重要考察的是一些“务虚”的内容，即理论或文字表述的内容。

辅导大体安排

TIMESCHEDULEMEMO

1-1.5hrs题型分析对每类题型结合具体实例进行说明，并讲解答题技巧

2.5-3hrs考点预测结合题型对可能考查的内容进行预测讲解

该项英语考试对书面表达的要求在英语四级水平。

该项考前紧急冲刺辅导时间紧，任务重,不是零起点辅导，需要有一定的英语基础。

DI.内容讲解

考试题型

极有可能的题型如下：

案例分析

名词解释简答题翻译

案例分析是在名词解释、简答题和翻译基础上构建起来的，是这三种题型的综合，因此，在分别介绍各种题型后,将着国

分析及应对策略和答题技巧。

目前2006版中国会计准则(CAS2006)和国际会计准则体系大体趋同，但在诸多细节上仍存在差异。要么是国情特

要么是引进的新的理念。

对于会计科英语考试,主要从以下方面来准备：

1.ACCOUNTINGTERMS

2.ACCOUNTINGTHEORIES

3.ACCOUNITNGAPPLICATIONS

4.IAS/IFRS/CAS

题型分析

一、名词解释

EXAMPLE

FairValue

［答疑编号31010101：针对该题提问］

Solution:

Fairvalueistheamountforwhichanassetcouldbeexchangedoraliabilitysettledbetweenknowledgeable

partiesinanarm'slengthtransaction。

所谓公允价值计量模式,就是资产和负债按照在公平交易中，熟悉情况的交易双方自愿进行资产交换或者债务清偿的金

Notes:

1.forwhich---inanarm,slengthtransaction：“介词+关系词”引导的定语从句，修饰theamount

2.arm'slengthtransaction公平交易

答题规律：开门见山，言简意赅

二、简答题

OfparticularimportancewithintheFrameworkarcthedefinitionsandrecognitioncriteriaforaj

1labilities.

Required：

Defineassetsandliabilitiesandexplaintheimportantaspectsoftheirdefinitions.Explainwhythesede

areofparticularimportancetothepreparationofanentity,sbalancesheetandincomestatement.

［答疑编号31010201：针对该题提问］

Solution：

Definitions-assets：

TheIASB'sFrameworkdefinesassetsas'aresourcecontrolledbyanentityasaresultofpastevents

whichfutureeconomicbenefitsareexpectedtoflowtotheentity,.

Thefirstpartofthedefinitionputstheemphasisoncontrolratherthanownership.Thisisdonesothatth

sheetreflectsthesubstanceoftransactionsratherthantheirlegalform.

Thismeansthatassetsthatarenotlegallyownedbyanentity,butoverwhichtheentityhastherights

normal1yconveyedbyownership,arerecognisedasassetsoftheentity.Commonexamplesofthiswouldbefinan

assetsandothercontractualrightssuchasaircraftlandingrights.

Animportantaspectofcontrolofassetsisthatitallowstheentitytorestricttheaccessofothers

Thereferencetopasteventspreventsassetsthatmayariseinfuturefrombeingrecognisedearly.

国际会计准则委员会的框架文件将资产定义为：由过去事项而由企业控制的、预期会导致未来经济利益流入企业的旅

义的前半局部强调的是对控制而不是所有权。之所以这样是因为资产负债表反映的是交易的实质而不是交易的法律形式。

即使在法律上所有权不归企业,但企业享有与拥有该所有权同样的权利，此时也应在资产负债表上将其确认为资产。通常仃

资租饯资产和其他类似航空着陆权的其他和约义务C资产的控制权另一重要表达是限制他人对该资产的染指C对过夫事小

阻止对未来可能拥有的资产过早得在资产负债表予以确认。

—liabilities：

TheIASB,sFrameworkdefinesliabilitiesas'apresentobligationoftheentityarisingfrompastcv

settlementofwhichisexpectedtoresultinanoutflowfromtheentityofresourcesembodyingeconomicbe

Manyaspectsofthisdefinitionarecomplementary(asamirrorimage)tothedefinitionofassets,ho

IASBstressesthattheessentialcharacteristicofa1iabi1ityisthattheentityhasapresentobiigatioi

Suchobligationsareusuallylegallyenforceable(byabindingcontractorbystatute),butobligationsE

wherethereisanexpectation(byathirdparty)ofanentityassumingresponsibi1ityforcostswhereth

legalrequirementtodoso.

Suchobligationsarereferredtoasconstructive(byIAS37Provisions,contingentliabilitiesandc

assets).Anexampleofthiswouldberepairingorreplacingfaultygoods(beyondanywarrantyperiod)or

environmentalcosts(c.g.landscapingthesiteofapreviousquarry)wherethereisnolegalobligation

Whereentitiesdoincurconstructiveobiigationsitisusuallytomaintainthegoodwillandreputationofth

Oneareaofdifficultyiswhereentitiescannotbesurewhetheranobligationexistsornot,itmaydependupor

uncertainevent.Thesearemoregenerallyknownascontingentliabilities.

—负债

国际会计准则委员会编报财务报表的框架将负债定义为:企业由于过去事项而承当的现时义务，该义务的履行预期会专

济利益的资源流出企业。该定义许多方面与资产定义遥相照应。但国际会计准则强调负债的本质特征是指企业要有现时白

样的义务通常在法律上是强制执行的(具有约束力的合同或法定要求)义务。有时该项义务来来自第三方的期望，即企业4

非法定要求的本钱。这样的义务称之为推定义务。例如企业在产品保证期期满后才显现缺陷也要予以修理或承当环保本专

不是法定要求去做的。如果企业产生了推定义务，则是为了保持商誉或信誉而做。但比较困难的一点是企业有时很难确品

一项义务，它将取决于某件将来要发生的不确定事件。这些通常称为或有负债。

Importanceofthedefinitionsofassetsandliabilities：

ThedefinitionsofassetsandliabilitiesarefundamentaltotheFramework.Apartfromformingtheobvi

forthepreparationofabalancesheet,theyarealsothetwoelementsoffinancialstatementsthatarcused

theequityinterest(ownership)whichistheresidueofassetslessliabilities.

资产和负债的定义是框架文件的根本概念。除了形成编制资产负债表的基础外，他们也是财务报表中用来计算所有彳

个因素，所有者权益是资产和负债的差额。

Assetsandliabilitiesalsohaveaparttoplayindeterminingwhenincome(whichincludesgains)and

(whichincludelosses)shouldberecognised.Incomeisrecognised(intheincomestatement)whenthereisar

infutureeconomicbenefitsrelatingtoincreasesinassetsordecreasesinliabilities,providedtheycanbe

reliably.Expensesaretheoppositeofthis.Changesinassetsandliabilitiesarisingfromcontributions

distributionsto,theownersareexcludedfromthedefinitionsofincomeandexpenses.

资产和负债在确认收入(包括资本利得)和费用(包括损失)。当资产增加或负债减少引发的未来经济利益增加且能准可

在损益表中确认收入。费用确认与此相反.但所有者出资或向所有者分配不在收入和费用的定义涉及范围内。

Currentlythereisagreatdealofconcernover'offbalancesheetfinance'.Thisisanaspectofwhatis

referredtoascreativeaccounting.

Keyratio

Manyrecentcompanyfailurescandalshavebeeninpartduetocompanieshavingoftenmassiveliabilities

notbeenincludedonthebalancesheet.Robustdefinitions,oasedonsubstance,ofassetsandliabilitiesinp

shouldensurethatonlyrealassetsareincludedonthebalancesheetandallliabilitiesarealsoinclude

Incontradictiontotheabovepoint,therehavealsobeenoccasionswherecompanieshaveincludedliabi

theirbalancesheetswheretheydonotmeetthedefinitionofliabilitiesintheFranework.Commonexample

aregeneralprovisionsandaccountingforfuturecostsandlosses(usuallyaspartoftheacquisitionofasubs

Companieshaveusedthesegeneralpi'ovisinnstnsmonthpi'ofit.si.e.creatingaprovisionwhenthecompanyh

year(intermsofprofit)andreleasingthemtoboostprof'itsinabadyear.Providingforfuturecostsa

duringanacquisitionmayeffectivelyallowthemtobypasstheincomestatementastheywouldbecomepartofthe

figure.

目前比较关注的是表外融资。这是通常所说的创造性会计的一局部。最近出现的许多公司破产倒闭丑闻，局部原因者

些公司大最的负债未在资产负债中予以表达。特别是应从资产和负债的实质含义入手，将真实的资产和全部的债务包含存

表中。还有与上述相反的情况，也即公司将不符合负债定义的债务包括在资产负债表中。通常的例子是总体准备和计提米

本钱，即以丰补歉的做法。在并购时计提将来本钱和损失实际上使之绕过损益表而成为商誉的一局部。

三、翻译(英汉互译)

A.英译汉

DefinitionsofFourCategoriesofFinancialAssets

Afinancialassetorliabilityheldfortradingisonethatwasacquiredorincurredprincipallyforth

ofgeneratingaprofitfromshort-termfluctuationsinpriceordealer5smargin.Afinancialassetshouldbec

asheldfortradingif,regardlessofwhyitwasacquired,itispartofaportfolioforwhichthereisev

arecentactualpatternofshort-termprof'it-taking.Derivativefinancialassetsandderivativefinancial1i

arealwaysdeemedheldfortradingunlesstheyaredesignatedandeffectivehedginginstruments.

Held-to-maturityinvestmentsarefinancialassetswithfixedordeterminablepaymentsandfixedmaturit

enterprisehasthepositiveintentandabilitytoholdtomaturityotherthanloansandreceivablesoriginal

enterprise.

Besides：除了…,包括所“除’事物在内；

Except：除了…，不包括所“除”事物在内。

Loansandreceivablesoriginatedbytheenterprisearefinancialassetsthatarecreatedbytheente

providingmoney,goods,orservicesdirectlytoadebtor,otherthanthosethatareoriginatedwiththeint

soldimmediatelyorintheshortterm,whichshouldbeclassifiedasheldfortrading.Loansandreceivableso

bytheenterprisearenotincludedinheld-to-maturityinvestmentsbut,rather,areclassifiedseparatelyu

Standai'd.

Avaikible-for-salefinancialassetsarethosefinancialassetsthatarenot(a)loansandreceivablesorig

theenterprise,(b)held-to-maturityinvestments,or(c)financialassetsheldfortrading.

［答疑编号31010202：针对该题提问］

参考译文

四类金融资产的定义

为交易而持有的金融资产或金融负债,指主要为了从价格或交易商保证金的短期波动中获利而购置的金融资产或承W

债。一项金融资产不管因何种原因购置，如果它属于投资组合的组成局部，且有证据说明最近该组合可实际获得短期收金

融资产应归类为为交易而持有的金融资产。对于衍生金融资产和花生金融负债，除非它们被指定且是有效的套期工具，？

是为交易而持有的金融资产和金融负债.

持有至到期口的投资指具有固定或可确定金额和固定期限，且企业明确打算并能够持有至到期口的金融资产。企业功

和应收款项不包括在内。

企业源生的贷款和应收款项,指企业直接向债务人提供资金、商品或劳务所形成的金融资产。但打算立即或在短期内京

款和应收款项不包括在内，而应归类为为交易而持有的金融资产。在本准则中，企业源生的贷款和应收款项不应包括在卡

日的投资内，而应另行归类。

可供出售的金融资产，指不属r•以下三类的金融资产：(1)企业源生的贷款和应收款项；(2)持有至到期日的投资；(

而持有的金融资产。

节选自：国际会计准则第39号一一金融工具：确认和计量

R汉译英

开发阶段

只有当企业可证明以下所有各项时，开发(或内部工程的开发阶段)产生的无形资产应予确认：

1.完成该无形资产,使其能使用或销售,在技术上可行；

2.有意完成该无形资产并使用或销售它；

3.有能力使用或销售该无形资产；

4.该无形资产如何产生很可能的未来经济利益.其中，企业应证明存在着无形资产的产出市场或无形资产本身的市场;

形资产将在内部使用，那么应证明该无形资产的有用性；

5.有足够的技术、财务资源和其他资源支持，以完成该无形资产的开发,并使用或销售该无形资产；

6.对归属于该无形资产开发阶段的支出，能够可靠地计量.

［答疑编号31010203：针对该题提问］

DevelopmentPhase

Anintangibleassetarisingfromdevelopment(orfromthedevelopmentphaseofaninternalproject)

recognisedif,andonlyif,anenterprisecandemonstrateal1ofthefollowing：

(a)thetechnicalfeasibilityofcompletingtheintangibleassetsothatitwillbeavailableforuse

(b)itsintentiontocompletetheintangibleassetanduseorsei1it；

(c)itsabilitytouseorselltheintangibleasset；

(d)howtheintangibleassetwillgenerateprobablefutureeconomicbenefits.Amongotherthings,thee

shoulddemonstratetheexistenceofamarketfortheoutputoftheintangibleassetortheintangibleasseti

ifitistobeusedinternally,theusefulnessoftheintangibleasset；

(e)the<ivailabilityofadequatetechnical,financialandotherresourcestocompletethedevelopmente

orselltheintangibleasset；

(f)itsabi1itytomeasuretheexpenditureattributabletotheintangibleassetduringitsdevelopment

三、案例分析

EXAMPLE2

Ambush,apubliclimitedcompany,isassessingtheimpactofimplementingtherevisedIAS39'FinancialIns

RecognitionandMeasurementr.Thedirectorsrealisethatsignificantchangesmayoccurintheiraccounting

offinancialinstrumentsandtheyunderstandthatoninitialrecognitionanyfinancialassetorliabili'

designatedasonetobemeasuredatfairvaluethroughprofitorloss(thefairvalueoption).However,

certainissuesthattheywishtohaveexplainedandthesearesetoutbelow.

Required:

(a)OutlineinareporttothedirectorsofAmbushthefollowinginformation:

(i)howfinancialassetsardliabilitiesaremeasuredandclassified,brieflysettingouttheaccounti

usedforeachcategory.(Hedgingrelationshipcanbeignored.)(10marks)

［答疑编号31010301：针对该题提问］

ThefollowingreportsetsouttheprincipalaspectsofIAS39inthedesignatedareas.

(i)Classificationoffinancialinstrumentsandtheirmeasurement

Financialassetsandliabilitiesareinitiallymeasuredatfairvaluewhichwillnorma］lybethefairval

considerationgivenorreceived.Transactioncostsareincludedintheinitialcarryingvalueoftheinstrume

itiscarriedat'fairvaluethroughprofitorloss*Whenthesecostsarerecognizedintheincomestate

Financialassetsshouldbeclassifiedintofourcategories:

(i)financialassetsatfairvaluethroughprofitorloss

(ii)loansandreceivables

(iii)held-to-maturityinvestments(HTM)

(iv)available-foLsalefinancialassets(AFS)

ThefirstcategcryahnvehastwosubcatpgoriPSwhichare'heldfcrtrading,andthosedesignatedtnthis

atinception/initialrecognition.Thislatterdesignationisirrevocable.

Financialliabilitieshavetwocategories:thoseatfairvaluethroughprofitofloss,and'other'lia

Aswithfinancialassetsthoseliabilitiesdesignatedasatfairvaluethroughprofitorlosshavetwosubc

whicharethesameasthoseforfinancicilassets.

ReclassificationsbetweencategoriesareuncommonandrestrictedunderIAS39andareprohibitedintoa

thefairvaluethroughprofitorlosscategory.ReclassificationsbetweenAFSandHTMarepossiblebutitisnot

fromloansandreceivablestoAFS.Theheldtomaturitycategoryislimitedinitsapplicationasifthecomp

orreclassifiesmorethananimmaterialamountoftheportfolio,itisbarredfromusingthecategoryforat

years.

Alsoal1remainingHTMinvestmentswou1dbereclassifiedtoAFS.

Subsequentmeasurementoffinancialassetsandliabilitiesdependsontheclassification.Thefollow

summarizestheposition:

FinancialAssetsMeasuremen:

Financialassetsatfairvaluethroughprofitorlossfairvalue

Loansandreceivablesamortisedcost

Heldtomaturityinvestmentsamortisedcost

Available-for-salefinancialassetsfairvalue

Financialliabilitiesatfairvaluethroughprofitorlossfairvalue

Otherfinancialliabilitiesamortisedcost

Amortisedcostisthecostofanassetorliabilityadjustedtoachieveaconstanteffectiveinterest

thelifeoftheassetofliability.

Itisnotpossibletocomputeamortisedcostforinstrunentsthatdonothavefixedordeterminablepayme

asforequityinstruments,andsuchinstrumentsthereforecannotbeclassifiedintothesecategories.

Acompanymustapplytheeffectiveinterestratemethodinthemeasurementofamortisedcost.Theeffective

ratemethoddetermineshowmuchinterestincomeorinterestexpenseshouldbereportedinprofitandloss.

Forfinancialassetsatfairvaluethroughprofitorlossandfinancialliabilitiesatfairvaluethi'ou

orloss,allchangesinfairvaluearerecognizedinprofitorlosswhentheyoccur.Thisincludesunrealize

gainsandlosses.

Foravailable-for-salefinancialassets,unrealizedholdinggainsandlossesaredeferredinreservesu

arerealizedandlossesarerecognizedinprofitorloss.

Investmentsinunquotedequityinstrumentsthatcannotbereliablymeasuredatfairvaluearesubsequently

atcost.Unrealizedholdinggains/lossesarenotnormallyrecognizedinprofit/loss.

答题思路：

1.其实是考查名词解释、简答题、翻译

2.根本准则：在案例给定的框架和范围内

3.问什么答什么

EXAMPLE1

Trident,apubliclimitedcompany,operatesinthefinancialservicessectorandisplanningtoprepare

financialstatementsunderinternationalFinancialReportingStandards(IFRSs)asat31December2005.The

AcceptedAccountingPractices(GAAP)usedbyTridentareverysimilartoIFRSbuttherearesomedifferen

aresetoutbelow.TheGroupiscurrentlypreparingitslocalGAAPfinancialstatementsfortheyearending31

2004.

Thecompanyhastwoforeignsubsidiaries,SparandMask,bothpubliclimitedcompanies.Sparis80%ownedt

andprepareditsfirstIFRSfinancialstatementat31December2003inordertocomplywithlocallegislation

acquireda70%holdinginMaskin1999.Maskwasconsolidatedfromthatdateusingpurchaseaccountingpract

aresimilarhut.not.thestampasthoseusedhyTFRS.Howeverthelocalrulesrelatingtnthefinancialstat

Maskasregards,forexample,theconceptofsubstanceoverformaretotal1ydifferenttoIFRS.Maskhasad

internationalaccountingstandardsrelatingtofinancialinstrumentsinitsownfinancialstatementsforthey

31December2003becausethesestandardshadbeenincorporatedintothelocallegislation.

Grouppolicyistoamortisegoodwillbutsomegoodwillhadbeentotcillywrittenoffagainstretainedea

theacquisitionofcertainsubsidiaries.Onthedisposalorclosureofthebusinesstowhichthegoodwillrelated,

previouslyeliminatedagainstretainedearningsischargedtotheincomestatement.Thegainsandlosse

translationofthefinancialstatementofoverseassubsidiarieshavebeenchargedtoretainedearningsform

andnotrecycledtotheincomestatementonthedisposalofsubsidiaries.

On30October2004,theGrouprevalueditstangiblenon-currcntassetsandincorporatedthesevalues

financialstatement.Thecompanyusesastraightlinemethodtodepreciateitstangiblenon-currentassets

Tridenthadbeendevelopingcomputersoftwarewhichwastobeusedasafinancialmodelingtool.Thesoftware

notbeencapitalisedbutchargedtotheincomestatement.

TheGrouphasaseparatelyadministereddefinedbenefitpensionscheme.Contributionsarechargedtot

statementandtheregularpensioncostsareattributedusingtheprojectedunitmethod.Variationsinpens

asaresultofactuarialvaluationsareamortisedovertheaverageremainingservice1ivesofemployees.No

gainsandlosseshadbeenrecognisedinthefinancialstatements.

Tridenthasseveralfinancialinstrumentsinissue.Ithaspreferencesharecapitalwhichwasoriginallyr

on1January2001.Howeverifthepreferenceshareholderssowishthecapitalcanbeconvertedintoordina

ofTridentatanytimeupto31December2007atwhichtimethepreferenceshareswillbeconvertedcomp

AdditionallyTridententersintoforeignexchangecontreictstohedgeexistingmonetaryassetsandliabilities,c

againsttheeffectsofchangesinexchangeratesinthenetinvestmentinoverseassubsidiaries.Hedgeacco

currentlynotusedbyTrident.

Required:

Basedontheinformationabove,draftamemorandumtotheDirectorsofTridentsettingout:

(a)thegeneralprinciplesbehindIFES1'First-timeAdoptionofinternationalFinancialReportingSta

(5mai'ks)

［答疑编号31010302：针对该题提问］

(b)whetherthemeasurementcriteriainIFRS1wouldbeappliedtotheopeningbalancesofMaskandSp

firstIFRSgroupfinancialstatements.(5marks)

［答疑编号31010303：针对该题提问］

Solution

MemorandumtotheDirectorsofTrident,apubliclimitedcompany

ImplicationsofIFRS1'FirsttimeAdoptionofInternationalFinancialReportingStandardsJ

(a)TheintroductionofIFRS1willhavewideimplicationsforanycompanywhichadoptsIFRSsforthefi

TheI?RSapplieswhenacompanyadoptsIFRSsforthefirsttimebyanexplicitandunreservedstatementofc

withIFRSs.

TheopeningbalancesheetforthepurposeofIFRS1andthedateoftransitionwillbeasat1January20C

isthebeginningofthecomparativeperiod.Asofthatdatethecompanywi11haveto:

(i)RecogniseandderecogniseassetsandliabilitiesasrequiredbyIFRSs

(ii)ReclassifyitemsrecognisedunderlocalGAAPasanasset,1iabi1ityorequitythataretreateddi

underIFRSs

(iii)ApplyIFRSsinmeasuringallrecognisedassetsandliabilities

(iv)RecogniseanyadjustmentsrequiredtomovefrompreviousGAAPtoIFRSdirectlyinretainedearni

appropriatecategoryofequity.

IFRS1grantslimitedexemptionsfromtheserequirements.TheIFRSrequiresretrospectiveactioninsome

alsnprohibitsthiswherejudgment,wouldherequiredbymanagpmentaboutpastconditionsaftertheouteni

transactionisalreadyknown.ThstransitionalprovisionsinIFRSgeneral1ydonotapplyandthelatestversi

IFRSatthedateofthefirstfinancialstatements(31December2005)shallapplytoitsopeningbalance

January2004)andthroughoutallperiodspresentedinitsfirstfinancialstatements.ThusTridentwillhavet

itsopeningbalancesheetretrospectively,whichmaycauseproblemsintermsofthecollectionoftheinformatior

asat1January2004.

(b)AnimmediatequestionarisesastowhetherpartialadoptionofIFRS,asintiecaseofthesubsidi

wouldconstituteprioradoptionofIFRSand,therefore,wouldnotrequiretheuseofIFRS1.(IFRS1appliesto

IFRSfinancialstatementsbeginningafter1January2004.)However,becauseMaskonlyuti1isedIAS32andlAf

financialstatementstherewouldnothavebeenanexplicitandunreservedstatementofcomplianccwith

therefore,Maskwillbetreatedasa"first-timeadopter*:FTA)andtheassetsandliabilitiesmeasuredusi

TridenthasbecomeafirsttimeadopterlaterthanitssubsidiarySpar.SparhasalreadyappliedtheIFRSir

31December2003,andthosebalanceswillboincludedintheopeningbalancesheetofTridentat1January200

thenormalconsolidatedadjustments).Thustherewillbenoneedtoadjustretrospectivelythefinancials

ofSparfortheIFRSeffectiveat31December2005,andnoneedtoapplyIFRS1totheopeningbalancesof

January2004.

考点预测

重要的会计概念、理论

财务报表的简单分析

用英语表达的简单的会计分录

某些重要会计准则(IAS/IFRS/CAS)的研读理解

对中国会计准则趋同的宏观分析

GOODWILL

［答疑编号31010304：针对该题提问］

Anyexcessofthecostoftheacquisitionovertheacquirer,sinterestinthefairvalueoftheidentifiat

andliabilitiesacquiredasatthedateoftheexchangetransactionshouldbedescribedasgoodwillandrcco

anasset.

交易发生时，购置本钱超过购置企业在所取得的可识别资产和负债的公允价值中的股权份额的局部,应作为商誉并确1

产。

SUBSTANCEOVERFORM

Theprincipleofrecordingthesubstanceoreconomicrealityoftransactionsratherthantheirlegalfor

theheartoftheFrameworkforPreparationandPressentationofFinancialStatements(Framework)an<

InternationalAccountingStandards.Thedevelopmentofthisprinciplewaspartlyinreactiontoaminority

interestcompaniesenteringintocertaincomplextransactions.Thesetransactionssometimesledtoaccusat

companydirectorswereinvolvedincreativeaccounting,.

Required:

(a)(i)explain,withrelevantexamples,whatisgenerallymeantbytheterm'creativeaccounting";

［答疑编号31010305：针对该题提问］

(ii)explainwhyitisimportanttorecordthesubstanceratherthanthelegalformoftransactionsand

thefeaturesthatmayindicate:hatthesubstanceofatransactionisdifferentfromitslegalform.(5r

［答疑编号31010306：针对该题提问］

Solution:

(a)(i)creativeaccountingisatermingeneralusedtodescribethepracticeofapplyinginappropriatea

policiesorenteringintocomplexor'specialpurpose,transactionswiththeobjectiveofmakingacompany,s

statementsappeartodiscloseanurefavourableposition,particularlyinrelationtothecalculationofcertai

ratios,thanwouldotherwisebethecase.Mostcommpntatnrsh=liPVPcreativeaccountingstopsshortofdelibera

butisnonethlessundesirableasitisintendedtomisleadusersoffinancialstatements.

Probablythemostcriticisedareaofcreativeaccountingrelatestooffbalancesheetfinancing.Thisocc

acompanyhasfinancialobligationsthatarenotrecordedonitsbalancesheet.Therehavebeenseveralex

thisinthepast:

-financeleasestreatedasoperatingleases

-borrowings(usuallyconvertibleloanstock)beingclassifiedasequity

-securedloansbeingtreatedas'sales'(saleandrepurchaseagreementes)

-thenon-conso1idationof'specialpurposevehicles'(quasisubsidiaries)thathavebeenusedtorais

-offsetting1iabi11iticsagainstassets(certaintypesofaccountsreceivablefactoring)

Theothermainareaofcreativeaccountingisthatofincreasingorsmoothingprofits,Examplesofth

-theuseofinappropriateprovisions(thisreducesprofitingoodyearsandincreasestheminpoory(

-notprovidingforliabilities,eitheratallornotinfull,astheyarise.Thisoftenrelatedtoenvi

provisions,decommissioningcos:sandconstructiveobligations.

-restructuringcostsnotbeingchargedtoincome(oftenrelatedtoanewlyaccuiredsubsidiary-the

effectivelyaddedtogoodwi11)

ItshouldbenotedthatrecertinternationalAccountingStandardshavenowpreventedmanyoftheabovepas

howevermorerecentexamplesofcreativeaccountingareinusebysomeofthenewIntermetDo1comcompanies

thesecompaniesdonot(yet)makeanyprofitsootherperformancecriteriasuchassite'hits',convers

(browsersturningintobuyers),bumperiods(thelengthoftimecashresourcesarcexpectedtolast)andc

revenusearemassagedtogiveamordfavourableimpression.

(ii)Oneoftheprimarycharacteristicsoffinancialstatementsisreliabilityi.e.theymustfaithfully

t