2026届高考英语阅读理解之说明文解题策略+课件

阅读理解之

说明文01020304说明文特征解题方略题型突破实战演练说明文特征01说明文是一种以解释、描述、介绍事实、现象、事物或概念为主要目的的文体。说明文的生词量大，长难句多。其语篇结构一般为：1引言给出背景信息或提出需要说明的问题，从而引出主题（研究发现、结果）。2主体包括多个段落，围绕主题展开详细阐述，每段讨论一个具体的方面，可能包含定义、原因、过程、影响、对策等（研究过程、方法、应用）。3结尾用来概括全文的主要观点，或对某一问题进行总结和展望，有时也提出建议或呼吁（评价/局限/展望/启示）。解题方略02夯实三个语言基础掌握三种阅读方法运用三个核心步骤夯实三个语言基础1词汇基础想方设法，千方百计，过关好课标3500词，以及常见的构词法知识2语篇知识(1)语篇结构：理解语篇是如何通过段落之间的组织来呈现主题的。在一篇说明文中，开头部分可能是提出研究结果，中间部分是研究过程，结尾部分是研究应用或评价。(2)语篇衔接：包括词汇衔接和语法衔接两大手段，词汇衔接包括复现(如原词复现、同根词复现、近义词复现、上下义复现、反义词复现等)、同现和搭配；语法衔接手段有照应(如人称代词照应)、省略、替代(do,so,not)等。2语篇知识(3)语篇连贯：连贯是指语篇中语义的流畅性，它通过逻辑关系来实现。如因果关系(because,therefore,so,asaresult等)、转折关系(but,however,yet等)、对比关系(while、whereas等)、递进关系(even,what’smore,moreover,furthermore等)等。3分析长难句造成长难句的原因是：“三长两短”一并列，句子变长难理解。(“三长”是指介词短语、非谓语动词短语、从句；“两短”是指形容词和副词)破解长难句的妙法是：“三长两短”括起来，并列连词标出来。3分析长难句(2024年新课Ⅰ标卷C篇)Thebenefitsofprintreadingparticularlyshinethroughwhenexperimentersmovefromposingsimpletasks—likeidentifyingthemainideainareadingpassage—toonesthatrequirementalabstraction—suchasdrawinginferencesfromatext.

例如：3分析长难句(2024年新课Ⅰ标卷C篇)Thebenefits(ofprintreading)(particularly)shinethrough[whenexperimentersmove(fromposingsimpletasks—likeidentifyingthemainideainareadingpassage—toonesthatrequirementalabstraction—suchasdrawinginferencesfromatext)].当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转向需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时，印刷品阅读的好处尤其明显。掌握三种阅读方法方法用途阅读方法的具体说明1略读(skimming)了解文章大意(使用场合：阅读、解主旨要义题)跳跃式地浏览文章的标题、首尾段、每段的首尾句，以及表示句、段关系的连接性词语(特别是however,but,therefore等)后的内容等，以了解文章的主旨大意、段落大意，以及文章的基本结构。2查读(scanning)寻找所需信息(使用场合：解阅读题时定位信息)也叫寻读，就是带着问题，或一两个具有排他性的特征词(如专有名词、缩略词、数词等)，

在文中寻找到我们所需要的信息所在的位置，进行信息定位。方法用途阅读方法的具体说明3研读(studyreading)理解深层含义(使用场合：解答阅读题中的深层理解题或推理判断题) 通过略读了解文章主旨和通过查读找到所需信息后，在相关信息范围内(定位词所在句及上下文)逐词、逐句地阅读，不仅要理解其字面意思，还要结合语境和常识进行推理、

判断，来理解文章的深层含义，以及作者的立场、观点、态度和意图等。运用三个核心步骤第一步确定定位词在题干中确定一两个定位词(专有名词、日期和数字、缩略词、符号，以及表明问题及对象的名词)。第二步找到答题句带着问题和定位词在文中找到含定位词的句子，及上下文，尤其是上下句，并理解这些句子。第三步比较各选项将各个选项与答题句比较，哪项相符选哪项。注意：错误选项特征：无中生有；偷梁换柱；片面绝对；逻辑颠倒；答非所问；常识判断；扩大范围。正确选项特征：同义替换；正话反说；适度概括；有据可依；逻辑一致。题型突破03常考四类题型：细节理解题主旨大意题词义猜测题推理判断题第一步确定定位词在题干中确定一两个定位词第二步找到答题句用定位词到原文中去找到含有定位词或其同义词所在的句子。认真研读该句或前后句子。第三步比较各选项将四个选项与找到的答题句进行比较，选出与原文表述一致的正确选项。不论哪类细节题，我们在弄清题目所问之后，均可通过以下三步解题：细节理解题考查考生识别和理解具体信息的能力。（2025年全国1卷C篇）Whilesafetyimprovementsmighthavebeenmadetoourstreetsinrecentyears,transportstudiesalsoshowdeclinesinpedestrian

(行人)mobility,especiallyamongyoungchildren.Manyparentssaythere’stoomuchtrafficontheroadsfortheirchildrentowalksafelytoschool,sotheypackthemintothecarinstead.28.Whatphenomenondoestheauthorpointoutinparagraph1?A.Carsoftengetstuckontheroad.B.Trafficaccidentsoccurfrequently.C.Peoplewalklessanddrivemore.

D.Pedestriansfailtofollowtherules.第一步，确定定位词第二步，找到答题句第三步，比较各选项

主旨大意题包括段落大意题、文章大意题和文章标题题三种情况。解答主旨大意题，主要是寻找主题句，主题句一般在以下三个地方：1文章的首尾段每段的首尾句文章的主题句一般在文章的首段或尾段，尤其是首段。每段的主题句一般是每段的首句或尾句，尤其是首句。2转折处段中but,however,yet等转折词后的内容，往往是作者要表达的观点，也就是主题句。3首段开头问句的答语若首段出现疑问句，其回答往往就是文章的主旨。两个如果1如果有多次重复的词很可能就是体现文章或段落主旨的关键词。2如果没有主题句我们就根据文章或段落的字里行间进行归纳和概括。两个步骤第一步找准主题句在上述三处找到主题句；或找到文中反复出现的关键词。第二步比较各选项将各个选项与主题句或体现主旨的关键词进行比较，选出能概括主旨的选项。不论是段落大意题、文章大意题，还是文章标题题，都可按以下两个步骤解题：两点提示1重视词语复现原文和选项，有词重复重点看。2弄清段际逻辑遇到段落大意题时，不论该段是否有主题句，都有可能要求考生理解段与段之间的逻辑关系，因此，我们需要理解前段，尤其是前段的尾句，并由此推断本段的主旨或作者的意图。（2025年全国2卷D篇）ItshouldbenotedthatnoneoftheitemsonwastED’smenuwastechnicallymadefromgarbage.Instead,alltheingredients(配料)usedwereexamplesofmeatcutsandproducethatmostrestaurantswouldneverconsiderserving.Thingslikekaleribs,fishcollars,rejectedsweetpotatoes,andcucumberbuttswereallre-appropriatedand,withthehelpofanumberofgoodchefs,turnedintoexcellentcuisine.34.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A.Whytheingredientswereused.

B.Whichdisheswerebestliked.C.Whatthedishesweremadeof.

D.Wheretheingredientswerebought.同义复现词义猜测题考查根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义。1单词/短语第一步，理解上下文：快速找到文中生词所在的句子及其前后句，确保理解生词的语境。第二步，比较各选项：对比各选项含义，选择最贴合上下文的答案。注意：在猜测过程中要善于运用上下文的逻辑关系、同位语、定语从句、列举或举例、标点，以及构词法知识等。2代词/名词指代第一步，确定数和性：首先判断代词/名词的数(单数或复数)和性(人称、物体、抽象概念)，缩小指代范围。第二步，就近原则判指代：结合上下文，向上查找前面的句子，尤其是紧邻的内容，根据就近原则找到可能的指代对象。

（2024浙江1月）Iwasconductingauditions(试演)formyplayinmytinyoldsharedhouseinLondon.Hopingtoimpresssometalentedactorstocomeandworkformefornothing,Ispreadsomethrowsoverthesofasandlitcandlestomakeitseemabitmore“youngprofessional”.24.Whatdoestheword“it”underlinedinthefirstparagraphreferto?A.Theplay. B.Thesharedhouse.C.Thesofa. D.Thetelephonebox.第一步，确定数和性第二步，就近原则判指代单数，物推理判断题考查考生根据文章内容进行综合推断的能力，包括推断隐含信息、推断作者观点态度、判断写作意图和文章出处/语篇类型等。1隐含信息

观点态度第一步，确定定位词：在题干中确定一两个定位词，如专有名词、数字、缩略词，或about后的名词等。第二步，找到答题句：用定位词到原文中去找到含有定位词或其同义词所在的句子。最后，比较各选项：将四个选项与找到的答题句进行比较，从而选出正确选项。有些干扰项可能含“littletime/attention/…”“nospace/…”“rarely”等较强绝对性的词汇，很可能是错的；相应地，含“nottotally”“notall”等对绝对性的否定的选项较可能是正确的2写作意图判断主旨和语篇结构：判断线索所在文章/段落的主旨大意，开头、结尾和转折处通常能揭示主旨；理清句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。说服引导读者接受观点或行动，常用逻辑论证。告知提供信息或解释现象，常用事实描述、定义、数据支持。营销推销产品或观点，常用用户评价、成功案例、折扣信息。叙事通过故事或幽默吸引读者，常用个人经历、情感共鸣。建议提出可行性建议，常用问题分析、解决方案、效果预测。常见写作意图题：积极/赞成中立/客观反对/批评形容词favorable(支持的)optimistic(乐观的)approving(赞成的)enthusiastic(热情的)encouraging(鼓舞人心的)beneficial(有益的)promising(有前景的)sympathetic(同情的)neutral(中立的)objective(客观的)impartial(公正的)factual(基于事实的)balanced(平衡的)critical(批评的)skeptical(怀疑的)doubtful(怀疑的)negative(负面的)pessimistic(悲观的)disapproving(不赞成的)dismissive(轻视的)hostile(敌对的)观点态度词

（2025年全国1卷C篇）Lifeoncitystreetsstartedtochangedecadesago.

Wholeneighbourhoodsweredestroyedtomakewayfornewroadnetworksandkidshadtoplayelsewhere.Somecommunitiesfoughtback.Mostfamously,aCanadianjournalistwhohadmovedherfamilytoManhattanintheearly1950sledacampaigntostopthedestructionofherlocalpark.Describingheralarmatitsproposedreplacementwithanexpressway,JaneJacobscalledonhermayor

(市长)tochampion“NewYorkasadecentplacetolive,andnotjustrushthrough.”

Similar

campaignsoccurredinAustraliainthelate1960sand1970saswell.Althoughthesecampaignswerewidespread,therealityisthatthemajorityofthewesterncitieswerecompletelyredesignedaroundtheneedsofthemotorcar.Thenumberofcarsonroadshasbeenincreasingrapidly.InAustraliawenowhaveovertwentymillioncarsforjustovertwenty-sixmillionpeople,amongthehighestrateofcarownershipintheworld.30.WhatcanbeinferredaboutthecampaignsinAustraliainthelate1960sand1970s?A.Theyboostedthesalesofcars.B.Theyturnedoutlargelyineffective.C.Theywongovernmentsupport.D.Theyadvocatedbuildingnewparks.第一步，确定定位词第二步，找到答题句第三步，比较各选项故选B项实战演练04【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】IntheracetodocumentthespeciesonEarthbeforetheygoextinct,researchersandcitizenscientistshavecollectedbillionsofrecords.Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoftenintheformofphotos,videos,andotherdigitalrecords.Thoughtheyareusefulfordetectingshiftsinthenumberandvarietyofspeciesinanarea,anewStanfordstudyhasfoundthatthistypeofrecordisnotperfect.

“Withtheriseoftechnologyitiseasyforpeopletomakeobservationsofdifferentspecieswiththeaidofamobileapplication,”saidBarnabasDaru,whoisleadauthorofthestudyandassistantprofessorofbiologyintheStanfordSchoolofHumanitiesandSciences.“Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathatcomesfromphysicalspecimens(标本),andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspeciesarerespondingtoglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?”Usingaglobaldatasetof1.9billionrecordsofplants,insects,birds,andanimals,Daruandhisteamtestedhowwellthesedatarepresentactualglobalbiodiversitypatterns.“Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,”saidDaru.Theirstudyrevealedthatthelargenumberofobservation-onlyrecordsdidnotleadtobetterglobalcoverage.Moreover,thesedataarebiasedandfavorcertainregions,timeperiods,andspecies.Thismakessensebecausethepeoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheirencounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.Thesedataarealsobiasedtowardcertainspecieswithattractiveoreye-catchingfeatures.Whatcanwedowiththeimperfectdatasetsofbiodiversity?“Quitealot,”Daruexplained.“Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresultstoinformusersofoversampledareasandleadthemtoplaces—andevenspecies—thatarenotwell-sampled.Toimprovethequalityofobservationaldata,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheiruploadedimage.”研究背景研究原因研究方法与过程研究结果与解释研究前景Step1

读Step2

定Step3

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比较1.intheraceto—竞相去……；在争夺……的竞赛中2.goextinct—灭绝；绝种3.shiftv.（位置、方向）移动；转变；转移n.转换；轮班；偏移4.outnumber—v.数量上超过；比……多5.observational—adj.观察的；基于观察的6.likelihood—n.可能性；可能7.makesense—有意义；讲得通；合理8.encounterwith—与……的相遇；遭遇9.eye-catching—adj.引人注目的；显眼的10.identification—n.识别；确认；身份证明文中重点单词和短语：（25-26高三·山东德州·期中）Candlesonabirthdaycakemarkcalendarage,buttheymissthehiddenclockinsideourbodies.HarvardMedicalSchoolnowreportsthateachofusalsohasa“biologicalage”foreverymajororgan,andtheseagesvarysharplyevenamongpeopleborninthesameyear.Usingbloodsamplesfrom44,498UKBiobankvolunteersaged40-70,theteammeasurednearly3,000proteins.Aboutfifteenpercentofthoseproteinsoriginateinasingleorgan,allowinganalgorithm(算法)toassignan“organage”tothebrain,heart,kidneysandeightothersystems.Participantswerethenfollowedforuptoseventeenyears.Theresultstranslatenumbersintorisks.One-thirdofthevolunteershadatleastoneorganwhoseproteinsignaturelaymorethan1.5standarddeviations(标准差)fromtheage-adjustedaverage,agaplinkedtosharplyhigherdiseaserisks.Moststrikingwasthebrain.“Thebrainisthegatekeeperoflongevity,”saidseniorauthorTonyWyss-Coray,“Ifyou’vegotanoldbrain,youhaveanincreasedlikelihoodofdeath.”An“extremelyaged”brainraisedthefifteen-yearriskofdeathby182%andmultipliedthechanceofanAlzheimer’sdiagnosiscomparedwithan“extremelyyouthful”brain.Becauseorganageisreadableyearsbeforesymptomsappear,thesamebloodtestcouldguideprevention.Wyss-Corayenvisionspairingthetestwithdetailedlifestyleandmedicationrecordstoseewhetheralready-approveddrugscanrewindthebiologicalclockofahigh-riskorgan.“Todayyougotothedoctorbecausesomethingaches,”henoted,“We’retryingtoshiftfromsickcaretohealthcare.”Unfortunately,thetechnologyiscurrentlyavailableonlyforresearch,butWyss-Corayhasstartedtwocompanies,TealOmicsandVeroBioscience,approvedbyHarvardtoturnthefindingsintocommercialdrugsearchesandaconsumertest.“Astreamlinedpanelfocusingonthebrain,heartandimmunesystemcouldreachclinicswithintwotothreeyears,”hepredicts,“andthecostwillcomedownaswefocusonfewerkeyorgans.”1.Whyarebirthdaycakecandlesmentionedinparagraph1?A．Toissueawarning. B．Todrawacontrast.C．Tohighlightacustom. D．Tomakeaprediction.2.Whatcanwelearnfromtheresearch?A．Severebrainagingincreasesdeathrisk. B．Organsageatthesamerateindividually.C．Volunteers’dietsaffectproteinsignatures. D．YoungbrainsensureAlzheimer’sprevention.3.Whichpracticematchesthestudyinparagraph3?A．Treatingaheartattackwhenithappens. B．Repairingfunctionsoforgansathighrisk.C．Trackingdailyexercisebeforehealthchecks. D．Usin