阅读理解突破之主旨大意题

阅读理解之主旨大意题

高考命题取向

主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度以及在快速中准确把握主旨大意的

能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。这类题目考查的范围是基本论点、文章标题、

主题或段落大意等。要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法,

对文章进行高度概括或总结，语言一般简洁、凝练，其干扰项的设置往往比较有迷惑性，属F高层次的阅

读理解题。

近3年全国高考主旨大意题题量统计

202020212022

新高考I卷011

全国卷I（乙卷）221

全国卷n（甲卷）213

全国卷ni332

技巧点拨

I.标题是段落中心思想最精炼的表达形式。文查标题可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。

它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能涵盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，不

能太大，也不能太小；精神性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。

2.主旨大意题，要搞清楚是问某一段还是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息头把握文脉，

进行综合归纳。如有标题，标题中蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。另外，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个

主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫主

题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。

1.高考典题例析

段落大意

例1（2022•全国甲卷）

Sometimeintheearly1960s.asignificantthinghappenedinSydney,Australia.Thecitydiscoveredits

harbor.Then,oneafteranother,Sydneydiscoveredlotsofthingsthatwerejustsortofthere-broadparks,superb

beaches,andaculturallydiversepopulation.Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.

AndrewReynolds,acheerfulfollowinhisearly30s,pilotsSydneyferryboatsfbraliving.Ispentthewhole

morningshuttlingbackandforthacrosstheharbor.AftcrourthirdrunAndrewshutdowntheengine,andwewent

ourseparateways—hefbralunchbreak,Itoexplorethecity.

'THmisstheseoldboats,“hesaidasweparted.

“Howdoyoumean?,,Iasked.

“Oh,they'rereplacingthemwithcatamarans.Catamaransarcfaster,butthey'renotsoelegant,andthey'renot

funtopilot.Butthat'sprogress,!guess.**

EverywhereinSydneythesedays,changeandprogressarethewatchwords（口号），andtraditionsare

increasinglyrare.ShirleyFitzgerald,thecity'sofficialhistorian,toldmethatinitsrushtomodernityinthe1970s,

Sydneysweptasidemuchofitspast,includingmanyofitsfinestbuildings.<4Sydneyisconfusedaboutitself?'she

said."Wecan'tseemtomakeupourmindswhetherwewantamodemcityoratraditionalone.It'saconflictthatwe

aren'tgettinganybetteratresolving（解决）

Ontheotherhand,beingyoungandoldatthesametimehasitsattractions.!consideredthiswhenImeta

thoughtfulyoungbusinessmannamedAnthony?Manypeoplesaythatwclackcultureinthiscountry,“hetold

mc.44WhatpeoplefbrgetisthattheItalians,whentheycametoAustralia,brought2000yearsoftheirculture,the

Greekssome3000years,andtheChinesemorestill.We'vegotafoundationbuiltonancientculturesbutwitha

driveanddynamismofayoungcountry.It'saprettyhardcombinationtobeat.”

Heisright,butIcan'thelpwishingtheywouldkeepthoseoldferries.

32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Sydney'sstrikingarchitecture.

B.TheculturaldiversityofSydney.

C.ThekeytoSydney'sdevelopment.

□.Sydney'stouristattractionsinthe1960s.

32.【解析】选Co段落大意题。通读第一段可知,该段主题句是“Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.”据此可

知,该段主要陈述了悉尼发展的关键:港口。故C项正确。

例2(2022•新高考I卷)

Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon"m"and"a"totherareclicksof

somesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,

five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalf

theworld'slanguages.

Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas'f'

and"v"，weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.Nowateamofresearchersledby

DamianBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.

Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(对齐)，makingit

hardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjaws

changedtoanoverbitestructure(结构),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.

TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwithtiicdevelopmentofagricultureirtheNeolithic

period.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn'thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn'tgrow

tobesolarge.

Analysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworld

languagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof"F'and"v"increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousand

years.Thesesoundsarestillnot(bundinthelanguagesofmanyhuntsr-gathererpeopletoday.

Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeings

evolvedaround3()(),()()()yearsago.Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincethe

appearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofa

complexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,saidStevenMoran,amemberofthe

researchteam.

34.WhatisParagraph5mainlyabout?

A.Supportingevidencefbrtheresearchresults.

B.Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.

C.Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.

D.Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.

【解析】选A°段落大意题。第五段提到，一个语言数据库的分析也证实，新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发

生了全球性的变化，在过去的几千年里,“广和“v”的使用显著增加。这些音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍

然找不到。由此可知，第五段是为上文提到的研究发现进一步提供证据。故选A.

标题概括

例3(2022•全国甲卷)

AsGinniBazlintonreachedAntarctica,shefoundherselfgreetedbyagroupoflittleGcntoopcnguins(企

鹅)longingtosayhello.Thesegentle,lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripCiinni

wouldneverforget.

Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71,hashadadeeplov?fbrtravel.Throughouthercareer（职业）asa

professionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther.Whensheretiredfromdancingand

hersonseventuallyflewthenest,shedecideditwastimetotaketheplunge.

AftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotraveltheworld,eventually

gettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minute

cheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTierradelFuego,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouth

Americanmainland.44!justdecidedIwantedtogo,“shesays.441hadnoideaaboutwhatI'dfindthereandIwasn't

ncr/ous,1justwantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”

InMarch2008,Ginniboardedashipwith48passengersshe'dnevermetbefore,tobeginthejourneytowards

Antarctica.uFromseeingthewildlifstowitnessingsunrises,thewholeexperiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftan

impressiononmethatnootherplacehas,“Ginnisays."IrememberthefirsttimeIsawahumpbackwhale;itjust

roseoutofthewaterlikesomeprehistoriccreatureandIthoughtitwassmilingatus.Youcouldstillhearthe

operaticsoundsitwasmakingunderwater.”

Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathit

hometoGinni.

31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.Achildhooddream.

B.Anunforgettableexperience.

C.Sailingaroundtheworld.

0.MeetinganimalsinAntarctica.

【解析】选B。主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了GinniBazlinton去南极洲旅行的经历，再根据倒

数第二段中GinniBazlinton对南极洲之旅的评价:thewholeexperiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftan

impressiononmethatnootherplacehas可知,去南极洲旅行让她非常难忘，故B项最能概括文章主旨。

例4（2022•全国甲卷）

Goffin'scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilar

shape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshave

provedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwitha

nutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada“keyhole“inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfive

differentlyshaped“keys"tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect“key"wouldletoutthenut.

Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanother

yearbeforetheyarcabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical（对称的）shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethata

shapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledankValloccntricframeofrcfcrcncc'Mn

theexperiment,Goffin'scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognition

alone.Wheretrial-and-errorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.Thisindicatesthat

Goffin'scockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsinspace,similarto

two-year-oldbabies.

Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisual

clues（线索）,oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.

27.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckers

B.Cockatoos:IndependentLearners

C.Cockatoos:CleverSignal-Readers

□.Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters

A.Extrareasonsfbrbirdextinction.B.Possiblesolutionstohabitatloss.

C.Substantialchangesinhumanbehavior.D.Theprospectofbiodiversityloss.

【解析】B。主旨大意题。根据最后一段可知，研究的主要作者、科梅尔实验室的助理研究员亚历山大・李斯

指出：“栖息地的丧失和退化往往是由对资源的需求引起的。”“我们需要更好地考虑牛肉、石油和种子作物

等商品流动是如何导致生物多样性丧失的，并努力减少人类对自然界的足迹。”故最后一段主要讲的是栖息

地丧失的可能解决办法。

D

（江苏省镇江市2022-2023学年高三上学期期中调研考试）IstartedplayingthepianowhenIwasaround

fouryearsold-thatwas15yearsago!—andsincethen,thelongestIhaven'ttouchedpianokeyswasprobablytwo

months.Thiswasanenormousamountofdevotiontosomethingthat1wasn'tevenplanningtomakemoneyoffof

it—sotheremusthavebeensomethingworthholdingonto,right?

TheeasyguessisthatIwasalwayssopurelyinlovewithmusicandpianothatIcouldiftbearioletthemgo.

However,it'sabitmorecomplicatedthanthat.Istmgglcdalotwithpiano.Ifeltpressuretoimprove,innovate,and

bethebestinordertoprovesomethingtoothers.Theseedofmymusicalinterestwasgrownwithcompetitionand

doubt.

It'sdifficulttolearntolovesomethingthatyoudidn'tchooseinthefirstplace.Butsomehow,sometime,love

grew.Andbyhighschool,itwasstrongenoughthatIfoundthestrengthtoholdontighter,digfurther,andfind

somethingofmyowntogrow.Inaway,Ihadtostartover.

Andso,Itookapause.Iswitchedteachers,andgotincrediblyluckywithonewhoencouragedmeandhelped

metunnelintowhatIloved,notwhatIwastoldIshouldlearn.AnythingIhadwasgoodenoughtobeloved.

Thissummer,Istartedlearningtheguitar.Ideliberatelywantedtolearnonmyown-thiswasjustfbrme,to

formanewrelationshiptomusic.Eventhoughmyguitarskillsarcmileslowerthanmypianoskills,IfeelIcan

expressmyselfevenmorewhollythroughstringsthankeys.There'sjustsomethingaboutdoingitallfbrmyself

thathashelpedmehealthedamagestomyrelationshiptomusic.

TheloveandhateI'vehadfbrthepianowerebothplantedandgrown.Ifyoutoohavelearnedtohate

somethingyouonceloved—orsomethingyouneverchose—rememberthatwithdedication,itcanbeuprooted,and

lovecanmakeahomeinitsplace.Thereisalwaystime.Thereisalwaysroom.

4.Whatisthebesttitlefbrthetext?

A.PracticemakesperfectB.Lovecannotbeforced

C.LoveisathingthatgrowsD.Thereisnoendtolearning

【解析】C。主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“TheloveandhateI'vehadfbrthepianowerebothplantedandgrown.

Ifyoutoohavelearnedtohatesomethingyouonceloved-orsomethingyouneverchose—rememberthatwith

dedication,itcanbeuprooted,andlovecanmakeahomeinitsplace（我对钢琴的爱恨情仇既是种植下的也是逐

渐增长的。如果你也学会了恨你曾经爱过的东西一或者你从未选择过的东西一记住：只要付H努力，它可

以被连根拔起，而爱则可以在它的原地建立一个家。）”可知，本文中，作者通过自己学习乐器的经历说明爱

是能够种植培养的。

E

（湖北省2022-2023学年高三上学期期中试题）"Regrets,I'vehadafew.Butthenagain,toofewto

mention,MFrankSinatrachantedinhis1969hit“MyWay”.Thesong'sideaisattractive:thatanyonecanjust

declarewhat'sdoneisdoneandmoveon.Sometakethedeclarationastepfurtherandclaimtheyhavenoregretsat

all.Whetheraboastoranactualattitude,4tnoregrets^^suggeststhatlifecanandshouldbelivedwithoutlooking

throughtherear-viewmirror.

Easiersaidthandone,though.In2020,authorDanielH.PinklaunchedtheWorldRegretSurvey,thelargest

eversurveyonthetopic.Withhisresearchteam,Pinkaskedmorethan15,000peoplein105countries,4tHowoften

doyoulookbackonyourlifeandwishyouhaddonethingsdifferently?”82%saidregretisatleastanoccasional

panoftheirlife;roughly21%saidtheyfeelregret“allthetime."Only1%saidtheyneverfeelregret

Ifyouareofthe“noregrets"type,youmightthinkthatallthisregretisarecipeforunhappiness.Butthatisn't

thecase.True,beingovenvhelmedbyregretisindeedbadforyouButgoingtotheotherextrememaybeeven

worse.Toridyourselfofregretsdoesn'tfreeyoufromshameorsorrow;itleadsyoutomakethesamemistakes

againandagain.Totrulygetoverourguiltrequiresthatweputregretinitsproperplace.

Asuncomfortableasitis,regretisanamazingcognitive（认知）achievement.Iftodayyourrelationshipwith

yourpartnerhassoured,yourregretmightmentallytakeyoubacktolastyear.Youwouldrememberyourbeing

meanandsensitive,andthenimagineyourselfshowingmorepatience,beingkindinsteadofhurtfulatkey

moments.Thenyouwouldfast-fbnvardtotodayandseehowyourrelationshipcouldbeprogressinginsteadof

languishing.

Butregretdoesn'thavetobeleftunmanaged.Thetrickistoacknowledgeitanduseitfbrlearningand

improvement.Youcanbehonestwithyourselfaboutwhatwentwrongandusethatknowledgetoenjoybetter

relationshipsinthefuture.

5.Whatmightbeasuitabletitlefbrthetext?

1.Regrettobecomesmarter-ifyouletit.B.Longibradifterentpast?Regretit!

C.Regret?Notmyway!D.Stayaway!Regretwillhealitself.

【解析】A.主旨大意题。根据戢后一段一、regretdoesn'thavetobeleftunmanaged.Thetrickisto

acknowledgeitanduseitforlearningandimprovement.（但后悔不必被忽视。诀窍是承认它，然后将其用「学

习和改进中。）”可知，作者建议读者利用好“后悔”这一举动来促进自我的进步，故选项A“Regretiobecome

smarter—ifyouletit.（如果你愿意一后悔能让你变得更聪明）”符合文章主旨大意。

F

（山东省济南市2022-2023学年高中三年级摸底考试）EverysummerartistsperformatFringe（边缘）

Festivalsaroundtheworld.FringeFestivalsareacelebrationofstrangeart.Theyhaveallkindsof

performers—fromdancers,musiciansandactorstoeverythinginbetween.Theshowsgiveartistsachancetocreate

unusualart.Forfestivalgoers,eachshowisatimetoexperiencesomethingdifferent.

ThefirstFringeFestivalwasheldinEdinburgh,Scotlandin1947.Thatwasalsotheyearofthefirst

EdinburghInternationalFestival.ArtistsfromaroundtheworldtraveledtoScotlandfbrtheEdinburghInternational

Festival.Theyperfbnnedatartscentersthroughoutthecity.Eightlocaltheatercompaniesdidnotreceivean

invitation,however.Inresponse,theyperformedatsmallerspacesaroundEdinburgh.Theseartistsperformed

wherevertheycould,includingchurchesandevenonthestreet.Theystartedtheirownculturaleven:andnamedit

theEdinburghFestivalFringe.

6.WhatdocsParagraph2mainlytalkabout?

A.WhyEdinburghbecametheglobalartcenter.

B.HowthefirstFringeFestivalcameintobeing.

C.WhentheEdinburghInternationalFestivalwasheld.

D.WheretheEdinburghFestivalFringewascelebrated.

【解析】B。主旨大意题。根据第二段可知，八家当地剧院公司没有收到邀请参加爱丁堡国际艺术节，所以

这些艺术家们开始了自己的文化活动，并将其命名为边缘艺术节，所以第二段主要介绍了第一届边缘艺术

节是怎样产生的。

G

（河北省衡水中学2022-2033学年高三上学期评估试题）Theremaybeareasonwhyastronautsarccrazy

abouttheviewfromspacebutnevermentionthefood.AstronautsaboardtheInternationalSpaceStationmust

drinkmealsoutofaplasticsqueeze-hagbecauseofzerogravity.Foodinspacecanonlyhereheatedinsteadof

beingcookedfresh.Besides,mealsfbreachcrewmembermustbestoredinadvanceandeateninorder.Allofthis

maysoundalittledifficulttoaccept.

Therefore,itwasonesmallstepfbrinterstellar（星际的）cuisinewhenU.S.astronautMeganMcArthur

recentlypostedphotosofherselfholdingapancakesgorgedwithbeef,tomatoesandafreshhatchchilli（红番椒）

grownaboardtheinternationalSpaceStationitself.

“Beslspacepancakesyet,“shesharedonline.

Pesquet,aFrenchastronaut,postedonInstagram,“Itissuchajoytogrow（andeat）yourownfood,and

necessaryfbrfurtherexplorationofourSolarSystem."Itseemsthereisasuitcasc-sizcdspacegardenaboardthe

1SS（InternationalSpaceStation）thatholdsaboutsix“pillows“stuffedwithclayandfertilizer,andaLEDlight.

AstronautshavegrownseveralkindsofvegetablesincludingChinesecabbageandredRussiankale（羽衣甘蓝）in

thismicro-plot,totestwhichplantsmightgrowbestduringalongspacevoyage.

WecalledMelvaAguirre,whoownsthePepperPotinHatch,N.M.,homeofhatchchilli.Shesaystheharvest

oftheirfamouslocalcropinouterspaceisthetalkofthetown.uNowthewholeuniverseknowshowgreatour

chilliare,“shesaid.WhenIaskedifshecouldrecommendahatchchillirecipe,Aguirretoldme,“Juststuffit.”

“Stuffit?”Iasked,andshelaughedandsaid,“Imean,inyourmouth”ArecipeevenIcanfollow.

7.Whatisthebesttitlefbrthepassage?

A.ChallengesAstronautsFaceinSpace.

B.TheBestFoodEverfbrSpaceVoyages.

C.FineDiningontheInternationalSpaceStation.

D.TheConstantStepsofHuman'sSpaceExploration.

【解析】Co主旨大意题。根据文章大意结合三个宇航员描述空间站的饮食“"Bestspacepancakesyet,"she

sharedonline.。'最好吃的太空煎饼，”她在网上分享道），第四段的“Ilissuchajoytogrow（andeat）yourown

food,andnecessaryforfurtherexplorationofourSolarSystem.（自己种植（并食用）食物是一种乐趣，这对进一步

探索太阳系是必要的）“，以及最后一段的“Shesaystheharvestoftheirfamouslocalcropinouterspaceisthetalk

ofthetown.（她说，他们在外太空收获的当地著名作物是镇上的热门话题）”可知，文章介绍了宇航员在空间

站的饮食现状及研究新成果。C选项“国际空间站上的美食”符合文章大意，可以做标题。

H

（重庆南开中学2022-2023学年高三上学期质量检测）Withclimatechangeontracktodestroytheworld's

coralreefs,scientistsracetocreateanewsuper-coralthatcansurviveextremetemperatures.

AtypeofmicroscopicalgaecalledSymbiodiniaceaeliveswithinmostcoral'stissues.Thetwoorganismshave

beenlivingdependentlyfbrhundredsofmillionsofyearsinawaythatresemblestherelationshipbetweenhumans

andtrees.Thealgaeconsumecoral'swasteproducts,andcoralconsumesnutrientsthatthealgaephotosynthesize.

Coralalsoprovidesshelterfbralgae.Butwhenexposedtotoomuchheatorlight,thealgaereleaseharmful

chemicals,sothecoralcaststhemout.Leftwithouttheirmainenergysource,thecoralwillstarvetodeath.Thisis

alsobadnewsfbrthealgae.Butnaturalevolutionhasprovidedabiologicalfeedbackloopthatcanhelpthetwo

reunite.

Oneofthecompoundsthatalgaereleasewhenwaterbecomeshot,calledDMs,bubblesuptothesurfaceof

thewaterandformsathinlayer,whichshieldsthecorallikeanatural,on-demandlayerofsunscreen.Withthis

protection,thewatercoolsdownandalgaecanreturntothecoralandreestablishtheirpartnershipunlessthewater

istoohot,inwhichcasethecoralconsumesthecomponentsthatmakeupDMsbeforeitcanform.

Climatechangeisbecomingtoointensefbrcoralandalgaetonaturallyadaptfastenough.Therefore,scientists

aretestingoutdifferentwaystoacceleratethatadaptationthroughvariousmethodsofassistedevolution.Some

teamsarecurrentlyconductingsmallfieldtrialsofselectivebreeding,wheretheyidentifythemostheat-tolerant

membersofasampleofcorals.Thentheybreedthemtogethertocreateoffspringthatcanbeused:ohelprestore

coralreefs.Othersarefocusingtheireffortsonspeedingupthealgae'sadaptation,attemptingtoincreaseitsheat

toleranceinlabs.

Ultimately,scientistsmayimplementacocktailofsolutionstosavecoralreefs."Tocreateasuper-coral,we

could,forexample,selectivelybreedheat-tolerantcoralsandcombinethatwithenhancedalgae,“saysvanOppen.

1.8.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

A.Theroleplayedbythealgaewithinthecoral.

B.Thewaytocreateasuper-coraltosavereefs.

C.Selectivebreedingconductedamongcorals.

D.Scientists'effortstoincreasealgae'sheattolerance.

［解析】B。主旨大意题。根据第一段"Withclimatechangeontracktodestroytheworld'scoralreefs,scientists

racetocreateanewsuper-coralthatcansurviveextremetemperatures.（随着气候变化对,全球珊瑚礁的破坏，科

学家们竞相创造一种能够在极端温度下生存的新型超级珊瑚）”结合文章介绍了藻类和珊瑚的关系以及超级

珊瑚的培育过程。可知，这篇文章主:要讲的是创造超级珊瑚来拯救珊瑚礁的方法。

I

（福建省漳州市2023届高二毕业班第一次教学质量检测）Couldasuddensharpincreaseinthesizeand

varietyofancientlifehavebeenlinkedtodramaticchangesdeepinsidetheEarth?About550millionyearsago,in

theCambrian（寒武纪）periodofprehistorysomanynewanimalsappearedthattheeventisreferredtoasthe

“Cambrianexplosion'*.Scientistshavelongwonderedwhattriggeredthechange,afterbillionsofyearsinwhich

lifewasmostlyextremelysmall.NowitseemsthattheformationofEarth'sinnercore—asolidironballatthe

centreofEarth—wascrucial.

Theinnercoreliesabout3,000milesbelowEarth'ssurfaceandis1,500milesacross.Itissurroundedbya

liqvid-metaloutercoreandisslowlygrowingastheliquidmetalcools.Heatfromtheinnercorepowersswirling

（旋转）movementsintheliquidlayer,whichcreateastrongmagneticfield（磁场）aroundEarth—abarrierthat

protectsliftbyblockingharmfulparticlesfromouterspace.

Themagnetism-drivinginnercoreseemstobearecentarrival,however.In2019ateamledbyProfessorJohn

TardunoattheUniversityofRochester,NewYork,Us,analysedchemicalsinancientrocksfromQuebecCanada,

whichtraparecordofthemagneticfieldattheinoinenttheyformed.Theteamfoundthat565millionyearsago,

Earth'smagnetismhadlessthan10%ofitsstrengthtoday.Thissuggeststhattheswirlingofliquidmetal,which

hadalwaysproducedaprotectivemagneticforce,wasgrowingweak.

Now,fiirthcrworkhasshownthattheficlcfsstrengthstartedtorecoverjustbeforetheCambrian

explosion—almostcertainlydrivenbythenewlyformedinnercoreprovidingafreshpowersource.Itseemshighly

likelythatthetwoeventsaresomehowlinked.

UIdon'tthinkthatthereturnofEarth'smagneticfieldandthesubsequentexplosionoflifeonEarthcanbe

unconnected^^saysTarduno.Workingouttheexactnatureoftheconnection,however,willneedalotmore

scientificresearch.

9.WhatisParagraph2mainlyabout?

A.Theinnercore'sfeatures.B.Theinnercore'sstructure.

C.Theinnercore'smotion.D.Theinnercore'sdevelopment.

【解析】A。主旨大意题。根据第二段第一、二句话"Theinnercoreliesabout3,000milesbelowEarth'ssurface

andis1,500milesacross.Itissurroundedbyaliquid-metaloutercoreandisslowlygrowingastheliquidmetal

cools.Heatfromtheinnercorepowersswirling（旋转）movementsintheliquidlayer,whichcreateastrong

magneticfield（磁场）aroundEarth—abarrierthatprotectslifebyblockingharmfulparticlesfromouterspace.（|为

核位于地球表面以下约3000英里处，直径1500英里。它被液态金属外芯包围，并随着液态金属冷却而缓

慢生长。来自内核的热量推动了液态层的旋转运动，从而在地球周围形成了一个强大的磁场一一个通过阻止

来自外太空的有害粒子进入来保护生命的屏障。）"可知，第二段主要介绍了地球内核的特征。

J

（安徽省卜校联盟2023屈高三开学考试）Achangetoorganicdairyfanningaroundthenaturereservescould

significantlyreducedamagedonetctheareasbynitrogen（氮）producedbysolidwastefromcows,accordingtoa

research.

ConcentratedanimalfarmingnearNatura2000areaswasbannedin2002.However,800farmsstillremainin

theouteredgeoftheseprotectedareas,someofwhicharcparticularlydamagingtotheenvironment.

Researcherslookedat34organicfarmstoseehoworganicfanningpracticescomparedwiththoselarge-scale

factoryfarms.Theyfoundthatcowsatorganicfarmsproduced22%lessnitrogenintheirwaste,whiletheamount

ofemissionsperhectare（公顷）was53%lower.

“Thereasonwhyorganicfiirmingislesspollutingisthatfaimsgenerallyhavefewercowsanddon'tuse

fertilizer,''saidresearchers.Organiccowsarealsoputouttograsslandmoreoftenandaren'tgivenccncentrates（精

饲料）tothesamedegree,whichalsolimitsemissions.

Whileorganicdairyfarmswouldmakeagoodprotectivebarrieragainstnitrogenaroundthenaturereserves,

thisdoesn'tholdtruefbrorganicchickenandpigfarms,theresearchshowed.

“Despitethegooditwoulddo,notmanydairyfarmersarelikelytomakethechange,“researcherGerard

Migchelssaid."Theorganicsectoriscurrentlyrelativelysmall.Growthisonlypossibleifthereisenoughmarket

demand.Thatwouldmakeitpossibletocometoarealisticpricefbrorganicmilk,“hesaid.

In2019,some40,000cowsintheNetherlandswerefarmedorganically,accountingfbrjust1%oftheDutch

herdof3.8million.

Accordingtoagovernmentreport,46%ofnitrogencompound（复合物）pollutionaroundnatureresenesis

dov/ntoagriculture,towhichdairyfarmingcontributes60%.Thenewlawonnitrogenemissionsaimstoreduce

pollutionby40%by2025a