专阅读理解之推理判断题（原卷版）

1/19阅读理解之推理判断题题型归纳题型01细节推断题【题型诠释】要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判定。考生只有正确把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，才可能作出准确的推断。一般题干主要包括六个动词：infer(推断)，indicate(象征，暗示)，imply(暗示)，suggest(暗示)，conclude(作出结论)和assume(假定，设想)。命题形式：1.Itcanbeinferred/concludedfromthetextthat.2.Whatcanweinfer/learnfrom...?3.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat.4.Thepassage/story...indicates/suggests/impliesthat.关键词句细推敲关键词句细推敲:第一步：定位细节——根据题干提供的信息，抓住某一段话的关键信息(关键词语)。第二步：揣摩细节——对原文中的信息进行分析，推理判断，利用逆向思维和正向推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。注意：1.切勿拿文章中的某一个细节内容作为推理的结论。2.切勿脱离原文而凭个人看法主观臆断。【典例1】(2023上·湖北·高三华中师大一附中校考期中）Withtheavailabilityofeasy-to-useat-homekits,DNAtestingfordogshasbecomeincreasinglypopularamongdogownersinrecentyears.Itcanprovideinvaluableinsightsintoadog’sbreed,healthrisks,andevenbehaviors.DNAtestingtypicallyworksbyanalyzingthegeneticmaterialfoundinasampleofcellstakenfromtheinsideofyourdog’scheek.Thissampleisthencomparedtoadatabaseofknownbreedsandgeneticmarkersassociatedwithcertaintraitsorhealthconditions.ThefirststepinobtainingaDNAtestkitisselectingwhichtypeyouwant.Mostcompaniesofferseveraldifferenttypesofteststhatvaryincostandcomplexity.Forinstance,sometestsjustanalyzeyourdog’sbreedcomposition,whileotherscanassessadditionalgeneticmarkersassociatedwithcertaindiseasesorbehaviors.Thenit’stimetocollectyourdog’ssampleusingtheprovidedswab(拭子)kitorsaliva-collectiontubeincludedwithmostkits.Theswabshouldbegentlyrubbedinsideyourpet’scheekaccordingtothekit’sdirectionsbeforebeingplacedintothecollectioncontainerprovidedbythecompany.Aftercollectingthesample,itshouldbemailedbacktothelaboratoryforprocessingaccordingtoinstructionsgivenbythecompanyprovidingtheservice.Oncereceivedbythelab,ittypicallytakes1-2weeksforresultstobeprocessedandsentbackviaemailormail.Resultswillvarydependingonwhichtypeoftestwaspurchased,buttheygenerallyincludedetailedinformationaboutyourpet’sbreedcompositionaswellasanypotentialhealthrisksorbehavioraltraitsassociatedwiththeirgeneticsthatcouldaffecttheiroverallwell-beingandqualityoflife.Ifyou’relookingforaneasywaytolearnmoreaboutyourpup’sbackgroundwithoutspendingtoomuchmoney,thenDNAtestingmightjustberightupyouralley.8.WhatistheprimarypurposeofDNAtestingfordogs?A.Toidentifyadog’spersonalitytraits. B.Torevealadog’sfuturebehavioralchanges.C.Todetermineadog’ssocializationpreferences. D.Toobtainadog’sbreedandgeneticinformation.【答案】D【解析】细节推断题。根据第一段“Withtheavailabilityofeasy-to-useat-homekits,DNAtestingfordogshasbecomeincreasinglypopularamongdogownersinrecentyears.Itcanprovideinvaluableinsightsintoadog’sbreed,healthrisks,andevenbehaviors.(近年来，随着易于使用的家庭试剂盒的出现，狗的DNA检测在狗主人中越来越受欢迎。它可以为了解狗的品种、健康风险甚至行为提供宝贵的见解。)”可知，对狗进行DNA检测的主要目的是获取狗的品种和基因信息。故选D。题型02因果推断题【题型诠释】要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因。考生要正确把握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。它的首要呈现方法如下:1.阶段(含首段)榜首句假如表达一种因果联系，一般为考点。2.文章中细节性的因果联系一般由一些表明因果联系的词汇手法表达。(1)表明因果联系的名词：basis(依据),result,consequence,reason;(2)表明因果联系的动词：resultin(结果),resultfrom(因为，由……),followfrom(……结果),base…on…(以……为根底),bedueto(因为);(3)表明因果联系的连词或介词：because,since,for,as,therefore,so,thus,why,with;(4)表明因果联系的副词：asaresult,consequently等。为了考查考生的阅读能力和逻辑分析能力为了考查考生的阅读能力和逻辑分析能力，经常会把含有因果关系进行颠倒，将“因变成了果、果变成了因”，考生需要注意辨别实际的因果关系，防止混淆。【典例2】(2023上·福建厦门·高三厦门一中校考期中)Thecurbcut(路缘坡).It’saconveniencethatmostofusrarely,ifever,notice.Yet,withoutit,dailylifemightbealotharder—inmorewaysthanone.Pushingababystrollerontothecurb,skateboardingontoasidewalkortakingafullgrocerycartfromthesidewalktoyourcar—allthesetasksareeasierbecauseofthecurbcut.Butitwascreatedwithadifferentpurposeinmind.It’shardtoimaginetoday,butbackinthe1970s,mostsidewalksintheUnitedStatesendedwithasharpdrop-off.Thatwasabigdealforpeopleinwheelchairsbecausetherewerenorampstohelpthemmovealongcityblockswithoutassistance.Accordingtoonedisabilityrightsleader,asix-inchcurb“mightaswellhavebeenMountEverest”.So,activistsfromBerkeley,California,whoalsoneededwheelchairs,organizedacampaigntocreatetinyrampsatintersectionstohelppeopledependentonwheelsmoveupanddowncurbsindependently.Ithinkaboutthe“curbcuteffect”alotwhenworkingonissuesaroundhealthequity(公平).ThefirsttimeIevenheardaboutthecurbcutwasina2017StanfordSocialInnovationReviewpiecebyPolicyLinkCEOAngelaBlackwell.Blackwellrightlynotedthatmanypeopleseeequityas“azero-sumgame(零和游戏)”andthatitiscommonlybelievedthatthereisa“prejudicedsocietalsuspicionthatintentionallysupportingonegrouphurtsanother.”Whatthecurbcuteffectshowsthough,Blackwellsaid,isthat“whensocietycreatesthecircumstancesthatallowthosewhohavebeenleftbehindtoparticipateandcontributefully,everyonewins.”Therearemultipleexamplesofthisprincipleatwork.Forexample,investinginpoliciesthatcreatemoreliving-wagejobsorincreasetheavailabilityofaffordablehousingcertainlybenefitspeopleincommunitiesthathavelimitedoptions.But,theactionalsoempowersthosepeoplewithopportunitiesforbetterhealthandthemeanstobecomecontributingmembersofsociety—andthatbenefitseveryone.Eventhefootballhuddle(密商)wasinitiallycreatedtohelpdeaffootballplayersatGallaudetCollegekeeptheirgameplanssecretfromopponentswhocouldhavereadtheirsignlanguage.Today,it’susedbyeveryteamtopreventtheopponentfromlearningaboutgame-winningstrategies.So,nexttimeyoucrossthestreet,orrollyoursuitcasethroughacrosswalkorrideyourbikedirectlyontoasidewalk—thinkabouthowmuchthecurbcut,thatchangeindesignthatbrokedownwallsofexclusionforonegroupofpeopleatadisadvantage,hashelpednotjustthatgroup,butallofus.26.Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthepassage?A.Caringfordisadvantagedgroupsmayfinallybenefitall.B.Actionempowersthosewithopportunitiesforbettersolutions.C.Societyshouldcreatecircumstancesthatgeteveryoneinvolved.D.Everydayitemsareoriginallyinventedforpeopleinneedofhelp.【答案】A【解析】因果推断题。通读全文可知，最后一段“So,nexttimeyoucrossthestreet,orrollyoursuitcasethroughacrosswalkorrideyourbikedirectlyontoasidewalk—thinkabouthowmuchthecurbcut,thatchangeindesignthatbrokedownwallsofexclusionforonegroupofpeopleatadisadvantage,hashelpednotjustthatgroup,butallofus.(所以，下次你过马路，或者把行李箱推过人行横道，或者直接骑自行车上人行道时，想想路缘坡，这种设计上的改变打破了对弱势群体的排斥，不仅帮助了这一群体，也帮助了我们所有人。)”进行了总结，路缘坡这种设计不仅帮助了弱势群体，也帮助了所有人，这就是“路缘坡效应”，当我们关心弱势群体时，也可能最后让所有人受益。故选A。题型03人物性格，态度及观点判断题【题型诠释】高考阅读测试中有些是考查考生对作者的主导思想，被描写人物语气，言谈话语中流露的情绪，性格倾向和作者或文中人物态度，观点等方面的理解题。做这一类题时一定要留意：做这一类题时一定要留意：1)由表及里的正确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点。2)特殊留意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情、态度、观点的词语。要特殊留意作者在文章中的措词，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。3)能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。【典例3】(2023上·福建福州·高三福建师大附中校考期中)Goinggreenisgoodforbusiness.Consumersareoftenwillingtopaymoreforeco-friendlyproductsthanothercomparableproductsonthemarket,accordingtomarketresearch.Butnotallenvironmentalclaimsarecreatedequally.“Greenwashing”isaformofmisinformationoftenusedtofascinateanenthusiasticgreenconsumer.Companiespromisingtobesustainable,orbiodegradablesometimesfailtomeetthepromisestheymaketoconsumers.Greenwashingisparticularlycommoninthefashionindustry,saysMaxineBédat,directorofTheNewStandardInstitute,athinktank(智库)focusedonimprovingtheindustry’senvironmentalstandards.Beingsustainableisthelatesttrendandawayfortheindustrytoattractconsumers.“Ithinkwe’reatthetopofgreenwashingintheindustry,”shesays.”Retailers(零售商)willmisleadconsumersbydistractingthemfromacompany’slargerissues.Forexample,alargeretailermightrolloutanewlineofproducts,suchasjeans,thatuseslesswaterandthereforetheoreticallyhaslessofanenvironmentalimpactthantheotherclothesthecompanysells.“Youthink‘Ohthatsoundsgreat,’”Bédatsays.Butthatsamecompanymightignorewaterusageintherestoftheirproductslines,whiledoingnothingtoaddresstheotherwaysthattheirproductionmightbeharmingtheenvironment.Whenitcomestofashion,Bérdatsaystorethinkshoppinghabits.Afterall,buyinganewsweaterlabeled“carbonneutral(碳中和)”stillproducesmorecarbonthanwearingasweateralreadyinyourcloset.Shenotes,“Themostsustainablethingyoucandoasaconsumeriswearthethingsyouhavemore.”Asmorecompanieslooktocashinonsustainablemarketing,governmentsarebeginningtotakemoreactiontosafeguardconsumers.InNewYork,TheFashionActwouldrequirefashioncompaniesoperatinginthestatetoobeytheParisClimateAgreement.AnewlawbroughtforthbymembersoftheEuropeanUnionwouldmorestrictlyregulateenvironmentalclaimsandsustainabilitylabelsslappedonproductssoldinEurope.29.WhatisBérdat’sattitudetowardsgreenwashing?A.Doubtful. B.Indifferent. C.Disapproving. D.Tolerant.【答案】C【解析】观点态度判断题。根据第二段中的“Greenwashingisparticularlycommoninthefashionindustry,saysMaxineBédat,directorofTheNewStandardInstitute,athinktank(智库)focusedonimprovingtheindustry’senvironmentalstandards.(专注于提高时尚行业环境标准的智库——新标准研究所所长MaxineBédat表示，漂绿在时尚行业尤其常见。)”和倒数第二段中的“Whenitcomestofashion,Bérdatsaystorethinkshoppinghabits.(谈到时尚，Bérdat说要重新思考购物习惯。)”以及该段中她说的话“Themostsustainablethingyoucandoasaconsumeriswearthethingsyouhavemore.(作为消费者，你能做的最可持续的事情就是多穿你拥有的东西。)”可知，MaxineBédat在专注于提高时尚行业环境标准的智库工作，她认为漂绿在时尚行业很常见，并建议重新思考购物习惯，多穿已有的衣服，由此可推测出，她对漂绿这种现象不支持，故选C。题型04猜测想象推理题【题型诠释】有些内容文章中没有明确说明，要求考生根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行猜测推理和想象，一般难度较大。做这类题目应把握作者的写作思路和文章的篇章结构等，从而作出比较科学的预测。这类题目常见的设问形式有：What

do

you

think

will

happen

when/if________?At

the

end

of

this

passage,

the

writer

might

continue

to

write________.The

paragraph

following

the

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most

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about

________.Which

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most

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to

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talked

about

in

the

following

paragraph?做这类题时做这类题时，应把握作者的写作思路(如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系，对比关系来叙述)，从而作出比较科学的，合情合理的猜测。和原文中表达一致的答案，一定不能选。【典例4】(2023上·广东东莞·高三东莞市东莞中学校联考期中)Mia,12,isnowonayear-longtripwithherparentsandthreeyoungerbrothers.FarfromtheirhomeinQuebec,Canada,thefamilyrodehorsesinMongolia,kayakedinCambodia,campedinNamibiaandflewinahotairballooninTurkey,lookingtocollectasmanyonce-in-a-lifetimememoriesastheycould.Thememoriesreallymatterbecauseunlesssciencemakesabreakthroughsoon,threeofthechildrenwillbecomeblind,likelyinadulthood.Theyhavebeendiagnosedwithadiseasethathasnoeffectivetreatmentandnospecifictimelineasitgraduallyrobsthemoftheirsight.Thediagnosescamein2015.Despitethegrief,theparentsweresurprisedtofindMia,then7,wascalmaboutit.Sheannouncedthatshewouldneedtostartkeepingherbedroomespeciallyneat,witheverythinginitsplace.“Inthefuture,I’llneedtoknowwherethingsare,”Miasaid.“She’sfindingsolutionsonherown,”theparentstoldeachother.“Weneedtofollowherlead.”Andsotheideaofayearlongtripwasborn,onethatwouldshowthekidstheworld,inpersonandatcloserange–whilethekidscouldstillseeit.Forthenexttwoyears,theparentssavedmoneyandresearchedplacestovisit.“Howweadultsseetheworldandhowkidsseetheworldaresodifferent.”saysthemother,Edith.“Itwouldhavetobelessabouttemplesandmuseumsandmoreaboutwhatevercaughttheireyes.”Bythetimethetripbegantowinddowninearly2023,thefamilyhadtraveled52,000milesandvisited18countries.Miagrewtallerandwhenenteringadolescence,neededmoreindependence.Herbrothersbecamemoreconfidentandoutgoing.Thekidswereveryawarethattheyhadlearnedalot.“There’salotofsuffering,alotofpoverty,butlotsofgoodandinterestingthingstoo.Weshouldbepositive.”saidMia.25.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheparentsfromparagraph3and4?A.Theyareoptimisticaboutthechildren’sdisease.B.Theyaresurprisedattheirdaughter’screativeideas.C.Theyareproudoftheirdaughter’scouragetofacedifficulties.D.Theyareopen-mindedenoughtorespecttheirchildren’sdecision.【答案】D【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段““She’sfindingsolutionsonherown,”theparentstoldeachother.“Weneedtofollowherlead.”(“她在自己寻找解决办法，”父母互相告诉对方。“我们需要跟随她的脚步。”)”可知，这对父母很开明，尊重孩子的决定，故选D。题型05写作意图推测题【题型诠释】此题型要求考生根据文章的论述，在复杂的语境条件下把握作者的思路，推测作者隐藏的思想及真正的写作意图及运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实和形象，客观地使读者信服某种想法或意见。此类题属于得分率较低的高难度题。写作意图推测题的常见设问方式有：For

what

purpose

did

the

author

write

the

passage?The

writer

writes

this

passage

in

order

to_________.The

purpose

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is

the

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_________.此类题型要求考生根据文章的论述此类题型要求考生根据文章的论述，推测作者的写作意图及应用某种写作手法的目的。这类题型要求考生不仅能理解文章的内容，还要具备对作者所阐述的问题及使用的写作手法进行分析和归纳总结的能力。【典例5】(2023上·湖南长沙·高三雅礼中学校考期中)ThemostvaluablethingIeverlostwasapairofdiamondearringsIboughtmanyyearsagoatacharityauction(拍卖会).Thoughverybeautiful,theywereheavyandturnedouttobepainfultowear.Iwroteaboutthelostearringsinmynewchildren’sbook,TheChristmasPig.WhentheyreachtheLandoftheLost,wheretheheromustgotorescuehismostbelovedtoy,myearringsareangrythattheyaren’ttreatedwiththerespecttheythinktheydeserve.Theysoonfindoutthatbeingmadeofdiamondscountsforverylittleinthestrangeworldwherehuman-madeobjectsgowhenlost,becauseathing’simportancetheredependsonhowmuchit’strulyloved.TheChristmasPigexploresadeepattachmenttoanoldobject.It’saboutthejourneyofaboy,Jack,whoisalittlelosthimselfbutdiscovershisbraveryandabilitytoloveinastrangeworld.OfallthebooksI’vewritten,thisistheonethatmademecrythemost,becauseIwasdealingwithemotionsthatrundeepinallofus.Lossandchangearehardforchildren,andacceptanceoftheseunavoidablepartsoflifeisn’tmucheasierforadults.TheChristmasPigshowshowhumanbeings-evensmall,lostones-arecapableofwonderful,heroicacts.AverystrangethinghappenedonthedayIfinishededitingTheChristmasPig.Afteremailingthefinalversiontomyeditor,Isetaboutclearingoutacupboard.ThelastobjectIpickedupwasasmallbox.Iopenedit.Thereweremylong-lostdiamondearrings.I’vedecidedtosellthemandgivethemoneytoacharity.Ithinkitwillbeaniceendingformyearrings’storytohavethemdosomegoodforchildrenintheLandoftheLiving.HowmanytimeshaveIbeenaskedwhetherIbelieveinmagic?OnthedayIfinishedTheChristmasPig,forafewshiningmoments,Ireallydid.27.Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellusthroughthestoryofherearrings?A.Magicinbookscanhappeninreallife. B.Sometimeswarmmagiccanhappeninlife.C.Weshoulddonatetohelpthoseinneed. D.Lostthingswillturnupsoonerorlater.【答案】B【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段“HowmanytimeshaveIbeenaskedwhetherIbelieveinmagic?OnthedayIfinishedTheChristmasPig,forafewshiningmoments,Ireallydid.(有多少次我被问到是否相信魔法？在我完成《圣诞猪》的那一天，我真的做到了)”可推知，作者想通过她丢失耳环的故事告诉我们，有时书中的魔法也会发生在现实生活中。故选B。高考练场题型01细节推断题(2023年新高考全国I卷C篇)Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,includingadetailedexplorationofwhatitasksandwhyitworks,andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit’srightforyou.Todoso,Idividedthebookintotwoparts.Inpartone,Idescribethephilosophicalfoundationsofdigitalminimalism,startingwithanexaminationoftheforcesthataremakingsomanypeople’sdigitallivesincreasinglyintolerable,beforemovingontoadetaileddiscussionofthedigitalminimalismphilosophy.Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy:thedigitaldeclutter.Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.Inthefinalchapterofpartone,I’llguideyouthroughcarryingoutyourowndigitaldeclutter.Indoingso,I’lldrawonanexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigitaldeclutter.You’llheartheseparticipants’storiesandlearnwhatstrategiesworkedwellforthem,andwhattrapstheyencounteredthatyoushouldavoid.Thesecondpartofthisbooktakesacloserlookatsomeideasthatwillhelpyoucultivate(培养)asustainabledigitalminimalismlifestyle.Inthesechapters,Iexamineissuessuchastheimportanceofsolitude(独处)andthenecessityofcultivatinghigh-qualityleisuretoreplacethetimemostnowspendonmindlessdeviceuse.Eachchapterconcludeswithacollectionofpractices,whicharedesignedtohelpyouactonthebigideasofthechapter.Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestylethatwordsforyourparticularcircumstances.30.Whatispresentedinthefinalchapterofpartone?A.Theoreticalmodels. B.Statisticalmethods. C.Practicalexamples. D.Historicalanalyses.题型02因果推断题(2022年新高考全国I卷D篇)Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon“m”and“a”totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(对齐),makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(结构),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn’thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn’tgrowtobesolarge.AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago.“Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,”saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.35.WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?

A.Itiskeytoeffectivecommunication. B.Itcontributesmuchtoculturaldiversity.C.Itisacomplexanddynamicsystem. D.Itdrivestheevolutionofhumanbeings.题型03人物性格，态度及观点判断题(2023年新高考全国I卷D篇)OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(转折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremainthepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.35.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?A.Unclear. B.Dismissive. C.Doubtful. D.Approving.题型04猜测想象推理题(2022年新高考全国I卷B篇)Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula(芝麻菜)wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain,”asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth’scoverstory.It’sjaw-droppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from“ugly”(butquiteeatable)vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”Ifthat’shardtounderstand,let’skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it’smorelike12bonesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington,D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemobvious,yetsooftenwejustdon’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.24.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?A.Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste. B.Wewastefoodunintentionallyattimes.C.Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat. D.Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.题型05写作意图推测题(2022年新高考全国I卷D篇)Sometimeintheearly1960s,asignificantthinghappenedinSydney,Australia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.Then,oneafteranother,Sydneydiscoveredlotsofthingsthatwerejustsortofthere—broadparks,superbbeaches,andaculturallydiversepopulation.Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.AndrewReynolds,acheerfulfellowinhisearly30s,pilotsSydneyferryboatsforaliving.Ispentthewholemorningshuttlingbackandforthacrosstheharbor.AfterourthirdrunAndrewshutdowntheengine,andwewentourseparateways—heforalunchbreak,Itoexplorethecity.“I’llmisstheseoldboats,”hesaidasweparted.“Howdoyoumean?”Iasked.“Oh,they’rereplacingthemwithcatamarans.Catamaransarefaster,butthey’renotsoelegant,andthey’renotfuntopilot.Butthat’sprogress,Iguess.”EverywhereinSydneythesedays,changeandprogressarethewatchwords(口号),andtraditionsareincreasinglyrare.ShirleyFitzgerald,thecity’sofficialhistorian,toldmethatinitsrushtomodernityinthe1970s,Sydneysweptasidemuchofitspast,includingmanyofitsfinestbuildings.“Sydneyisconfusedaboutitself,”shesaid.“Wecan’tseemtomakeupourmindswhetherwewantamoderncityoratraditionalone.It’saconflictthatwearen’tgettinganybetteratresolving(解决).”Ontheotherhand,beingyoungandoldatthesametimehasitsattractions.IconsideredthiswhenImetathoughtfulyoungbusinessmannamedAnthony.“Manypeoplesaythatwelackcultureinthiscountry,”hetoldme.“WhatpeopleforgetisthattheItalians,whentheycametoAustralia,brought2000yearsoftheirculture,theGreekssome3000years,andtheChinesemorestill.We’vegotafoundationbuiltonancientculturesbutwithadriveanddynamismofayoungcountry.It’saprettyhardcombinationtobeat.”Heisright,butIcan’thelpwishingtheywouldkeepthoseoldferries.35.Whichstatementwilltheauthorprobablyagreewith?A.Acitycanbeyoungandoldatthesametime. B.Acitybuiltonancientculturesismoredynamic.C.Modernityisusuallyachievedatthecostofelegance. D.Compromiseshouldbemadebetweenthelocalandtheforeign.名校模拟A(2023上·山东济宁·高三曲阜一中校考期中)SeptemberClassesWhen:September1,15&28,2024,from10amto11:30amApplicationDeadline:August28,2024Cost:$12perparticipantLocation:CookMuseumofNaturalScience,133FourthAvenue,Decatur,AlabamaRegistration:Limitedspotsareavailable.Thosewhowouldliketoparticipateintheclasssho