高考阅读理解之词义猜测

阅读理解之

词义猜测题StrategiesforguessingwordmeaningsLearningaims1.

Mastersometipsofguessingthemeaningsofunfamiliarwords,

phrasesorsentencesfromcontext.2.

Developyourabilitytoanalyse,

compareandsummarize.3.Bebraveandconfidentinfaceofdifficulty.johnAboyinclass7oftengoesto

john.→toiletTheboydrinkstoomuchwatereveryday,so

hegoestojohn

veryoften.gotojohncontextLead-inLead-inLucymarriedamanwhoownsabigcompanyandhasmillionsofdollars.Heisreallyafatcat.

Peterisverylazyandheneverdoeshishomework.Hecangotoauniversitywhenpigsfly.arichmanImpossible4.简单推理和判断5.理解文章基本结构6.理解作者意图和态度1.理解主旨要义2.理解文中具体信息3.根据上下文推断单词和短语的意义高考对阅读理解的考查要求2021-2024年高考全国卷阅读理解词义猜测题考查一览表20252024年2023年2022年2021年新高考全国I卷1单词Staggering1短语shinethrough1单词declutter1短语embarkon1单词decimate新高考全国II卷1单词it1短语Inthewronghands1短语relateto1短语hithomeforme1短语getuptomischief全国甲卷1短语takethisbehaviorupanotch1短语adabhand1短语taketheplunge1短语safe!safe!safe!全国乙卷1单词conversation1单词maintenance1单词concede要求猜测词义的词一般为实词（动词、名词、形容词等）。猜词是英语阅读的重要技巧，也是高考中常考的题型。学生要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文、构词等线索确定词义。考点解读常见的设问方式1.

Whatdoestheunderlinedword“...”

inparagraphXprobablymean/

referto?2.

Theword"..."inparagraphX

means______?

3.

Whichisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword“...”？4.Theunderlinedword“...”couldbereplacedby“______”.5.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“this/that/it/they...”referto?12453解释说明法定义，举例，定语，同位语，标点语境法分析句子成分，上下文语境代词指代法逻辑关系法转折，并列，因果关系构词法合成，派生，转化Howtoguess?LogicalrelationExplanationWordformationContext1.AndrewisoneofthemostsuperciliousmenIknew.Hisbrotherincontrast,isquitemodest.逻辑关系法傲慢的2.Tomisconsideredanautocraticadministrator（管理者）becausehemakesdecisionswithoutseekingtheopinionsofothers.独裁的；专制的方法总结1.转折关系信号词：_____________________________________________________________2.因果关系信号词：_____________________________________________________________3.让步关系信号词：_____________________________________________________________4.并列/递进关系信号词：_____________________________________________________________5.对比关系：

_____________________________________________________________逻辑关系法but,yet,however,ratherthan,otherwise原因：because,since,as,nowthat，asaresultof,resultfrom结果：so,therefore,thus,asaresult,reultin,leadto,so/such...that,sothat...,thereasonwhy...isthat...although,though,while,evenif,eventhough,despite,inspiteofand,or,moreover,aswellas,inaddition(to),besides,even,especially,particularly...同义对比：like,justas,similarly,...反义对比：unlike,onthecontrary,instead(of),while...2.Themodernageofmedicinebeganwiththestethoscope,aninstrumentforlisteningtoapatient’sheartbeatandbreathing.解释说明法听诊器

Thepurposeoftheactivitywastocatch"ringers"whotaketestsforothers.代考；替考3.Youcantakeanyoftheperiodicals:TheWorldofEnglish,ChinaDaily,orReader’sDigest.4.Todayyoungcouplesoftenspendlotsoftheirmoneyonappliances,forinstance,washingmachine,fridgeandcolorTVsets.

期刊家用电器方法总结1.语法支持：______________________________________________________________________2.标点提示：_____________________________________________________________________3.定义信号词：_____________________________________________________________________4.举例信号词：_________________________________________________________________解释说明法定语或定语从句：which,that,who,those,when,where,why,...同位语或同位语从句：that,...——：

；“”()thatis(tosay),inotherwords,referto,mean,namelyforexample/instance,suchas,say,including...1.Doyouhaveanystrongopiniononco-educationalorsingle-sexschools?2.(2024新高考I卷)Idon’ttrustmylaptop’sspellchecker.3.(2024新高考I卷)Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathatcomesfromphysicalspecimens...4.(2023新高考

Ⅱ

卷)Theysurveyedseveralhundredpark-goers...5.(2023新高考

Ⅱ

卷)...awhollyprivate,“off-line”activity.构词法男女同校的拼写检查程序数目超过离线的；线下的逛公园的人6.watertheplant（词性变化：______→______，含义：____________）7.Hishugwarmedme.（词性变化：______→______，含义：________）8.（2024・广东湛江・统考一模）Lightpollutionfromcoastalcitiescantrickcoralsintoreproducingoutsideoftheappropriatetimeswhentheywouldnormallygrow.Whatdoes“reproducing”mean?A.Produceyoung B.CreatetimeC.CausenormalD.Leadtolightpollution

构词法n.vt.浇水a.vt.使温暖方法总结1.合成法：由____个或____个词合成，形式包括直接连写、连接符号“-”

连接、分开书写，结合词根和语境猜测。2.派生法：_______+_________[前缀（改变________）和/或后缀（改变_______）]，常见前缀：un-（否定）、co-（共同）、re-（再）、trans（转移），常见后缀：-tion（名词化）、-ful（形容词化）。3.转化法：词性转化而________不变，常见类型：名词→动词、形容词→动词。构词法2多个词根词缀词义词性词形

方法总结上下文法：俗话说，“词不离句，句不离文”。特定的________往往是推测词义不可忽视的重要因素。根据上下文语境暗示，如下定义、举例、重述等线索猜测含义。Thepupilsassembledinfrontoftheschoolhall.Theycametogethertolistentotheheadmasterannouncetheresultofthesportsmeeting.语境法上下文聚集2024年1月浙江省普通高校招生全国统一考试（浙江卷）B

（2024·1月浙江卷）Whenwasthelasttimeyouusedatelephonebox？Imeantomakeanactualphonecall—nottoshelterfromtherain.Agesago,right?ThelasttimeIusedaphoneboxforitsintendedpurposewas...2006.Iwasconductingauditions（试演）formyplayinmytinyoldsharedhouseinLondon.Hopingtoimpresssometalentedactorstocomeandworkformefornothing,Ispreadsomethrowsoverthesofasandlitcandlestomakeit

seemabitmore“youngprofessional”.24.Whatdoestheword“it”underlinedinthefirstparagraphreferto？（）A.Theplay.B.Thesharedhouse.C.Thesofa.D.Thetelephonebox.代词指代法1.审读题干,判断代词(it,___________________________________________________等)或助动词(do,does,did等)具体指代词的含义，如指代单数、复数、指_____，_____，还是一件事等。2.返回原文，找到指代词→向_____(有时向下)搜索，找最近的名词、代词，短语或句子。3.将找到的词、词组或句子代入替代该指代词，看意思和逻辑关系是否通顺，从而确定最佳选项。代词指代法方法总结one,they,this,that,these,those,something,someone人物上课堂精练Xiaomi:ChinesesmartphonegianttakesonTesla

ChinesesmartphonemakerXiaomihaslauncheditsfirstelectricvehicle(EV)andstartedtakingorders.

Attheevent,thetechnologygiant'schiefexecutiveLeiJunsaidthestandardSU7modelwouldbepricedat215,900yuan($29,872;£23,663).TheMaxversionwouldcost299,900yuan.

Thefirmsaysitgotover50,000orderswithinthefirst27minutesofsales.

Xiaomi'sentryintotheelectriccarmarketcomesassalesgrowthhasslowedglobally.Thishastriggeredapricewar.

ThemoveseesthetechnologygianttakingonEVrivalsincludingTeslaandBYD.ThestartingpriceinChinaforTesla'sModel3is245,900yuan.

MrLeialsosaidtheSU7wouldhaveaminimumrangeof700km(435miles).ThisbeatstheTeslaModel3's567km.

ThefirmishopingthattheSU7'ssharedoperatingsystemwithitsphones,laptopsandotherdeviceswillappealtoexistingcustomers.

"Whilegettingthisfarisitselfquiteanachievement,theultimateachievementwouldbetodemonstratethatthereisaconsumermarketforXiaomiasasmartEVsbrand,"saidBillRussoofAutomobility.

Inanindicationofthechallengesfacingtechnologyfirmswhowanttomakeelectriccars,iPhonemakerApple

lastmonthreportedlycancelleditsplanstobuildanEV.

(FromBBCNEWS)A.employsB.acceptsC.competesagainstA.causedB.reducedC.settledA.salesB.opponentsC.technologiesSummaryLocatetheunderlinedwordAnalysetherelationwithcodesCompareandchoosetheanswerRereadandconfirmtheanswer核查对比分析定位确认需猜测的词、短语或句子在文中的位置仔细对比，找出与原句意思吻合的选项细读与画线句有意义关联的信息句，合理推断画线句的句意将初选定的答案代入原句，再读以确定答案Practice1.2025年新高考全国I卷B篇Asanewunitstarted,Iaskedeveryonetowriteapersuasivepieceonahealth-relatedtopicoftheirchoice.Thistimetheyfoundtheexercisemuchmoreinteresting.Forthenexttwoassignments,apersonal-narrativeunitfollowedbyacreative-writingworkshop,Ionlyrequiredthatthepiecemeetthespecificationsofitsgenre(体裁)andthatitcontainathesis.Theresultswerestaggering.Thestudentstookondiversetopicsandturnedinstories,10to20pageseach,withcharactersthatbroadenedmyviewandtouchedmyheart.26.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“staggering”inparagraph3mean?A.Mixed. B.Amazing. C.Similar. D.Disturbing.通过“前后结果对比”推断情感态度类生词（多为形容词）。语境法+逻辑关系法--因果关系Practice2.2024年新高考全国I卷C篇Iscomprehensionthesamewhetherapersonreadsatextonscreenoronpaper?Andarelisteningtoandviewingcontentaseffectiveasreadingthewrittenwordwhencoveringthesamematerial?Theanswerstobothquestionsareoften“no”.Thereasonsrelatetoavarietyoffactors,includingreducedconcentration,anentertainmentmindset(心态)andatendencytomultitaskwhileconsumingdigitalcontent.Whenreadingtextsofseveralhundredwordsormore,learningisgenerallymoresuccessfulwhenit’sonpaperthanonscreen.Alargeamountofresearchconfirmsthisfinding.Thebenefitsofprintreadingparticularlyshinethroughwhenexperimentersmovefromposingsimpletasks—likeidentifyingthemainideainareadingpassage—toonesthatrequirementalabstraction—suchasdrawinginferencesfromatext.28.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“shinethrough”inparagraph2mean?A.Seemunlikelytolast. B.Seemhardtoexplain.C.Becomereadytouse. D.Becomeeasytonotice.短语猜测可先拆本义，再结合“递进词（particularly/even）”找语境引申义。逻辑关系法--递进关系通过“thankfully/but”等对比词，找“与后文正面情况相反的负面情况”，推断短语含义。逻辑关系法转折关系Practice3.2024年新高考全国II卷D篇GiventheastonishingpotentialofAItotransformourlives,weallneedtotakeactiontodealwithourAI-poweredfuture,andthisiswhereAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligencecomesin.ThisabsorbingnewbookbyCatrionaCampbellisapracticalroadmapaddressingthechallengesposedbytheforthcomingAIrevolution（变革）.

Inthewronghands,suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedtoprocessasthecomputercode（代码）thatpowersAIbut,thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades'professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheadyintotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.32.Whatdoesthephrase"Inthewronghands"inparagraph2probablymean?A.Ifreadbysomeonepoorlyeducated. B.Ifreviewedbysomeoneill-intentioned.C.Ifwrittenbysomeonelesscompetent. D.Iftranslatedbysomeoneunacademic.遇生词可先看后文是否有“破折号、冒号、thatis”等解释，再结合词根词缀辅助。解释说明法冒号+代词指代法Practice4.2023年新高考全国I卷C篇Idividedthebookintotwoparts.Inpartone,Idescribethephilosophicalfoundationsofdigitalminimalism,startingwithanexaminationoftheforcesthataremakingsomanypeople’sdigitallivesincreasinglyintolerable,beforemovingontoadetaileddiscussionofthedigitalminimalismphilosophy.Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy:thedigitaldeclutter.Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“declutter”inparagraph3mean?A.Clear-up. B.Add-on. C.Check-in. D.Take-over.遇“relateto/identifywith”等情感类短语，可结合“场景的共性”推断，即“是否与自身经历相关”。逻辑关系法转折关系+代词指代法+解释说明法--破折号Practice5.2023年新高考全国II卷C篇

Inthis“bookofbooks,”artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures.Weseescenesofchildrenlearningtoreadathomeoratschool,withthebookasafocusforrelationsbetweenthegenerations.Adultsareportrayed（描绘）aloneinmanysettingsandposes—absorbedinavolume,deepinthoughtorlostinamomentofleisure.Thesescenesmayhavebeenpaintedhundredsofyearsago,buttheyrecordmomentswecanallrelateto.30.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“relateto”inparagraph2mean?A.Understand. B.Paint. C.Seize. D.Transform.

通过“including/suchas”等举例词，直接从例子中提取生词的核心含义。解释说明法Practice6.2022年高考全国乙卷C篇Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.Themoreregularlytheycanbeinspected,themorerailwaysafety,reliabilityandon-timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficient（高效）acrosstheboard.Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews'effort.29.Whatdoes"maintenance"underlinedinparagraph3referto?A.Personnelsafety. B.Assistancefromdrones.C.Inspectionandrepair. D.Constructionofinfrastructure.通过“后文的具体名词（如bill）”呼应前文的泛指词（如something），推断泛指词的具体含义。语境法+解释说明法--定语从句Practice7.2022年新高考全国II卷C篇Totrytochangeadistinctlymodernbehavior,lawmakersandpublichealthexpertsarereachingbacktoanoldapproach:Theywanttotreatdistracteddrivinglikedrunkdriving.AnideafromlawmakersinNewYorkistogivepoliceofficersanewdevicecalledtheTextalyzer.Itwouldworklikethis:AnofficerarrivingatthesceneofacrashcouldaskforthephonesofthedriversandusetheTextalyzertocheckintheoperatingsystemforrecentactivity.Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjusttexted,emailedordoneanythingelsethatisnotallowedunderNewYork'shands-freedrivinglaws."Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople'sbehavior,”saidFélixW.Ortiz,whopushedforthestate's2001banonhand-helddevicesbydrivers.IftheTextalyzerbillbecomeslaw,hesaid,"peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone."30.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"something"inthelastparagraphreferto?A.Advice. B.Data. C.Tests. D.Laws.通过“人物身份+后续动作”推断动作类短语（如start/begin/join）。语境法——上下文Practice8.2022年新高考全国I卷C篇

Theelderlyresidents(居民)incarehomesinLondonarebeinggivenhenstolookaftertostopthemfeelinglonely.Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity(慈善组织)toreducelonelinessandimproveelderlypeople’swellbeing.WendyWilson,extracaremanagerat60PenfoldStreet,oneofthefirsttoembarkontheproject,said:“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.”30.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“embarkon”meaninparagraph7?A.Improve.

B.Oppose.

C.Begin.

D.Evaluate.“转折词（but/however/unfortunately）”前后常是相反含义，可通过前文推断后文生词。逻辑关系法--转折关系Practice9.2021年新高考全国I卷C篇WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”meaninthefirstparagraph?A.Acquire. B.Export. C.Destroy D.Distrib