高考英语阅读主旨大意题微技能

英语阅读主旨大意题微技能

微技能一I文章大意题一一定位主旨知文意

文章大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确定位文章

主旨大意的能力。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、

推理等逻辑思维的方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结。

n主题句法

解答文章大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。

⑴根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句

全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中的高频词。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个

主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高

频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。

逆向思维法

在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此

选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。

[典例1]（2020-全国卷n阅读B）

Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild,but

researcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath-relatedskills.

PsychologistSusanLevine,anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrenat

theUniversityofChicago,foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4

laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorof

cognition（认知）aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents'income,educationandthe

amountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.

Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child-parentpairsduringeveryday

activitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46

monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.

“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot,ontasks

thatassessedtheirabilitytorotate（旋转）andtranslateshapes,“Levinesaidinastatement.

Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould,andabout

halfofthechildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Highcr—incomeparents

tendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmorefrequently,andbothboysandgirlswho

playedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However,boystendedtoplaywithmore

complexpuzzlesthangirls,andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageand

weremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythantheparentsofgirls.

ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.

27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.Amathematicalmethod.

B.Ascientificstudy.

C.Awomanpsychologist.

D.Ateachingprogram.

【分析】

第一步读文章，概括文意：本文介绍了芝加哥大学的一项科学研究，该研究表明，

对于2到4岁的孩子来说，玩拼图游戏对他们今后空间技能的提高有益；高收入家庭

的孩子接触拼图游戏的时间更长，而且男孩子比女孩子玩的拼图更复杂。

第二步利用关键词法定主旨：文章多次出现了researchers,expert,study,findings

等词，主要介绍的是一项科学研究。

第三步排除错误选项：选项A、D无中生有曲解文意；选项C以偏概全主次不分。

故选以

微技能二I段落大意题一一首尾兼顾定段意

段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对一个段落的基本内容的简缩和概括。概括、

总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地

表达出来。

做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现

主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下的主旨判断,

其准确性更高。

【典例2】（2021.新高考卷I阅读D）

Althoughthecontinuingpopularappealofemotionalintelligenceisdesirable,wehopethat

suchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterestinthescientificandscholarlystudyof

n利用4大技巧解题

关键词法反复出现的词语，多次重复的观点就是体现主旨的关键词

主题句法根据文章主题句，确定中心词充当标题

穿珠分析文章细节，确定共同点，如同穿珠般，串联细节共同点，

连串法确定标题

根据四个选项，考虑其可能内容，对照原文，最相似者为最佳

逆向法

选项

2结合3大特点解题

概括性--准确而乂简短

好标题

一针对性--标题外延正好与文章内容相符

3大特点

—醒目性--能引发读者的阅读欲望

S排除3种错误选项

【典例3】（2021.新高考卷I阅读C）

WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlands

werealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthese

preciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswho

followedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsof

waterfowl（水禽）werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverly

ambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-

increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat（栖息地）.

In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct（Act）,anincreasingly

concernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory（迁徙的）waterfowl

andthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsof

ageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.Theveryfirst

FederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ.N."Ding"Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDes

Moines,Iowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirector

oftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethe

survivalofournaturalresources.

About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBird

ConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNational

WildlifeRefugeSystem-afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforall

generationstocome.Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundto

purchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStamp

Programhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.

31.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.TheFederalDuckStampStory

B.TheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem

C.TheBenefitsofSavingWaterfowl

D.TheHistoryofMigratoryBirdHunting

【分析】

本文主要讲述的是美国鸭票的故事(TheFederalDuckStampStory),全文都是围绕着这

个主旨展开的。

•首段介绍了美国鸭票发行的背景；

・第二段介绍了美国鸭票发行的经过；

・第三段讲述了美国鸭票发行带来的种种好处。

最后一句"LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemost

successfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.”更是点明了主题。故选Ao

［对点练］即学即练巩固•练透练全练通

n精做模拟考题

(2021•济南市高三模拟考试)

Facemasksandprotectivesuitscansavelives.Butwhathappensafterpeoplearedone

usingthem?BinishDesai,thefounderofEco-EclecticTechnologiesfromWesternIndia,

sawtheimpactbroughtbytherisinguseofanddemandforsingle-usemasksandkitsdue

tothecoronaviruspandemic,sohecreatedBrick2.0topreventtonsofsingle-use

personalprotectiveequipment(PPE)frombeingthrownawayandendingupinlandfillsor

waterstreams.

AlthoughPPEisessentialformedicaluse,itisextremelynecessarytoassessnew

alternativesandtoraiseawarenessregardingitsproperuseanddisposal(处理).Astudy

publishedbytheAmericanChemicalSocietysuggeststhat129billionfacemasksareused

monthlyduringthecoronaviruspandemic,whichcausesgreatenvironmentalpollution.In

Indiaalone,over18,000Britishtonnesofcoronavirus-relatedbiomedicalwaste

wasgeneratedinjustfourmonthsbetweenJuneandSeptember.Thewastewouldtake

hundredsofyearstobreakdown,accordingtothemagazineWasteAdvantage.

Brick2.0isanewversionofthebrickmadefromindustrialwaste,nowalsoincludingused

facemasksandprotectivesuits.TheprocessstartswiththecollectionofPPEwastethrough

garbagecansplacedinsmallshopsandapartmentbuildings,witheasyaccessforpeopleto

throwawaytheiruseditems.Onceinthefactory,thecollectionsarekeptfor72hoursfor

safetyreasons.Thentheyarecleanedandtornintopiecesbeforebeingmixedwithother

waste.Finally,thematerialisshaped,andoncedry,eachbrickisreadytouse.Itisthree

timesstrongerthanconventionalbricksattwicethesizeandhalftheprice.

Inacomplexsituationliketheonewearelivinginthesedays,thissolutionisnotonly

relativelyeasytooperate,butalsoveryachievableintheshortterm,whichcanreallyhelp

overcometoday'sglobalenvironmentalchallenges.

【语篇解读】本文是说明文。新冠肺炎疫情导致防护服、口罩等一次性医疗防护垃

圾日增，造成了严重的环境污染隐患°Eco—EclecticTechnologies的创始人BinishDesai

看到了商机，他回收这些医疗垃圾，用作砖头的原料，制成的砖头强度大、价格低。

1.WhydidDesaicreateBrick2.0?

A.TorecyclethePPEwaste.

B.Toreduceproductioncost.

C.Toprotectwaterresource.

D.Topreventseriousdisease.

答案A［细节理解题。根据第一段尾句中的“sohecreatedBrick2.0to...orwater

streams.”可知，Desai制作砖头2.0旨在将一次性个人防护垃圾回收再利用，故A项正

确。］

2.WhatdothefiguresinParagraph2indicate?

A.Thestudylackssufficientevidence.

B.Thepandemicisdifficulttocontrol.

C.Thedemandforfacemasksisindecline.

D.Theenvironmentisfacingseverechallenges.

答案D［推理判断题°根据第二段第二、三句可知，该段提及的数据说明一次性医

疗防护垃圾日增，造成了严重的环境污染隐患。故D项正确。］

3.WhatismainlydiscussedaboutBrick2.0inParagraph3?

A.Itsfunction.B・Itsadvantage.

C.Itsmaincharacteristic.D.Itsproductionprocess.

答案D［段落大意题。通读第三段可知，该段中的“Theprocessstarts

with...Then...Finally”说明了砖头2.()的生产过程，故D项正确。］

4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.Innovationneverends

B.Environmentalissuescount

C.Transformwasteintotreasure

D.Defendyourlifewithfacemasks

答案C［主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了印度西部的Eco—Eclectic

Technologies的创始人BinishDesai回收利用防护服、口罩等一次性医疗防护垃圾，用

作砖头的原料，制成强度大、价格低的砖头。据此可知，“变废为宝”最适合作为本

文标题，故C项正确。］

m挑战外刊阅读

Whilethenovelcoronavirus(新冠病毒)outbreakforcedmanyChinesetostayathome,

theycontinuedonlineconsumptionandturnedtonewformsofentertainment,whichis

providingpowertotheChineseeconomy.

Althoughtheepidemic(传染病)hadahugeimpactontheservice,manufacturingandtrade

sectors,especiallyconsumerindustriessuchastourism,cateringandentertainment,italso

benefitedindustriessuchase-commerce,onlinegamesandentertainment,aswellas

medicalservices.

Sincemanypeoplehavecontinuedonlineshoppingathome,thedeliverysectorhas

remainedbusy.OnlinefooddeliveryplatformssuchasMeituanDianpinghaveintroduced

specialservicesforuserstopickuptheirfoodincontainerswithoutface—to-face

contactswithdeliverymen.

TheStatePostBureauofChinareportedthatChina'spostalindustrycollected81.25

millionparcelsfromJanuary24to29(in2020),ayear—on—yearincreaseof76.6

percent.Inthesameperiod,itdelivered78.17millionparcels,up110.34percentyearon

year.

Besidesshoppingonline,manypeoplealsoenjoyedplayinggamesandwatchingvideos

andlivestreamingathomeduringthefestival.DatashowsthatHonorofKings,oneofits

videogameproducts,receivedaround2billionyuanfromitsgameplayersonJanuary24,

2020,theLunarNewYear,upfrom1.3billiononthesamedaylastyear.

Industriessuchasonlineentertainmentcangreatlybenefitduringtheepidemiccontrolas

manypeoplestayathome.Thecateringindustrymayalsoshifttoaninnovative（仓U新的）

mode,wherefoodcookedincentralkitchensisdeliveredtooutlets（零售）oronlineorders

forsale.Traditionalindustrieswillneedtofurtherimprovequalitytodealwiththedifficult

period.（FwmBeijingReview）

【语篇解读】本文是说明文。新冠疫情暴发后，云购物、云办公、云学习等方式不

断出现，这些不断衍生、形态各异的线上产品和服务逐渐受到大众的青睐。如此背景

下催生的“宅经济”以破竹之势暴发了。

1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“they"meaninParagraph1?

A.Thenewviruses.

B.TheChinesestayingathome.

C.Theconsumerindustries.

D.Thenewformsofentertainment.

答案B［代词指代题。根据第一段第一句可知，由于新冠疫情，很多中国人不得不

宅在家里，即“他们”指的是宅在家的中国人，因此选B。］

2.Whyweretheconsumerindustriesaffectedhugely?

A.Peoplepreferredonlineservices.

B.Peoplecouldnotbenefitfromtheconsumerindustries.

C.Peopleworkingintheseindustriesgotsick.

D.Peoplewerenotallowedtogooutdoorstospendmoney.

答案D［细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句及第三段第一句，可知因为疫情的原

因，人们不得不待在家中依靠网络进行消费，即无法外出消费，因此选D。］

3.WhatisParagraph5mainlyabout?

A.Manypeopleenjoyedonlineconsumptionduringthisperiod.

B.MorepeoplelikedtoplaygamesontheLunarNewYear.

C.HonorofKingshelpedthecompanyearnalot.

D.Shoppingonlineisthemostpopularnow.

答案A［段落大意题。根据第五段第一句可知，在节日期间，许多人除了网购，还

喜欢玩游戏、观看视频和直播节目，即人们喜欢在线消费，因此选A。］

4.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastsentenceofthetext?

A.Thetraditionalindustrieswillmainlyofferonlineservice.

B.Thequalityoftraditionalindustries