托福基础写作讲义

托福根底写作

一、托福写作概述

二、英汉两种语言的区别

〔一〕、美国人与中国人思维方式的不同。linearwoyofthinking

〔二入英汉句子结构的特点。英语重形和，重结构，汉语重意和，重语义。英语中常用复

合句；汉语那么常用短句，笥单句。

13Linkingwordscohesion

1.conj.:

1)and.but,or,so,while

2)if,because,although,

That,who,which,what,as—asmorethan,so—that

2.inthisreason,inconclusion,forexample

3.however,unfortunately,

Undeniably

4.tomakethingsworse

5.generallyspeaking

6.同义词

7.repetition

8.this,it,that,those

9.interestingtosee

ID.whatismore

〔三〕英语多变化variety(diversity),汉语多重复。

〔四〕英语被动句多。汉语中主动句多。

三、中国学生写作最易犯的十大错误

1.Nowadayszcollegestudentshouldlearncompetitionandcooperation.

2.Theproblemthatiscreatedbycomputersattract(draw,spark,captivate,

intrigue,arouse,yield,giveriseto)muchattention.

3.Inpresent-daysociety,thereareagreatmanyyoungpeoplegoabroad.

4.Inmyopinion,Ithinkthatsmokingshouldbebannedinpublicplaces.

5.Thecomputercannotinsteadthepivotalroleplayedbyteachersin

education.

6.Somepeoplewelcomeraisingpets,othersholddifferentopinions.

7.InlargecitiesofChinahasmanyfastfoodshops.

8.Atcollege,weshouldlearnasmuchknowledgeaspossiblesothatwecanbe

wellpreparedforourfuturecareer.

9.Somestudentsareinterestedinplaycomputergames.

13.Youreallyhavetwodownsons.

四、托福写作25分必备的100个意群词汇

持某观点：claim(assert,contend

reckondeemsharethebeliefthat)

支持某观点：advocate

(maintain,welcomevoteforsidewithbeinfavorof)

反又寸某观点：contradict(oppose,objectto,criticize,refute

beagainstcastdoubtsonquestion,challenge)

合理的:justified(sensiblefeasibleconvincingholdwaterbearmuchanalysis)

好处:advantage(benefitmerit,positive(bright)side,upside,boon,pros,

strength)

弊端:disadvantage(harm,demerit,negative(dark)side,downside,bane,cons,

weaknessdefect,flaw,drawback)

肯定：undoubtedly(indeedundeniablythereisnodenyingthat)

不确定:belikelyto(potentiallypresumably)

重要的:essential(significantvitalcrucialcritical,fundamental,indispensable,

pivotal)

有益的：beneficial(conduciveinstrumental,rewarding〕

有害的：detrimental(harmfulvirulent)

有争议的：controversial(arguable,debatabledisputable,contentious)

普遍的：widespread(prevalent,universal,pervasive,ubiquitous)

显著地:considerably(significantly,remarkably,

Dramaticallytremendously,substantially)

明显的：evident(apparent,manifest,crystal-clear)

16.增强：enhance(strengthen

boost)

17.减少：decline(descend,collapse,relieve)

18.大约:approximately[nearly,around,estimated,roughly]

19.趋势：trend(tencency,inclination)

23.预见：predict(expect,project)

21.带来bringabout(resultin,leadto)

22.引起create(spark;yield;;giveriseto]

23.建立establish[found,institute)

24.要求callfor(request,demand)

25.去除eliminate(remove,eradicate)

26.探讨explore(examine,identify)

27.描绘depict(portray,illustrate)

28.后果consequence(。什ermoth;outcome)

29.足够adequate(enough;sufficient)

33.解决tackle(resolve,address)

31.意识awareness(consciousness)

32.控制curb(regulate,censor)

33.解释：accountfor〔beresponsiblefor)

34.投资finance(investin,subsidize)

35.缓解relieve(ease,alleviate)

36.压力stress(pressure,strain)

37.和谐harmony(concordance)

38.继承inherit(handdown)

39.培养cultivate(train,foster)

43.促进promote(contributeto,upgrade)

64.3区使prompt(spur,incite)

贪婪的acquisitive(money-oriented,

materialistic)

自私的self-centered(selfish,inconsiderate)

体谅的considerate(understanding,sympathetic)

冷漠的indifferent(opothetic,aloof)

奢侈的wasteful(luxurious,extravagant)

残忍的inhumane(brutalbarbaric)

绝望的hopeless[despairing,desperate)

过分的excessive(extravagant,exorbitant)

剧烈的intense(fierce,vigorous)

严厉的stringent(rigorous,rigid)

奇怪的eccentric(odd,peculiar)

难以置信的unbelievable(incredulous,virtual)

惊人的extraordinary(marvelous,spectacular)

有抱负的ambitious[aggressive,aspirant)

固有的inherent[nature,innate)

稳定的steady(stable,ccnstant)

恶化worsen(aggravate,deteriorate)

夸大exaggerate(overstate)

限制restrain(constrain,confine)

撤除teardown(knockdown,pulldown)

力口速accelerate(speedup,precipitate)

占优势predominate(dominate)

分辨distinguish(differentiate,discern)

抵消counteract(offset,cancelout)

开展launch(conductcarryout)

公布enact(enforce,promulgate)

生活节奏paceoflifefrhythmoflife,tempooflife)

影响influence(impQct,pervade)

差异difference(distinction,gap)

交流communicate(exchange,associate)

接触haveaccessto[makecontactwith,keepintouchwith)

优先givepriorityto(ofirstplace)

节约economize(conserve,cherish)

参与participatein(takepartin,engagein)

措施measure(step,action)

注意beware(prevent,guardagainst)

五、“十大句式”在TOEFL写作考试中的应用

是否非让它假装强调比拟差〔插〕的原因？

即：否：否认句；非：非限制性定语从句；让：让步句；它：计引导的句子；假：假设句；

装”到装句；强调：强调句；比拟：比拟句；差〔插〕：插入语；原因：原因句。兹将雅思

写作常用的“十大句式”简单介绍如下〔下划线表示句式的根本结构〕。

一、否认句

许多否认句不含not的否认结构。如果考生能正确使用他们，就会增加写作的闪光点，使

文章显得生动活泼。

1、Insteadofindulginginplayingcomputergames,childrenshouldbetaught

howtobenefitfromusefulinformationontheinternet.应该教孩子们如何从互联网

获取有益的信息，而不是沉溺于玩电脑游戏。

2、Onnoaccount(Undernocircumstancesjcanweignoretheimmensevalueof

knowledge.我们绝不能无视知识的巨大价值。

3、Collegestudentstakepart-timejobsnotformoremoneybutforabetter

understandingofsocieties.大学生参加兼职工作不是为了赚更多钱，而是为了更好地

了解社会。

4、One'ssalarydoesnotdependsomuchonhiseducationalbackgroundason

hisabilityandcontributiontothesociety.一个人的工资与其说取决于他的教育背景倒

不如说取决于他的能力和对社会的奉献。

5、Intermsofnutrition,fastfoodisfarfromsatisfactory,从营养角度来说，快餐远非

令人满意。

6、Parentswouldnotexpecttheirchildrentobecomeusefulpersonswithout

workinghard.父母们不能指望孩子们不经过刻苦努力就可以成才。

二、非限制性定语从句

如果需要对前述的整个句子内容进行解释或说明，就可以用到非限制性定语从句。

1、Undoubtedly,practicalcoursescanbeusedtothereality,whichisofvital

importancetotheirdevelopmentinthefuture.毫无疑问,实用性课程可以用于实际

中，这对于他们未来开展是非常重要的。

2、Childrentendtoimitatewhattheyhaveseenandheardonmassmedia,

whichissometimesdangerousandharmful.孩子们倾向于模仿群众媒体上的所见所

闻，这在有时是危险和有害的。

3、Themajorityofstudentsbelievethatpart-timejobswillprovidethemwithmore

opportunitiestodeveloptheirinterpersonalskills,whichmayputthemina

favorablepositioninthefuturejobmarkets.大局部学生相信业余工作会使他们有更

多时机开展人际交往能力，这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的.

三、让步句

让步句是写议论文最常用的句式之一，考生务必掌握以下4种用法，可以使英文句子起伏

跌宕，富于变化。

1、Thisviewiswidelyacknowledged;however,thereislittleevidencethat

smokingis

beneficialtopeople'shealth.这个观点被广泛认可，然而，几乎没有证据说明吸

烟对人们健康有利。

2、Although(While,Eventhough)thecomputerhasbeenwidelyusedinclass,it

cannotreplacetheroleofteachers.尽管计算机已经广泛用于课堂，但是它不能取代

教师的作用。

3、Reasonable(Plausiblejastheopinionsoundszitcannotbearmuchanalysis.虽

然这个观点听起来有道理，但是它经不住分析。

4、Inspiteof(Despite)alotofconveniencesthatcarsbringtopeople'slife,they

cancreateaseriesofserousproblems.尽管汽车给人们的生活带来了许多便利，但是

也产生了一系列严重的问题.

四、什引导的句子

It引导的句子是写作中使用频率最高的句式。考生应熟练掌握其用法，并能灵活运用到文

章的开篇、主体段和结尾段中。

1、Itishardtoimaginewhatourlifewouldlooklikewithoutcomputersinmodern

society.很难想象如果现代社会没有了计算机，我们的生活会变成什么样子。

2Jtisconceivable(imaginable)thatbeingphysicallyactive(takinganactivepart

inphysicaltraining)doesgoodtohealth.可想而知，积极参加体育活动有利于身体健

康。

3、Itisahighlycontroversialissuewhetherwomenshouldjointhearmedforcesor

not.女性是否应该参军是一个非常有争议的问题。

4、Itisuniversally(widely,generally,commonly)acknowledgedthatwaterandair

areindispensabletohurranbeings.人们普遍认为,水和空气对人类不可缺少。

5、Itisessentialthatendangeredspeciesofanimalsbeprotectedagainstbeing

killed.保护濒危的动物物种免遭残杀是必需的。

6、Itishightimethatthegovernmenttookeffectivemeasurestoresolvethese

problems.该是政府

采取有效措施来解决这些问题的时候了。

7、Ithasbeenmadeeasierformodernpeopletocommunicatewitheachother

bythe

internetinafewseconds.现代人很容易通过互联网在几秒钟内就取得联系。

8、Itisworthcaringaboutthewayachildbehaves.关心孩子们的行1为方式是值彳导

的。

9、Itisnousecryingoverthespiltmilk.覆水难收。

13、Ithasbeenafewdecadessincethecomputercameintobeing.自从计算机

问世以来已经有几十年的时间了。

五、假设句

假设句可分为真实假设句和非真实假设句两种。常用在主体段落表示正、反论证。

1、Ifwedestroyoldbuildings,thenwewillruinthetraditionalcultureandheritage.

如果我们推倒老房子，就要破坏传统的文简口遗产。

2、Youwouldmissthechancetointeractwithotherstudentsifyouusedinternet

athome.假设你在家上网，你就会失去与其他同学交流的时机。

3、Onceyouchangeyourpresentjob,youwillbefacedwiththedangerofbeing

unemployed.一旦你变换了现在的工作，就面临着失业的危险。

六、倒装句

在写作中恰当和准确地使用倒装句，有助于句子表达形式的多样化，使语言更加生动

有力。

1、Onlyinthiswaycantheproblembetackledproperly.只有这样才能妥善地解决

这个问题。

2、Onlywhenchildrentakearduouseffortscantheybecomesuccessful.只有当

孩子们付出艰苦的努力他们才能获得成功。

3、Notonlydoesstudyinginschoolserveacademicpurpose,butstudentslearn

howtohandleinterpersonalrelations.在校学习不仅为了学术目的,而且还可以学会

如何处理人际关系。

4、Undernocircumstancesshouldyoungstersfollownegativeinformationonmass

mediablindly.青少年决不应当盲从群众媒体上的不良信息。

5、Sovaluableiswaterthatwecannotaffordtowasteit.时间是如此珍贵，我们经

不起浪费它。

6、Nowadays,mostdangerousforyoungstersisthetendencytoindulgein

playingPCgames.如今对青少年最为危险的事情是倾向于过多地玩电脑游戏。

七、强调句

写作时为了突出句子的某一成分，常常使用强调句。

1、Itisforthebenefitofmaintainingtheecologicalbalancethathumanbeings

oughttoprotecttheendangeredanimalspecies.正是为了维持生态平衡，人类才应

该保护地球上濒危的动物物种。

2、ItisnotuntilpeoplesufferfromsomefataldiseasessuchasSARSandAIDSthat

theyarebecomingawareofhowsignificantitisforthegovernmenttoinvest

moremoneyinmedicalcare.

直到人们患了像非典和爰滋病这样致命的疾病时，才意识到政府把更多的钱投入到医疗

上的重要性。

3、Nothingintheworldismorevaluablethanhealth.世界上没有比健康更重要的了。

4、Internationaltourismdoespromotemutualunderstandingbetweenpeople

fromdifferentcountries.

5、Thisistheveryadvantagesbroughtbycomputers.

6、Undernocircumstancescanweneglecttheimmensevalueofeducationin

one'slife.

7、Onecannotemphasizetheimportanceofeducationtoomuch.

8、Itisnoexaggerationtosaythatcomputersareofvitalimportancetohuman's

lives.

八、比拟句

正确地使用比拟结构可以使文章的句式增加变化，有利于提高写作成绩。

1、Studiesshowthatjuveniledelinquencyratesaretwiceashighforyoungsters

fromsingle-parentfamiliesasforthoseintraditionalhouseholds.〔同级比拟〕

研究说明来自单亲家庭的青少年犯罪率是来自传统家庭的两倍。

2、Generallyspeaking,peopleinmoderntimesenjoylessleisuretimethanthey

didpreviously.〔比拟级〕一般说来，现代人比过去享有更少的休闲时间。

3、Comparedwiththosewithdifferentabilities,childrenwithintelligencedomore

wellintheirschoolworkandintelligencetests.与不同能力的孩子相比，聪明的孩子在

学业和智力测验方面表现更加突出。

4、Contraryto(IncontrasttozUnlikejpopstars,otherprofessionalslikedoctorsand

teacherscreatethetruevaluefortheirsociety.与明星不同,其他专业人员如医生和

教师为社会创造了真正的价值。

5、Airistohumanwhat(QS)wateristofish.空气对人类就如同水对鱼一样。

九、插入语

插入语是对一句话做一些附加说明或解释。最常见的位置于句中，一般用逗号或破折号与句

子隔开。用得恰当，不仅可以增加字数，而且使文章更显地道和精彩。

1、Computers,mostimportantofall,createwidecommunicationarcundthe

world.最重要的是,计算机在世界范围内建立了广泛的交流。

2、Providingmoreparkingareas,inthelongrun,hasprovedtobeapracticalway

outinmany

largecitiesintheworld.从长远的利益来看，提供更多的停车位证明是许多世界大城

市切实可行的出路。

3、Observinglocalculture,consciouslyandunconsciously,canreducethe

chanceofoffendingthelocals,oritwillleadtotheembarrassmentandeven

conflict.无论是否意识到，遵循当地的文化可以减少冒犯当地人的时机，否那么，就会导

致为难甚至冲突。

4、Spaceexploration,somepeoplebelieve.willbringsomeunexpected

discoveries.有人相信空间探索将会带来意想不到的发现。

十、原因句

几乎所有的写作试题都要求写原囚或者可以写原囚。议论文的讲道理实际就是说明原囚。

因此，掌握好表达原因的结构是十分重要的。

1、Violentfilmscandoharmtoyoungpeople,becausetheycontainsnumerous

negativeinformation.暴力影片对年轻人是有害的，因为其中包含大量负面信息。

2、Humanbeingsorechieflyresponsibleforwildanimalextinction.里予生动物灭绝

的主要责任在人类。

3、Weshould。甘ribute(ascribe)medicaladvancestotheanimalswhichdo

substantialcontributionstotheexperiment,我们应该把医学的开展归因于动物对实

验做出的巨大奉献。

4、Becauseofoverpopulation,watershortagehasbecomeoneofthemost

seriousproblems.由于人口过剩，水短缺已经成为一个最严重的问题。

5、Owingtothefiercecompetitionintoday'sworld,ogreatmanyyoungpeople

findthemselvesundergreatpressure.由于当今世界的剧烈竞争，大量的年轻人承受巨

大的压力。

六、英语句子成分

S+V+O

1.主语S〔名词，代词，不定式，动名词，句子〕

2.谓语V〔动词或动词短语)

Intheadventoftheeraoftheeconomicglobalization,computersarebecoming

increasinglysignificantrolesinday-to-daylives.

Stayinginfrontofcomputersforalongtimeencbleschildrentobecomelonely,

passive,self-centered,indifferentfapathetic),inactive,eccentric,unsociableand

inconsiderate.

It(S)is(V)adj(O)todo+thatSIVIO1

Itisextremelydifficultforgraduatestohuntforasatisfying(decent,pleasant,

well-paid,desirable,idecl)job.

Itisshort-sightedtoarguethatspaceexplorationissheerawasteoftimeand

resources.

3.宾语。〔名词，代词，不定式，动名词，句子。跟不定式作宾语的常见动词：agreehope

plandecideofferpreferwishintendfaildesirerefuseaffordchoosemanage

expectaimpromiseconsentpretendneglectignoreomithappendetermine

demandthreatenresolvedeclineproposeundertakevolunteer。跟动名词彳乍宾语

的常见动词：finishenjoymindkeepstopdislikeconsidersuggestmissavoidregret

admitacknowledgedelaypracticedenyimaginepostponeriskadvocaterecall

resistappreciatecannothelpconfessescapefancydeferresentevade

contemplateforgivepermitdetestrepent。

跟双宾语的常见动词：asksentshowteachgivebringbuyfindgetkeeplendtell

writewishofferdeprivesbofsth

S+V+that+Sl+VI+Ol.

Somepeopleproposethattheyoungshouldmakefriendswithdifferentideas

fromthemselves,whileothersareagainstit.

Arecentsurvey(researchzpoll,investigation,questionnaire,census,study)has

shown(indicatedzmadeclear,present,demonstrate,illustrate,illuminate,reveal

laybare,disclose,denote,signify,exhibit,display,representexpound,imply,

provideevidence)thattnereisadefinitelinkbetweendecliningcrimerateand

imprisonmentofcriminalsfvillain,rogue,badguy,wrong-doer,law-breaker,

offender,convictculpritmugger,murderer,assassinator,arsonist,robber,

burglar,rapist).

Medicalexpertspointoutthatcigarettescontainagreatmany

ingredients(components,constituents,substances,matters,things)harmfulto

people'shealth.

Al+S+A2+V+A3+O+A4

(adjzn)

achievethegoalofgoing

mypenrunsoutofinkagain

Middle-agedman

what+VI+O1

Childrenaretooyoungtodistinguishfclifferentiate,tell)right(virtue)from

wrong(evil),sotheytendtoimitate(followblindly,copy,emulate,simulatejwhat

theyhaveseenandheardonmassmedia.

Arecentsurveyfpollquestionnaire,census)hasrevealedthattheemployment

ratesofgraduatesthisyearareconsiderablyonthedecline.

Expertspointoutthatsmokingshouldbebanned(prohibited,forbidden)inall

publicplaces,becausecigarettescontainagreatmanynumerouspoisonous

ingredientsfcomposition,substances,contents,matters,things,).

4.表语〔名词，形容词:某些形容词，如careless,absurd,brave,courageous,careful,

careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,qood,nice,kindthoughtful

inconsiderate,greedy,money-orientedacquisitivematerialisticgenerous,

honest,modest,polite,rude,cruelselfish,self-centeredegocentricwicked,

wrong等不定式后可以加cf来引导出其逻辑主语。代词，数词，不定式，动名词，分词，

介词短语，句子〕

Thepurposeto(of)attendcollegesistonotonlyacquireknowledgebutbroaden

yourminds.Horizon

Iamextremelyexceedinglyamazedastonishedtohearthata19-year-oldgirl

killedamiddle-agedman.

Anadvantageofraisingpetsisthatsomepeopiecandispeltheloneliness.

5.定语〔形容词，代词，数词，名词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语，句子〕

Al+S+A2+V+A3+O+A4

Adj-n+edwhite-hairedgirl,green-eyedexaminer

n+todo

1.Thepurposetoattenduniversityisnotonlytoacquireknowledge,buttowiden

(broaden,expand,enlarge)one'seyesight(vision,horizon,thescope).

2.YangLiwei,adistinguishedastronautinChina,hasbecomethefirstmanto

explorespaceinthehistoryofChina.

3.

NowodaySzthereareanincreasingnumberofyoungpeoplestudyingabroad.

Poisonousfumes(wastes,pollutants)emittedlreleased,discharged,givenoff,sent,

made)fromfactoriesendanger(threaten)peope'shealth.

Thenegativeeffectscaused(induced)bycomputersonchildren'spsychological

healthcanhardlybeneglected.

S+who(SI)+VI+O1+V+O.

Peoplewhoareagainst(advocate)raising(feeding)petsassertthatitcannot

onlydisturbnormallivesofneighbors,buttransmit(contract)somediseases

suchasrabies(hydrophobia)andbirdflu.

S+that(SI)+VI+O1+V+O.

Oneleadingfactorthatleadstotherisingjuveniledelinquencyrateisparental

divorce.

S+that(01)+31+V1+V+O.

Anotherfactor(that)wecannotneglectisthattelevisioncanpresentavivid

(lifelike,graphic,colorful)picturesinfrontofaudiences.

S+where(inwhich,why,when)+SI+V1+Ol.

Inmodernsocietywherecompetitionisbecomingincreasinglyfierce,young

peoplefindthemselvesunderheavypressure(leadastressfullife)

Whenitcomestotakingpart-timejob,Irecall

thosewonderfuldayswhenIstayedincolleges.

Thereexistnumerousrecreational(entertaining)facilitiesandemployment

opportunitiesinlargecities(metropolises),andthisisthereasonwhycountless

peopleflood(swarm,flock,crowd)intothem.

S+V+O,whichSI+VI+O1.

1.whichisbeneficialto

2.whichisdetrimental(hazardous,toxic,virulent)to

3.whichmeansfisequivalentto)

Oldpeopleshouldbeencouragedtocultivate(foster)

somehobbiessuchaskeepingpets,growingflowers,andlearningpainting,

whichcontributesgreatlytodispellingtheloneliness.

Thegovernmentoughttogiveprioritytodevelopinginternationaltourism,which

isconducivetotheincreaseoftaxrevenuesofanation.

Nowsomechildrenspendtoomuchtimebeingaddictedtoplayingcomputer

gamesalldaylong,whichisdetrimentaltotheirphysicalandmentalwell-beings.

Thesedays,thenumberofgraduatesisincreasingatanalarmingfamazing,

astonishing,surprising,staggering,unprecedented)speed,

Whichmeansthattheprospectofemploymentwillbecomebleak(bleary).

6.状语Ad〔副词，名词,不定式，分词，介词短语，句子〕

Adi+Al+S+A2+V+A3+O+A4+Ad2

介词短语

1原因becauseof,inviewofonaccountofbyvirtueof

Becauseoftheadvancementinmedicalscienceatan—alarming(amozing)

rate,scientistshavecurednumerousfatal(deodly,mortallethal)diseases.

2.方式

BywatchingadvertisingonTV,customers(clients,consumers,shoppers,buyers)

canhaveaccessto(learn)wheretopurchasetheirfavoriteproductsfgoods,

commodities,merchandizes,things).

3.比拟

Incontrasttothecomputerthatislikeacoldflickeringmachine,classroom

teachingcanpromoteemotionalexchangesbetweenteachersandstudents.

4.否认

Insteadofbenefitingfromtheinternet,somechildrenareaddictedtoplayingPC

games.

不定式

1.目的

Inordertoacquiresomeunexpecteddiscoveries,thegovernmentshould

subsidize(invest,finance,fund,patronize,allocate)moremoneyinspace

exploration.

2.原囚

Iamsurprisedtohearthat19-year-oldgirlkilledcmiddle-agedman.

Inordertoenrichthelatelivesofsenilegroups,theyaresupposedtobe

encouragedtofoster(cultivate)somehobbiessuchasfeedingpets,growing

flowers.

Ineverfailtobesurprisedtohearthat

现在分词

原因

Livinginruralareasforalongtime,peoplecanexperienceaquiet,comfortable

pastorallife.

结果

Smokingcancostlargesumsofmoney,thusbringingabouttremendous

economicburdenstosmokers*families.

Stayinginfrontofcomputersforalongperiod,childrentendtobecomeinactive,

passive,eccentric,indifferent(apathetic,aloof,inconsidercite),unsociable

andself-centered(egocentric,selfish).

过去分词

Influencedbyattractive(fascinatingzcharming,tempting,captivating,

glamourous)messagesonthenet,somekidsspendtoomuch(excessive)timein

beingindulgedinplayingPCgames

让步句

SI+VI+Ol;however,S+V+O.

2.Although(While,Eventhough)SI+VI+OLS+V+O.

3.Ol+as+Sl+VI[be]zS+V+O.

Beneficialtoourlives

ascomputersare

becoming,

Plausibleastheviewsounds,itcannotholdwaterafterasecondthought.

4.Inspiteof(Despite)+Ol+(that)+SI+VI,S+V+O.

Celebritiessuchasmovies,sportsstarsdeservehighsalaries,becausetheyhave

madepainstakingendeavorsbeforetheybecomefamous.

Sincehumanbeingsareomnivore(carnivore,herbivore),theycannotsurvive

withoutmeat.

Thesourceofairpollutionisascribed(attributed,traceable)topoisonousfumes

emittedfromavarietyoffactories.

Ifwetopple(tear,knock,break,put)downoldbuildings,wewillundermine

culturalheritaqeaswellastraditionalvalues.

Oncepeoplehaveshi什ed(switched)theirpresentjobs,theywillbe(runtherisk

ofJfaced(confronted)withthedangerofbeingunemployed(laidoff).

比拟

Asurveyhassuggestedthatthenumberofgraduatesthisyearisuptotwice

morethanthatadecadeago.

Themore+SI+VI+Ol,themore+S+V+O.

Themoredevelopedandadvancedthescientifictechnologyisbecoming,the

moreworkerswillbeunemployed.

Comparedwithmalecounterpart,femalesaremoresuitedtodoingcertain

kindsofjobssuchasactresses,nurses,operators,andsecretaries.

AistoBwhat(as)CistoD.

Themainroadisessentialtoacityasthearteryistobloodcirculationinthebody.

7.补语〔形容词，名词，不定式：下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式

askgetpromptallowforbidpreferforcepressinspirerequire

assisthateadvise

recommendbearimploreremindbeginducereportcompelinvite

commandintendshowdrive

meantraincauseinstructdeserveleavetell

directtemptentitleorderwarnenableneedurgeencourageoblige

condemnteachentreatpermitwish,分词，介词短语〕

Parentsshouldencouragekidstolearnhowtocommunicatewithpeers,which

contributesgreatlytoadvancingtheircareerinthefuture.

Agreatconsumersfindsomefakeadvertisementmisleadingandcheating,

deceitful(deceptive).

8.同位语〔名词，句子，后跟同位语从句的常见词

EdisonChen,afamousmoviesstarinHongKong,

factnewsquestionproposalreportaltitude(latitudelongitudeevidenceproof

suggestionrequestideaconclusionthoughtnotionvaluefictionfear)that(90%)

EdisonChen,awell-knownsingerinHongKong,isdisclosedsomephotoscandal.

Confucius,afamousphilosopherinancientChina,instructedhisstudentsto

worshipmoralvalues.

Johnson,asociologistin

Theundeniablefacttha*thecomputerhasfoundawideapplicationinalmost

everyfieldinthesocietyisgenerallyaccepted.

Thereisconsiderableevidencethatthereisadefinitelinkbetweensmokingand

lungcancer.Namely,themoreyousmoke,thehigherrateoftheriskofcatching

lungcancer.Inverselyproportionalto

Theundeniablefactthatinternationaltourismisabletoenhancetaxrevenuesof

anationishardtobenegligible.

Caterforembracejob-hopping

Onceyouhaveshifted(switched,changed)yourpresentjobs,thefearthatyou

willbeunemployed(laidoff,dismissed,expelled,loseyourjob,outof

jobjsomedaywillarise.

Restartatalowestrank,barricadepromotedloyalto

Shopping,anecessaryactivityindailylives,isbecomingincreasinglywidespread

andconvenientinlargecities.

9.插入语〔不定式，分词，介词短语，句子〕

Adi+Al+S+A2,P,+V+A3+。+A4+Ad2

(3+3)

六、典型句式

1)it引导的句子1.Itishardtoimaginewhatwouldlooklikewithout.

很难想象如果没有了会变成什么样子。

Residentsinthedisastersimmediateprompt

很难想象如果现代社会没有了计算机，我们的生活会变成什么样子。

Itistruethat;howeverz.确实，但JS__。

确实，年轻人在现代社会中会遇到极具挑战性的困难,但是他们会想尽一切方法去克服。

2.Ithasbeenmadeeasier(possible)forsomebodytodo.某人彳艮容易做某事

现代人很容易通过互联网在几秒钟内就取得联系。

医学的开展使得人们有可能二匕过去活得长多了。

3.Ittakestimeforsomebodytodosomething做某事需要多少时间

对许多人来说，要适应工作上的较大变动，可能需要很长一段时间。

4.ltis+形容词,名词+thot(whetherj主语从句

Itisevident(anundeniablefact)thatthewideuse(popularity)ofcomputerscan

makelivesofmodernpeopleconvenient.

Itisunconceivablethatinsteadofshifting(switching)itjob-hopping.可想而

知(无可争辩)_

可想而知，积极参加体育活动有利于身体健康。Itisconceivablethattakingcnactive

partinphysicalexercisesibeingphysicallyactive；isofbenefittohealth.

无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冬的痛苦生活。lecidamiserablelifeof

starvationandexposuretothecold.

Itistakenforgrantedthatparentsoughttoshoulder(accept,undertake,bear)

beheldresponsibleforchildren'sbehaviors.

Itisacontroversialissuewhetherthegovernmentinvestsubsidize,fund,allocate,

finance,patronize)moreininternationalaidsorimprovethequalityfliving

standard)ofpeople.

Isitablessingoracursewhetherornot?

Itgoeswithoutsayingthat.毫无疑问，.

毫无疑问，教育在人的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

毫无疑问，科技的巨大进步为人类带来了许多好处。

Itisunderstandable(inevitable)thatpeople'sattitudesaredivergentonthis

controversialissue.

5.Itis+副词(commonly,widely,generally,unMersolly)+过去分词(said,known,

believed,held,argued,noted,estimated,accepted,recognized,

acknowledged)+that;however,.

全世界都知道水对人类是不可缺少的。

Itisuniversallyacknowledgedthatfield(sector,walk,arenacircle);however,

theycreate(yield)adverseimpactsonpsychologicalwholesomeofchildren.

Itislargely(natural)takenforgrantedthat.是理所当然的。

计算机在我们日常生活中发挥着重要作用是理所当然的。

Ithaslongbeenconsideredonlyrightandproper(perfectlyjustified)to.

长期以来被视为―是理所应该的〔完全合理的〕。

上一代为下一代的成长承当完全的责任，长期以来被视为是理所应该的。

Itcannotbedeniedthartheovergrowthoftourismmaydestroytheecological

balanceofsomescenicresorts.

Itisestimatedthattwothirdsofthecitiesofourcountrieswillbeinacuteshortage

offreshwaterby2010.

6.Itis+表示建议,命令的形容词(necessary,essential,imperative,advisable,

desirable)

+thot+(should)+动词原形

采取紧急措施与青少年非法吸毒作斗争非常必要。

Itisimperativethatsomethingurgentbedonetocombatthewidespreaduseof

illegal(unlawfulillicitillegitimate)drugsamongteenagers(adoescents,

youngsters,juveniles).

(1)Itis+somebody(something)+who(that).

人类正是为了维持生态平衡，才应该保护地球上濒危的动物物种免遭残杀。

(2)Itisnotuntilthat.直至U才

直到人们患了像非典和爱滋病这样致命的疾病时，才意识到政府把更多的钱投入到医疗上

的重要性。

7.Itisnogood(use,awasteo