考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷27

考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷27

一、阅读9翻译句子）（本题共20题，每题7.0分，共

20分。）

Thetechnologicalrevolutionsofthelasttwodecadeshaveplacedasevereburdenonthe

conceptoftechnologytransfer.Itisquiteclearthattheconcepthasseriouslimitations;

withtime,itisnotatallclearthatitsmethodshaveimprovedoritsresultprogressed.

[Fl]Theunderlyingassumptionin"technologytransfer"istha[theapplicationofnew

discoveriesto〔hedeveloDmentofnewtechnologythroughthedevelopedcountries

producesresultswhichar?applicabletounderdevelopedcountries.Althoughthis

assumptionhasneverreallybeenputtoatrueglobaltest,itisthroughnowclearthatthis

cannotbethemainmeansoftechnologicalprogressindevelopingareassuchasAfrica

SouthEastAsianandLatinAmerica,irrespectiveofitspossibleutilityelsewhere.[F2]

Theaueslioniswhethersuchanoutcomeisinevitableandinherenlin〔heprocessor

whetheritmerelyreflects[heshortageofresourcesandimpropermanagement.Itismy

contentionthat"technologytransfer"asavehicleofprogressforthedevelopingcountries

isirreparablyflawedandcannotsucceed.【F3】Thefundamentalflawisihat

“technologyiransfer”iscaslinihedieacolonialprocesswhereihroughdeveloped

counlriesdoihingsinwaysihaliheyfindacceplableforiheirformercolonies、ihe

developingcountries.Whetherthedevelopmentprocessiscarriedoutthroughcitizensof

therecipientnationornotisirrelevant;thephilosophyuponwhich"technologytransfer"

isbased,beginningwithtrainingandendingwithapplication,iscomposedofasetof

socioculturallyandeconomicallydeterminedvalueswithintheinstitutionalizedfabricof

science,whichselectthequestionsfoundtobemeaningful,dictatethepreferredresearch

plansandevaluatethesignificanceonlyoftheresultsobtained.Clearly,technologybased

onthesetofdeterminantsisnotlikelytobeveryrelevanttothevastlydifferenteconomic

andsocioculturalconditionsofdevelopingcountries.Itwillhardlygettotheneedsofthe

developingcountries,perhapsevenservingtoslowprogress.[F4]Thissituationmust

bereplacedthroughanewprocesswhichmightbecalled"basicknowledgetransfer"as

partofgrowthofaforefrontscienceinthedevelopingcountries.Thisapproachcontains

thefollowingfeatures:Givenfullaccesstonewscientificdiscoveryatthecuttingedgeof

science,thatis,attheregionofhighintensitytransferfrombasictoappliedknowledge,

thescientistsofdevelopingcountriescancreatetheirowntechnologytransferfrombasic

toapplied.Scientistsinthedevelopingcountries,inactivedialoguewithotherelements

suchasgovernment,communityandindustry,canidentifyandprioritizeproblemsand

developapracticalsituation.[F5]Theproblemofinlemal"lechnologytransfer"will

requireforeachcounlryorregionasuitablenumberofirainedscienlificspecialists;

meansformainlainingihecomDetencyofiheseleaderswillneedtobedeveloDedihrough

eachnationorregion.

1、【Fl】

标准答案：“技术转让”的基本设想是：发达国家利用新发现开发技术会给发展中国

家带来可应用的成果。

知识点解析：暂无解析

2、[F2]

标准答案：问题在于：这种结果是不是转让过程中不可避免的，固有的；还是仅仅

反映了资源的缺乏和管理不当。

知识点解析：暂无解析

3、[F3]

标准答案：其基本缺陷在于：“技术转让”有着殖民主义的影子，在对待发展中国家

（前殖民地）时，发达国家在用他们自己觉得合适的方式行事。

知识点解析：暂无解析

4、[F4]

标准答案：这种情况必须用一种新的方法予以取代，作为发展中国家前沿科学发展

的一部分，这种方法即所谓的“基础知识转让

知识点解析：暂无解析

5、[F5]

标准答案：内部的“技术转让''要求每个国家或地区有一定数量的训练有素的科学

家；每个国家和地区需要创造方式，以保持带头人始终能胜任工作。

知识点解析：暂无解析

[Fl]Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsripsiniothepopulace,scientists

immediatelygettowork,tryingtolocatethesourceoftheafflictionandfindwaysto

combatit.Oftentimes.successisachieved,asmedicalscienceisabletoisolatethe

parasite,germorcellthatcausestheproblemandfindswaystoeffectivelykillorcontain

it.Inthemostseriousofcases,inwhichtheentirepopulationofaregionorcountrymay

beatgraverisk,itisdeemednecessarytoprotecttheentirepopulationthrough

vaccination,soastosafeguardlivesandensurethatthediseasewillnotspread.[F2]

Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient'sbodytodevelopimmunitytothevirusor

diseasesoIhat,ifilisencounlered,onecanwardiloffnalurally.Toaccomplishthis,a

smallweakordeadstrainofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolled

environment,sothathisbody'simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvaderproperly.

Informationonhowtopenetratethedisease*sdefensesistransmittedtoallelementsof

thepatient'simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturally,inwhichgenetic

informationispassedfromcelltocell.[F3]Thismakessurethat,shouldihepatient

lalercomeinloconlaclwhhiherealproblem,hisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedK）

dealwithil,havingalreadydonesobefore.Therearedangersinherentintheprocess,

however.[F4]Onoccasion,eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedisthe

vaccineprovestoomuchforthebodytohandle,resultingintheimmunesystem

succumbing,and、iherefore,IheDalientsdealh.[F5]Suchisihecaseofihesmallpox

vaccine,designedtoeradicatethesmaHDOxepidemicthatnearlywipedouttheentire

NativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.ApproximatelyIin

10,000peoplewhoreceivesthevaccinecontractthesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccine

itselfanddiesfromit.Thus,iftheentirepopulationoftheUnitedStatesweretoreceive

theSmallpoxVaccinetoday,3,000Americanswouldbeleftdead.Fortunately,the

smallpoxviruswasconsiderederadicatedintheearly1970's,endingthemandatory

vaccinationofallbabiesinAmerica.Intheeventofare-introductionofthedisease,

however,mandatoryvaccinationsmayresume,resultinginmoreunexpecteddeathsfrom

vaccination.Theprocess,whichistrulyamixedblessing,mayindeedhidesomehidden

curses.

6、[Fl]

标准答案：当传染病袭击民众时，科学家们就立即着手确认病源并想法征服疾病。

知识点解析：暂无解析

7、[F2]

标准答案：接种疫苗是让人体对病毒或疾病产生免疫力。万一碰上病毒或疾病，人

体可以自然战胜它。

知识点解析：暂无解析

8、【F3】

标准答案：可以肯定，万一该病人以后碰上这类病毒，他的身体已全副武装并且训

练有素，因为他已有经脸了，所以足以应付这一现实问题。

知识点解析：暂无解析

9、[F4]

标准答案：有时，即使疫苗中含有的病菌是弱化了的菌种，人体也接受不了，而这

就会导致免疫系统失效，以致病人的死亡。

知识点解析：暂无解析

10、[F5]

标准答案：天花疫苗的情况就是这样，天花传染病一度席卷全美土著居民并造成大

量移民死亡，该疫苗试图消灭这种传染病。

知识点解析：暂无解析

[Fl]Theevolutionofintelligenceamongearlylargemammalsofthegrasslandswas

dueingreatmeasuretotheinteraclionbetweenIwoecologicallysynchronizedgroupsof

theseanimals,IhehunlingcarnivoresandiheherbivoresIhaUheyhurtled.Theinteraction

resultingfromthedifferencesbetweenpredatorandpreyledtoageneralimprovementin

brainfunctions;however,certaincomponentsofintelligencewereimprovedfarmore

thanothers.[F2]ThekindofintcHigcnccfavoredbytheinterplayofincreasingly

smartercatchersandincreasinglykeenerescapersisdefinedbyattention—thataspectof

mindcarryingconsciousnessforwardfromonemomenttoth。next.Itrangesfroma

passivefreefloatingawarenesstoahighlyfocused,activefixation,therangethrough

thesestatesismediatedbythearousalsystem,anetworkoftractsconvergingfrom

sensorysystemstointegratingcentersinthebrainstem.Fromthemorerelaxedtothe

morevigorouslevelssensitivitytonoveltyisincreased.[F3]Theorganismismore

awakemorevigilanl.ihisincreasedvigilanceresullsiniheaDDrehensionofevermore

subtlesignalsa$iheorganismbecomesmoresensitiveK)ilssurroundings.Theprocesses

ofarousalandconcentrationgiveattentiontoitsdirection.Arousalisatfirstgeneralwith

afloodingofimpulsesinthebrainstem;thengraduallytheactivationischanneled.Thus

beginsconcentration,theholdingofconsistentimages.Onemeaningofintelligenceisthe

wayinthightheseimagesandotheralertlysearchedinformationarcusedinthecontext

ofpreviousexperience.Consciousnesslinkspastattentiontothepresentandpermitsthe

integrationofdetailswithperceivedendspurposes.Theelementsofintelligenceand

consciousnesscometogethermarvelouslytoproducedifferentstylesinpredatorand

prey.Herbivoresandcarnivoresdevelopdifferentkindsofattentionrelatedtoescaping

orchasing.[F4]Althoughinbothkindsofanimalarousalstimulatestheproductionof

adrenalineandnorepinephrinebyiheadrenalglandstheeffectinherbivoresisprimarily

fear,whereasincarnivoresiheeffectisprimarilyaggiession.Forboth,arousalattunes

theanimaltowhatisahead.Perhapsitdoesnotexperienceforethoughtasweknowitbut

theanimaldoesexperiencesomethinglikeit.Thepredatorissearchinglyaggressive

innerdirected,usedbythenervoussystemandtheadrenalhormones,butawareina

senseclosertohumanconsciousnessthan,say,ahungrylizard'sinstinctivesnapata

passingbeetle.Thelargemammalpredatorisworkingoutarelationshipbetween

movementandfood,sensitivetopossibilitiesincoldtrailsanddistantsoundsand

yesterday'sunforgottenlessons.Theherbivorebrayisofadifferentmind.[F5]Its

moodofwarinessratherihanseaichinganditsattitudeofgeneralexpectancyinsteadof

anticipatingaresilk[hinveilsoftranquilityoveranexplosiveendocrinesystem.

11、[Fl]

标准答案：草原上早期大型哺乳动物智力的发展主要是由于两个生态同步的动物群

间的交往，即食肉动物和食草动物。

知识点解析：暂无解析

12、[F2]

标准答案：越来越聪明的猎食者和越来越机敏的逃跑者之间互动所影响的智力主要

是在注意力方面——大脑中将意识从这一刻运送到下一刻的方面。

知识点解析：暂无解析

13、[F3]

标准答案：生物体更清醒更警觉；当生物体对环境更敏感时，不断增强的警惕感会

造成对微弱的信号也有反应。

知识点解析：暂无解析

14、[P4]

标准答案：尽管在两种动物中警觉都会刺激肾上腺产生肾上腺素，但在食草动物中

的效果主要是恐惧，而在食肉动物中产生的效果主要是攻击性。

知识点解析：暂无解析

15、[F5]

标准答案：它十分警觉而不是四处觅食，它平静地等待而不是热切期待。这种如丝

般薄的冷静之下隐藏的是强劲的消化系统。

知识点解析：暂无解析

Itwasthebiggestscientificgrudgematchsincethespacerace.TheGenomeWarshad

everything:twogroupswithappealingleadersreadytofightinascientificdeadheat,

pushingthelimitsoftechnologyandrhetoricastheybattledtobecomethefirsttoread

everylastoneofthe3billionDNA"letters"inthehumanbody.[Fl]Thescientific

importanceofth。workisunquestionable、thecompletedDNAsequenceisexpectedto

givescientistsunprecedentedinsightsinloiheworkingsofihehumanbody,

revolulionizingmedicineandbiology.Buitheraceitself,betweenthegovernment's

HumanGenomeProjectandRockville,Md.,biotechnologycompanyCeleraGenomics,

wasatleastpartlysymbolic,thepublic/privateconflictplayedoutinageneticlab.Now

theraceisover.Afteryearsofpublicattacksandseveralfailedattemptsatreconciliation,

thetwosidesaretakingasteptowardaperiodofcalm.HGPheadFrancisCollins(and

AriPatrinosoftheDepartmentofEnergy,animportantallyonthegovernmentsidc)and

CraigVenter,thefounderofCelera,agreedtoholdajointpressconferencein

WashingtonthisMondaytodeclarethattheracewasover(sortof),thatbothsideshad

won(kindof)andthatthehostilitieswereresolved(forthetimebeing).Nooneisexactly

surehowthingswillbedifferentnow.[F2]Neithersidewillbeturningoffits

sequencingmachinesanytimesoon—the"finishlines"eachhasciosscdarclargely

arbitrarypoinls,"firstdrafts"ratherthanthedefinitiveversion.[F3]Andwhileihejoint

announcemenlbringsiheformerGenomeWarriorscloserlogeiherihanihey'vebeenin

years,insiderssayihalfirureagreemenlsaremorelikelylo【ake【heformof

coordination,rather[hanoutrightcollaboration.TheconflictblewupthisFebruarywhen

Britain'sWellcomeTrust,anHGPparticipant,releasedaconfidentiallettertoCelera

outliningtheHGP'scomplaints.Ventercalledthemove"alowlife