2025年雅思阅读阅读真题

2025年雅思阅读阅读真题

Passage1

TheMimicryofNature:BiomimeticsinMaterialScience

A.Biomimetics,oftenreferredtoasbionicsorbiologicallyinspireddesign,istheinterdisciplinaryfieldwhereprinciplesfromengineering,chemistry,andbiologyintersecttosolvecomplexhumanproblems.Bystudyingnature'stime-testedpatternsandstrategies,suchastheself-cleaningabilitiesofthelotusleaforthestructuralintegrityofthespider'ssilk,scientistsaimtocreatematerialsandsystemsthataremoreefficient,sustainable,andresilientthanconventionalsyntheticalternatives.Thisapproachisnotmerelyaboutcopyingtheshapeofanorganismbutunderstandingtheunderlyingmechanismsthatallowbiologicalsystemstofunctionoptimallywithintheirenvironments.

B.Oneofthemostcelebratedexamplesofbiomimeticsuccessisthedevelopmentofsyntheticspidersilk.Fordecades,materialscientistshavebeenfascinatedbythetoughnessofspidersilk,whichisrenownedforitstensilestrengthcomparabletohigh-gradealloysteelwhilemaintainingtheelasticityofrubber.Unlikesteel,whichisenergy-intensivetoproduceandpronetocorrosion,spidersilkisaprotein-basedfiberproducedatambienttemperaturesandpressures.However,farmingspidersforsilkiscommerciallyunviableduetotheirterritorialandcannibalisticnature.Recentbreakthroughsingeneticengineeringhaveallowedresearcherstoinsertthegenesresponsibleforspidersilkproteinproductionintogoats,whichthensecretetheproteininthemilk.This"silkmilk"canthenbespunintofibers,pavingthewayforeverythingfrombiodegradablefishingnetstomedicalsuturesthatarestrongerthanKevlar.

C.Anotherareawherenaturehasprovidedablueprintisintherealmofsurfaceengineering.The"LotusEffect,"namedafterthesacredlotusplant,describeshowsuperhydrophobic(extremelywater-repellent)micro-andnanostructuresonasurfacecancausewaterdropletstobeadupandrolloff,pickingupdirtparticlesintheprocess.Thisself-cleaningmechanismhasbeenreplicatedinthecreationofhydrophobiccoatingsforself-cleaningwindows,paints,andtextiles.Thecommercialapplicationsarevast,reducingtheneedforchemicaldetergentsandmanuallaborinmaintenance.Similarly,thestudyofsharkskin,whichiscoveredintiny,tooth-likescalescalleddermaldenticles,hasledtothedevelopmentofdrag-reducingsurfacesforshiphullsandswimsuits.Thesedenticleschannelwatermoreefficiently,reducingturbulenceandtherebyincreasingspeedandfuelefficiency.

D.Inthefieldofarchitectureandconstruction,biomimeticsisinfluencingthedesignofmoreresilientstructures.TheEastgateCentreinHarare,Zimbabwe,isaprimeexampleofpassivecoolinginspiredbytermitemounds.Termitesmaintainaconstanttemperatureinsidetheirmoundsdespitetheextremeexternalheatfluctuationsbyconstantlyopeningandcoolingventsthatregulateairflowthroughacomplexnetworkoftunnels.Thebuildingmimicsthissystemwithapassivecoolingdesignthatuseschimneysandacentralventilationstacktodrawcoolairinatnightandexpelhotairduringtheday,reducingenergyconsumptionbyover90%comparedtoconventionalbuildingsofsimilarsize.

E.Perhapsthemostfuturisticapplicationofbiomimeticsliesinthedevelopmentof"smartmaterials"thatcanhealthemselves.Thehumanbodyhealscutsandbrokenbonesthroughacomplexbiologicalprocess,andscientistsarestrivingtogivesimilarpropertiestoinanimateobjects.Self-healingconcretecontainsembeddedcapsulesofsodiumsilicateorbacteria(suchasBacillus)thatproducelimestone.Whencracksform,thecapsulesrupture,releasingthehealingagentthatfillsthevoidandhardens.Thisinnovationcoulddrasticallyreducethemaintenancecostsofbridges,roads,andtunnels,whichcurrentlysufferfromdegradationduetowateringressandfreeze-thawcycles.

F.Despitetheseadvancements,thefieldofbiomimeticsfacessignificantchallenges.Translatingbiologicalprocessesintoindustrialmanufacturingisoftendifficultduetothedifferenceinscaleandthecomplexityofbiologicalsystems.Natureworksatthemolecularlevelwithhighprecision,whereashumanmanufacturingoftenlacksthisfidelity.Furthermore,theenergyefficiencyofbiologicalsystemsishardtoreplicatewhenrelyingonfossil-fuel-basedindustrialprocesses.However,asnanotechnologyadvancesandourunderstandingofbiologicalsystemsdeepens,thegapbetweenthenaturalandtheartificialisnarrowing.Thefuturepromisesmaterialsthatarenotonlyinspiredbynaturebutarealsointegratedwithit,creatingasustainablecycleofproductionanddecompositionthatmirrorsthebiosphereitself.

Questions1-6

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?

Write:

TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation

FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformation

NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis

1.Biomimeticsinvolvescopyingtheexactphysicalappearanceoforganismstosolveengineeringproblems.

2.Spidersilkisstrongerthansteelintermsoftensilestrengthbutislesselastic.

3mercialfarmingofspidersisdifficultbecausetheytendtoattackeachother.

4.The"LotusEffect"isprimarilyutilizedtoincreasethedurabilityofmetalsurfacesagainstrust.

5.TheEastgateCentreinZimbabweusesactiveairconditioningunitstocoolthebuilding.

6.Self-healingconcreteusesbacteriathatcanproducelimestonetosealcracks.

Questions7-10

Completethesummarybelow.

ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes7-10onyouranswersheet.

SharkSkinandDragReduction

Theskinofsharksiscoveredinsmallscalesknownas7__________.Thesestructuresfunctionbychannelingwatermoreefficiently,whichdecreases8__________.Thisbiologicaldesignhasbeenappliedtothemanufacturingof9__________andcompetitiveswimsuits.Theresultisanincreaseinspeedandimproved10__________.

Questions11-13

Matchthefollowingbiomimeticinventions(A-C)withthespecificanimalorplantthatinspiredthem.

Writethecorrectletter,A,B,orC,nexttoQuestions11-13.

NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.

ListofInventions

A.Self-healingconcrete

B.Passivecoolingventilation

C.Hydrophobiccoatings

11.Termites

12.Lotus

13.Humanbody

Passage2

ThePsychologyofTimePerception

A.Timeisarguablythemostfundamentaldimensionofourexistence,yetthewayweperceiveitisfarfromobjective.Thepsychologicalstudyoftimeperceptionseekstounderstandwhytimeseemstoflywhenwearehavingfunanddragonwhenwearebored,orwhythesummersofourchildhoodfeltendlesswhileyearsseemtoslipawayasweage.Thisphenomenonisnotmerelyaphilosophicalcuriositybutarobustareaofcognitiveneurosciencethatinvestigateshowthebrainprocessesduration,sequence,andrhythm.

B.Atthecoreoftimeperceptionisthebrain'sinternalclock,amechanismbelievedtobegovernedbyanetworkofneuralregions,includingthestriatumandthecerebellum.This"pacemaker-accumulator"modelsuggeststhatthebrainemitsregularpulses(ticks)whichareaccumulatedbyacounter.Whenattentionisdirectedtothepassageoftime,thesepulsesarecollected,allowingustoestimateduration.However,thissystemishighlysusceptibletotheinfluenceofattentionandemotion.Whenthebrainisengagedinacomplextask,fewercognitiveresourcesareallocatedtomonitoringtheinternalclockpulses,leadingtofewerticksbeingrecordedandthesubjectivesensationthatlesstimehaspassed.Conversely,whenwaitinginatediousqueue,attentionisfixatedonthepassageoftime,resultinginahigheraccumulationofticksandthefeelingthattimeisslowingdown.

C.Emotionalarousalplaysasimilarlysignificantrole.Theamygdala,thebrain'semotionalcenter,interactswiththeinternalclockmechanismsduringhigh-stressorfrighteningsituations.Thisinteractionoftencausesthepacemakertospeedup,leadingtoanoverestimationofduration.Thisexplainswhyaterrifyingevent,suchasacarcrash,canfeellikeitishappeninginslowmotion.However,thisisnotjustaretrospectivememoryeffect;studiessuggestthatthebrainactuallyprocessesvisualinformationatafasterrateduringthesemoments,creatingahigh-resolution"slow-motion"memoryoftheevent.

D.Anotherfascinatingaspectoftimeperceptionisthe"HolidayParadox."Whenindividualslookbackonavacationoranovelexperience,itoftenfeelslongerthanaroutineperiodofthesamelength.Thisisduetothewaymemoryencodestime.Ourbrainsrelyonthenumberofnewmemoriesformedtogaugethedurationofapastperiod.Aroutinetwoweeksatworkmightmergeintoablurbecausethedaysarerepetitive,resultinginfewdistinctmemorymarkers.Incontrast,atwo-weekholidayfilledwithnewsights,sounds,andactivitiescreatesadensetapestryofuniquememories.Whenrecalled,theabundanceofmemoriestricksthebrainintoperceivingtheperiodaslongerthanitactuallywas.

E.Asweage,thesubjectivespeedingupoftimeisacommoncomplaint.Severaltheoriesattempttoexplainthis.The"proportionaltheory"suggeststhataswegrowolder,eachunitoftime(e.g.,ayear)representsasmallerfractionofourtotallifelived.Toafive-year-old,oneyearis20%oftheirlife;toafifty-year-old,itisonly2%.Therefore,yearsnaturallyfeelshorter.Anothertheorypositsthatitissimplyamatterofdecreasingnovelty.Asadults,ourlivestendtobecomemoreroutineandpredictablecomparedtotheconstantdiscoveryofchildhood.Withfewernovelexperiencestocreatedistinctmemorymarkers,timeseemstocompress.

F.Theimplicationsoftimeperceptionresearchextendbeyondmerecuriosity.Understandinghowweperceivetimeiscrucialinfieldssuchashuman-computerinteraction(HCI),wheretheperceivedspeedofawebsiteorapplicationaffectsusersatisfaction.Intheworkplace,understandingtheflowstate—astateofdeepconcentrationwheretimeperceptionisdistorted—canhelpoptimizeproductivityandemployeewell-being.Furthermore,distortionsintimeperceptionaresymptomsofvariousneurologicalconditions,suchasParkinson'sdisease,schizophrenia,andattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder(ADHD),makingitavaluablediagnostictool.

G.Ultimately,timeisaconstructofthebrain,shapedbyattention,emotion,memory,andnovelty.Whiletheclockonthewallmeasuresobjectivetimeinstandardunits,ourinternalexperienceisfluidandmalleable.Bystudyingthemechanismsbehindthisfluidity,scientistsarenotonlyunravelingthemysteriesofconsciousnessbutalsofindingwaystoimproveourqualityoflife,helpingusto"slowdown"timebyembracingnoveltyandmindfulness.

Questions14-18

ReadingPassage2hassevenparagraphs,A-G.

Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?

Writethecorrectnumber,A-G,inboxes14-18onyouranswersheet.

14.Anexplanationofwhychildhoodsummersseemtolastlongerthanyearsinadulthood.

15.Theroleoftheamygdalainalteringtheperceptionduringfrighteningevents.

16.Thetheoreticalmodelinvolvingapacemakerandanaccumulator.

17.Therelevanceoftimeperceptionstudiestodiagnosingspecificmedicalconditions.

18.Themechanismbywhichthebrainusesmemorydensitytojudgepastduration.

Questions19-22

Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,C,orD.

Writeyouranswersinboxes19-22onyouranswersheet.

19.Accordingtothepacemaker-accumulatormodel,timeseemstopassquicklywhen

A.theamygdalaisactivated.

B.thebrainisfocusedonacomplextask.

C.thepersoniswaitinginaqueue.

D.thecerebellumisdamaged.

20.The"slow-motion"effectduringacarcrashisaresultof

A.thebrainrecordingfewerticks.

B.amalfunctionofthestriatum.

C.anincreaseinthespeedofvisualprocessing.

D.theretrospectivenatureofmemoryonly.

21.The"HolidayParadox"referstothefeelingthat

A.timepassesquicklywhileonafunholiday.

B.aholidayfeelsshorterinretrospectthanaworkweek.

C.aholidayfeelslongerinretrospectduetonewmemories.

D.routineworkcreatesadensetapestryofmemories.

22.The"proportionaltheory"ofagingsuggeststhat

A.memorymarkersfadeaswegetolder.

B.ayearfeelsshorterbecauseitisasmallerfractionoftotallife.

C.childrenhavefasterinternalpacemakers.

D.adultspaylessattentiontotimethanchildren.

Questions23-26

Completethesentencesbelow.

ChooseNOMORETHANONEWORDfromthepassageforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes23-26onyouranswersheet.

23.Thesubjectivesensationthattimeisslowingdownoccurswhenattentionisfixatedonthe23__________oftime.

24.InHCIdesign,theperceivedspeedofasystemislinkedtouser24__________.

25.Astateofdeepconcentrationwheretimeisdistortedisknownasthe25__________state.

26.TimeperceptioncanbedistortedinconditionslikeADHDand26__________.

Passage3

TheCrisisofReproducibilityinScience

A.Thescientificmethodrestsonthefoundationalpremisethatexperimentsmustbereplicable;ifaresultisgenuine,independentresearchersshouldbeabletoreproduceitbyfollowingtheoriginalmethods.However,theearly21stcenturyhaswitnessedagrowingconcernknownasthe"reproducibilitycrisis."Acrossvariousdisciplines,butmostnotablyinpsychologyandbiomedicalresearch,studieshavefailedtostanduptore-evaluation.Large-scaleprojectsattemptingtoreplicatekeyfindingshavereportedsuccessratesaslowas40%orevenlessinsomefields.Thiserosionoftrustthreatensthecredibilityofthescientificenterpriseandhasprofoundimplicationsforpublicpolicyandmedicalpractice.

B.Oneoftheprimarydriversofthiscrisisisthemisuseofstatisticalsignificance,specificallytherelianceonthep-value.Thep-valuemeasurestheprobabilityofobtainingaresultatleastasextremeastheoneobserved,assumingthenullhypothesisistrue.Traditionally,athresholdof0.05isusedtodenotesignificance.However,thisarbitrarycutoffhasincentivized"p-hacking,"thepracticeofmanipulatingdataanalysisoptions(e.g.,stoppingdatacollectiononcesignificanceisreached,orselectivelyreportingoutcomes)untiladesirablep-valueisachieved.Thistransformsthescientificprocessfromadiscoverytoolintoagameofchance,wherefalsepositives—findingsthatappearsignificantbutareactuallyduetorandomnoise—arepublishedasfacts.

C.Closelyrelatedtop-hackingistheissueofpublicationbias,oftencalledthe"filedrawerproblem."Academicjournalshistoricallyhaveshownastrongpreferenceforpublishingnovel,positiveresultsthatdemonstrateastatisticallysignificanteffect,whilestudiesshowingnoeffect(nullresults)arerejectedandrelegatedtothe"filedrawer."Thisdistortsthescientificliterature,creatingaskewedpicturewhereinterventionsappearmoreeffectivethantheyactuallyare.Whenmeta-analysescombinepublishedstudies,theyoverlookthemissingnullresults,leadingtoinflatedeffectsizesandmisleadingconclusions.Forinstance,adrugmightappeareffectivebasedonpublishedtrials,whilenumerousfailedtrialsremainunpublished.

D.Anotherstructuralissueisthelackoftransparencyinresearchmethodologies.Inmanyfields,complexcomputationalanalysesareperformedusingcustom-writtencodethatisnotsharedwiththepublication.Withoutaccesstotherawdataandtheanalysisscripts,itisnearlyimpossibleforpeerreviewersorotherresearcherstodetecterrorsorintentionalmanipulation.The"blackbox"natureofmoderndataanalysismeansthaterrorscanpropagatethroughtheliteratureundetected.Furthermore,thepressuretopublishfrequently—famouslyencapsulatedbytheadage"publishorperish"—encouragesresearcherstoprioritizequantityoverquality,oftenleadingtosloppyexperimentaldesignsandinsufficientsamplesizesthatlackthestatisticalpowertodetectrealeffects.

E.Theconsequencesofthiscrisisaretangibleandsevere.Inpreclinicalresearch,irreproducibleresultshaveledtothewasteofbillionsofdollarsinfundingandcountlesshoursoflabor.Drugcompaniesfrequentlyreportthattheycannotreplicatethepromisingresultsofacademicstudieswhentryingtodevelopnewtherapies.Thisbottleneckslowsdownthedevelopmentofnewmedicinesanddrivesupthecostofhealthcare.Moreover,whenhigh-profileretractionsoccur,theygarnermediaattentionthatfuelspublicskepticismaboutscience,adangeroustrendinanerawherepolicydecisionsonclimatechangeandpublichealthrelyheavilyonscientificconsensus.

F.Inresponsetothesechallenges,thescientificcommunityisundergoingaperiodofintrospectionandreform.Oneofthemostpromisingsolutionsisthe"Pre-registration"ofstudies.ThisinvolvesresearcherspubliclyregisteringtheirhypothesesandanalysisplansonaplatformliketheOpenScienceFrameworkbeforetheycollectoranalyzeanydata.Bylockinginthemethodologyinadvance,pre-registrationpreventsp-hackinganddistinguishesbetweenconfirmatoryresearch(testingaspecifichypothesis)andexploratoryresearch(generatingnewhypotheses).Journalsareincreasinglyadopting"RegisteredReports,"aformatwherepeerreviewhappensbeforetheresultsareknown,ensuringthatpublicationdecisionsarebasedontherigorofthemethodratherthanthenoveltyorsignificanceoftheoutcome.

G.Additionally,thereisagrowingmovementtowardOpenScience,whichadvocatesformakingrawdata,code,andmaterialsfreelyavailable.Thistransparencyallowsforre-analysisandverification,fosteringacultureofcollaborationratherthancompetition.Institutionsarealsobeginningtoadjusthiringandpromotioncriteriatovalueopendatapracticesandhigh-qualityreplicationstudies,ratherthanjustthenumberofpublicationsinhigh-impactjournals.Whileculturalchangeisslow,thesestructuralreformsaimtorealigntheincentivesofthescientificcommunitywiththecorevaluesofreliabilityandtruth-seeking.

H.Thereproducibilitycrisisisnotasignthatscienceisbroken,butratherthatitisself-correcting.Theidentificationoftheseproblemsdemonstratestherobustnessofthemeta-scientificprocess.Byacknowledgingtheflawsincurrentpracticesandimplementingrigorousreforms,scienceisevolvingtobecomemoreresilient.Thetransitionispainfulandrequiresashiftfroma"publishorperish"mentalitytooneof"qualityoverquantity,"butitisessentialforpreservingtheintegrityofscientificknowledgeinthelongrun.

Questions27-31

Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,C,orD.

Writeyouranswersinboxes27-31onyouranswersheet.

27.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.Scientificexperimentsaretooexpensiveandoftenfail.

B.Thep-valueisanoutdatedstatisticaltoolthatshouldbeabolished.

C.Thereisasignificantproblemwithreplicatingscientificresults,butsolutionsarebeingdeveloped.

D.Drugcompaniesareresponsibleforthereproducibilitycrisis.

28.AccordingtoparagraphB,"p-hacking"involves

A.replicatingstudiestoverifyp-values.

B.manipulatinganalysisoptionstoachieveaspecificstatisticalthreshold.

C.usingap-valuethresholdof0.01insteadof0.05.

D.publishingnullresultstobalancetheliterature.

29.The"filedrawerproblem"refersto

A.thetendencytohidestudiesthatshownosignificanteffect.

B.thedifficultyofaccessingoldpaperfiles.

C.thehabitofscientistskeepingtheirdataprivate.

D.therejectionofstudiesduetopoorexperimentaldesign.

30.OneconsequenceofthereproducibilitycrisismentionedinparagraphEis

A.anincreaseinthespeedofnewdrugdevelopment.

B.thewasteoffinancialresourcesinpreclinicalresearch.

C.adecreaseinmediaattentiononscience.

D.improvedpublictrustinscientificconsensus.

31."RegisteredReports"differfromtraditionalpublicationbecause

A.theyarepublishedonlyiftheresultsarepositive.

B.theyarereviewedafterthedatacollectioniscomplete.

C.thereviewprocessoccursbeforetheresultsareknown.

D.theydonotrequirepeerreview.

Questions32-35

Lookatthefollowingstatements(Questions32-35)andthelistofpeople/conceptsbelow.

Matcheachstatementwiththecorrectconcept,A-E.

Writethecorrectletter,A-E,inboxes32-35onyouranswersheet.

ListofConcepts

A.PublicationBias

B.Pre-registration

C.The"BlackBox"problem

D.StatisticalPower

E.OpenScience

32.Thesharingofrawdataandcodetoallowforverification.

33.Thelikelihoodofastudytodetectarealeffectifoneexists.

34.Thepracticeoflockinginhypothesesbeforedatacollection.

35.Theskewingofliteratureduetopreferenceforpositiveresults.

Questions36-40

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeviewsofthewriterinReadingPassage3?

Write:

YESifthestatementagreeswiththeviews

NOifthestatementcontradictstheviews

NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinks

36.Thereproducibilitycrisisaffectsallscientificdisciplinesequally.

37.Thearbitrary0.05thresholdforp-valueisamajorcauseoffalsepositives.

38.Sharingcustom-writtencodeiscurrentlystandardpracticeinmostfields.

39.The"publishorperish"cultureencouragesresearcherstoprioritizequantity.

40.Thescientificcommunityiscurrentlyfailingtoaddressthecrisiseffectively.

AnswerKeyandExplanations

AnswerKey

1.FALSE

2.FALSE

3.TRUE

4.NOTGIVEN

5.FALSE

6.TRUE

7.dermaldenticles

8.turbulence

9.shiphulls

10.fuelefficiency

11.B

12.C

13.A

14.E

15.C

16.B

17.F

18.D

19.B

20.C

21.C

22.B

23.passage

24.satisfaction

25.flow

26.schizophrenia

27.C

28.B

29.A

30.B

31.C

32.E

33.D

34.B

35.A

36.NO

37.YES

38.NO

39.YES

40.NO

DetailedExplanations

Passage1:TheMimicryofNature

1.FALSE

Explanation:ThetextstatesinparagraphA,"Thisapproachisnotmerelyaboutcopyingtheshapeofanorganismbutunderstandingtheunderlyingmechanisms..."Therefore,sayingitinvolvescopyingtheexactphysicalappearancecontradictstheinformationprovided.

2.FALSE

Explanation:ParagraphBstatesthatspidersilkhas"tensilestrengthcomparabletohigh-gradealloysteelwhilemaintainingtheelasticityofrubber."Thestatementclaimsitislesselastic,whichcontradictsthetext.

3.TRUE

Explanation:ParagraphBexplicitlymentions,"farmingspidersforsilkiscommerciallyunviableduetotheirterritorialandcannibalisticnature."Thismatchesthestatement.

4.NOTGIVEN

Explanation:ParagraphCdiscussesthe"LotusEffect"anditsapplicationinself-cleaningwindows,paints,andtextiles.Itdoesnotmentionusingittoincreasethedurabilityofmetalagainstrust.

5.FALSE

Explanation:ParagraphDdescribestheEastgateCentreasusinga"passivecoolingdesign"andmentionsitreducesenergyconsumptioncomparedtoconventionalbuildingsthatuseactivesystems.Thestatementclaimsitusesactiveairconditioning,whichisfalse.

6.TRUE

Explanation:ParagraphEmentionsself-healingconcretecontainingbacteria(suchasBacillus)thatproducelimestonetofillcracks.Thismatchesthestatement.

7.dermaldenticles

Explanation:ParagraphCrefersto"tiny,tooth-likescalescalleddermaldenticles."

8.turbulence

Explanation:ParagraphCstatesthatthedenticles"channelwatermoreefficiently,reducingturbulence."

9.shiphulls

Explanation:ParagraphClists"shiphullsandswimsuits"asapplicationsofthistechnology.

10.fuelefficiency

Explanation:ParagraphCconcludesthattheresultis"increasingspeedandfuelefficiency."

11.B

Explanation:ParagraphDlinkstheEastgateCentre(passivecoolingventilation)totermitemounds.

12.C

Explanation:ParagraphClinkshydrophobiccoatingstothe"LotusEffect,"namedafterthelotusplant.

13.A

Explanation:ParagraphEdiscussesself-healingmaterialsinspiredbythehumanbody'sabilitytohealcutsandbones.

Passage2:ThePsychologyofTimePerception

14.E

Explanation:ParagraphEdiscusseswhytimeseemstospeedupasweage,comparingthe"proportionaltheory"andthedecreasingnoveltyofadulthoodcomparedtochildhood.

15.C

Explanation:ParagraphCstates,"Theamygdala,thebrain'semotionalcenter,interactswiththeinternalclockmechanismsduringhigh-stressorfrighteningsituations."

16.B

Explanation:ParagraphBintroducesthe"pacemaker-accumulator"model.

17.F

Explanation:ParagraphFmentionsthatdistortionsintimeperceptionaresymptomsofconditionslikeParkinson's,schizophrenia,andADHD,makingitavaluablediagnostictool.

18.D

Explanation:ParagraphDexplainsthe"HolidayParadox,"stating,"Ourbrainsrelyonthenumberofnewmemoriesformedtogaugethedurationofapastperiod."

19.B

Explanation:ParagraphBexplainsthatwhenthebrainisengagedinacomplextask,fewerresourcesmonitortheclock,leadingtofewerticksbeingrecordedandthesensationthatlesstimehaspassed(timeflying).

20.C

Explanation:ParagraphCnotes,"studiessuggestthatthebrainactuallyprocessesvisualinformationatafasterrateduringthesemoments,"creatingtheslow-motioneffect.

21.C

Explanation:ParagraphDdefinestheHolidayParadoxasthefeelingthataholidayfeelslongerinretrospectbecauseitcreatesadensetapestryofuniquememories.

22.B

Explanation:ParagraphEdescribestheproportionaltheory:"aswegrowolder,eachunitoftime...representsasmallerfractionofourtotallifelived."

23.passage

Explanation:ParagraphBmentions