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中考英语同类词、同义词、近义词、易混易错词及短语分类汇总

一、近义动词辨析

1.spend/take/cost/pay(花费)

🔹spend:人作主语,spendtime/money(in)doing/onsth例:Ispend1hourreading.🔹take:it作形式主语,Ittakessb+时间+todo例:Ittakesmeanhourtoread.🔹cost:物作主语,只表花钱例:Thebookcosts20yuan.🔹pay:人作主语,paymoneyforsth例:Ipay20yuanforthebook.

2.borrow/lend/keep(借)

🔹borrow:借入,短暂动词,borrowsthfromsb🔹lend:借出,短暂动词,lendsthtosb🔹keep:保管/借多久,延续动词,和howlong连用例:CanIborrowyourpen?Icanlendyoumypen.HowlongcanIkeepit?

易错:howlong后面绝对不能用borrow/lend

3.hear/listen/sound(听)

🔹listen(to):动作,有意识去听🔹hear:结果,听到🔹sound:系动词,后接形容词,“听起来”例:Listencarefully.

Ihearnothing.Itsoundsgood.

4.look/see/watch/read(看)

🔹look(at):动作,看🔹see:结果,看见🔹watch:观看动态(电视、比赛、表演)🔹read:读文字类(书、报、信)例:Pleaselookattheblackboardcarefully.Icanseeabirdinthetree.Myfatherlikestowatchfootballmatches.Iusuallyreadbooksbeforegoingtobed.5.arrive/get/reach(到达)🔹arrive:arrivein+大地点/arriveat+小地点🔹get:getto+地点🔹reach:及物动词,直接+地点(不加介词)例:Wewillarriveatthestationatnine.Igettoschoolat7everymorning.ShereachedBeijingyesterday.

6.forget/leave(落下、忘记)

🔹forgettodo:忘记要去做(没做)🔹forgetdoing:忘记做过(已做)🔹leave+物品+地点:把东西落在某地(不用forget)例:Don'tforgettolockthedoor.Iforgotclosingthewindow.Ileftmynotebookintheclassroom.

7.raise/rise(上升、举起)

🔹raise:及物动词,人为举起、筹集(后加宾语)raisehands举手/raisemoney筹钱🔹rise:不及物动词,自然上升(日月、水位、价格)例:Weraisemoneyforthepoorkids.Thesunrises.

8.answer/reply(回答)

🔹answer:及物动词,直接接宾语(问题、电话、敲门),通用🔹reply:不及物动词,常加to例:answerthequestion/answerthephonereplytotheletter

9.wear/puton/dress/in穿

🔹wear:状态,“穿着”🔹puton:动作,“穿上”🔹dress:接人,dresssb给某人穿衣服;dressoneself自己穿🔹in+颜色/衣物(介词,表状态,常作定语/表语)例:Shewearsareddresstoday.Putonyourcoat.It'scold.Themotherisdressingherbaby.Thegirlinwhiteismysister.10.afford/offer

🔹afford负担得起;常与can/could连用,affordsth/todo🔹offer主动提供,offersbsth/offertodo例:Ican'taffordthisnewbike.Heofferedtohelpme.

二、人称代词,指示代词,不定代词辨析1.人称代词:主格和宾格用法:主格作主语;宾格作宾语/表语🔹主格:I,you,he,she,it,we,they🔹宾格:me,you,him,her,it,us,them例:ShelikesEnglish.(she主语,主格)Wehelphereveryday.(her宾语,宾格)2.形容词性物主代词&名词性物主代词用法:形物代+名词;名物代单独用(=形物代+名词)形物代:my,your,his,her,its,our,their名物代:mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs例:Thisismypen.(my+名词pen)Thispenismine.(mine=mypen,无名词)3.it/one/that/those(指代物品)🔹it:指代同一个东西(还是原来那支笔)🔹one:指代同类不同一个(单数)🔹that:指代单数/不可数名词,多用于比较🔹those:that复数,指代复数名词(比较句型)例:Ilostmypen.Ifounditlater.Idon’tlikethispen.Iwantanewone.

TheweatherinBeijingiscolderthanthatinGuangzhou.Thebikesherearebetterthanthosethere.4.this/that/these/those(指示代词)🔹this(这个)/these(这些):近处🔹that(那个)/those(那些):远处例:Thisismydesk.Thatisyours.Thesebooksarenew.Thoseareold.5.both/all/either/neither(两者/三者及以上)🔹both:两者都(复数含义,谓语用复数)🔹all:三者及以上都(谓语单复数看名词)🔹either:两者任一(单数,谓语用单数)🔹neither:两者都不(否定,单数)固定搭配bothAandB两者都eitherAorB要么…要么…(就近原则)neitherAnorB既不…也不…(就近原则)例:Bothgirlslikemusic.Allstudentsarehere.

Eitheranswerisright.Neitherofthemlikesswimming.6.some/any(一些)🔹some:肯定句;表请求/建议的疑问句(希望得到肯定回答)🔹any:否定句、一般疑问句例:Ihavesomefriends.(肯定)Idon’thaveanyfriends.(否定)CouldIhavesomewater?(请求,不用any)7.many/much(许多)🔹many+可数名词复数🔹much+不可数名词;也可修饰比较级例:Manybirdsareflying.Thereismuchwaterinthebottle.8.few/afew/little/alittle(几乎没有/有一点)🔹接可数复数:few/afew🔹接不可数:little/alittle🔹带a=肯定(有一点)🔹不带a=否定(几乎没有)例:Ihaveafewstorybooks.(有几个,可数肯定)Hehasfewfriends.(几乎没有,可数否定)Thereisalittlemilk.(有一点,不可数肯定)Thereislittletimeleft.(几乎没有,不可数否定)

9.other/others/theother/theothers/another🔹other其他的(泛指)无范围必须+复数名词

🔹others另一些(泛指)部分,非全部不加名词

🔹theother另一个/其余的(特指)两者/剩余全部单/复数名词

🔹theothers其余全部(特指)剩余所有不加名词🔹another另一个/再一三者及以上单数名词/单独用

例:Ihaveotherthingstodo.Somekidsaresinging,othersaredancing.Ihavetwopens.Oneisred,theotherisblue.Thesetwocupsaremine.Theothersareyours.Idon’tlikethisshirt.Showmeanotherone.10.复合不定代词(用法+定语位置+主谓一致)something/someone/somebody某事,某人anything/anyone/anybody任何事,任何人nothing/noone/nobody没有东西,没人everything/everyone/everybody一切,每人something:肯定句;表请求建议的问句anything:否定句、疑问句nothing:表否定=notanything例:Ihavesomethingtotellyou.Isthereanythinginthebox?Thereisnothinginthebag.考点:🔹形容词必须放在复合不定代词后面作后置定语❌importantsomething✅somethingimportant重要的事例:Ihavesomethingnewtoshowyou.🔹主谓一致:作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式例:Everyoneishere.

Nothingisdifficult.

11.noonevsnone🔹noone/nobody:只指人,回答who问句例:Whoisintheroom?—Noone.🔹none:可指人/物,强调数量,回答howmany/howmuch例:Howmanystudentsarelate?—None.(一个都没有)

12.sometimes/sometimes/sometime/sometime

🔹sometimes有时(频度副词)🔹sometimes几次;几倍🔹sometime某时(过去/将来)🔹sometime一段时间例:Hesometimesgoeshiking.IhavebeentheresometimesWewillmeetsometimenextweek.Pleasewaitforsometime.13.each/every

🔹each每一个(强调个体,可单独用、可接of,谓语单数)🔹every每一个(强调整体,不能单独用、不能接of,只修饰名词)例:Eachofushasabook.Everystudentmustfollowtherules.14.many/much/alotof/lotsof许多

🔹many+可数名词复数例:manybooks🔹much+不可数名词例:muchwater🔹alotof/lotsof:两者通用,可数/不可数均可,口语常用三、介词易混辨析时间介词1.in/on/at

🔹in:接年、月、季节、泛指早中晚、世纪、一段时间后例:in2026;inMay;insummer;inthemorning;inthreedays(三天后)🔹on:接具体日期、星期、具体某天的早/中/晚、节日当天例:onMonday;onJune1st;onacoldmorning;onNewYear'sDay🔹at:接具体时刻、节日、年龄、正午/夜晚例:at7:00;atnoon;atnight;atChristmas;attheageof15易错:有形容词/限定词修饰早中晚,只用on❌inarainyevening

✅onarainyevening2.during/for

🔹during:在……期间(强调过程,后接时间段/事件)例:Ifellasleepduringtheclass.🔹for:持续……时长(强调动作延续多久,常搭配完成时)例:Hehaslivedherefor10years.

3.since/from

🔹since:自从……(后接点时间,主句常用现在完成时)🔹from:从……开始(表起止,常和to连用)例:Shehasworkedheresince2020.WehaveclassesfromMondaytoFriday.

地点/方位介词

1.in/on/at(地点大小区分)

🔹in:大地点、内部空间(城市、国家、大范围)例:inBeijing;intheroom;inChina🔹on:在物体表面、线上(街道、道路、岸边)例:onthetable;ontheriver;onGreenStreet

🔹at:小地点、具体点位(车站、门口、街道地址)例:atthebusstop;athome;atthegate2.across/through/over/past(穿过)

🔹across:表面横穿(马路、河流、广场)🔹through:内部穿过(森林、门窗、人群、隧道)🔹over:从上方越过(山、墙、障碍物,无接触/凌空)🔹past:从旁边经过例:Walkacrosstheroadcarefully.Wewalkedthroughtheforest.Thebirdflewoverthehouse.Heranpastmejustnow.

3.infrontof/inthefrontof

🔹infrontof:在物体外部的前面🔹inthefrontof:在物体内部的前部例:Atreestandsinfrontoftheclassroom.(树在教室外前方)Isitinthefrontoftheclassroom.(我坐在教室内前排)

4.above/over/on(上下位置)

🔹above:在上方,不垂直、不接触🔹over:在正上方,垂直、可接触/凌空,常含“覆盖”含义

🔹on:在上面,表面接触例:Theplaneflewabovetheclouds.Thereisabridgeovertheriver.Abookisonthedesk.5.between/among

🔹between:在两者之间🔹among:在三者及以上之间

例:Theparkisbetweenthetwobuildings.Sheispopularamongherclassmates.

方式/工具介词

1.by/in/on(交通、出行方式)

(1)交通出行

🔹by+交通工具单数(无冠词、无复数)例:bybus;bybike;bytrain🔹on/in+冠词/物主代词+交通工具例:onabus;inmycar;onhisbike

易错:步行只用onfoot,固定搭配

(2)表达“用某种方式/语言/材料”🔹by:方式、手段(bydoingsth通过做某事)例:IlearnEnglishbylisteningtosongs.🔹in:接语言、材料、颜色例:inEnglish;inink(用墨水);inred🔹with:接具体工具、身体部位例:cutwithaknife;writewithhands2.with/without

🔹with:带有;用;和……一起🔹without:没有;无例:agirlwithlonghair(长发女孩)Hewentoutwithoutacoat.原因、目的、对象介词

1.for/becauseof(表原因)

🔹for:侧重主观情感、推测原因,不置于句首🔹becauseof:侧重客观直接原因,后接名词/代词/短语例:Hemustbeill,forhedidn'tcome.Hewaslatebecauseoftheheavyrain.

2.to/for(表对象、去向)

🔹to:朝向、给(动作指向对方)例:givesthtosb;gotoschool🔹for:为了、给(表用途、服务对象)例:agiftforyou;studyforthetest

易混固定搭配介词

1.

begoodat/begoodfor/begoodto🔹begoodat擅长例:Sheisgoodatdrawing.🔹begoodfor对……有益例:Milkisgoodforhealth.🔹begoodto对……友善例:Heisgoodtoeveryone.2.

belatefor/beafraidof/beproudof(固定介词,死记)🔹belateforschool上学迟到🔹beafraidofsnakes害怕蛇🔹beproudofourcountry为祖国自豪3.

lookfor/waitfor/askfor

🔹lookfor寻找🔹waitfor等待🔹askfor请求4.

dependon/liveon/spendon

🔹dependon依靠🔹liveon接食物、收入、街道🔹spendmoneyonsth花钱在某物上

四、-ing/-ed形容词汇总

规律:

-ing:令人……的(修饰事物)

-ed:感到……的(修饰人)1.

exciting/excitedexciting令人兴奋的→Thegameisexciting.excited感到兴奋的→I’mexcited.2.

interesting/interestedinteresting有趣的→aninterestingbookinterested感兴趣的→beinterestedin对……感兴趣3.

surprising/surprisedsurprising令人惊讶的→surprisingnewssurprised感到惊讶的→Wearesurprised.4.

moving/movedmoving感人的→amovingstorymoved感动的→Ifeltmoved.5.

relaxing/relaxedrelaxing令人放松的→arelaxingtriprelaxed放松的→Helooksrelaxed.6.

tiring/tiredtiring累人的→tiringworktired疲惫的→feeltired7.

boring/boredboring无聊的(事)→aboringmoviebored感到无聊(人)→I’mbored.8.

frightening/frightenedfrightening吓人的→afrighteningdogfrightened害怕的→befrightened9.

amazing/amazedamazing令人惊叹的→amazingsceneryamazed惊奇的→Shewasamazed.10.

disappointing/disappointeddisappointing令人失望的→disappointingresultdisappointed失望的→feeldisappointed11.

confusing/confusedconfusing令人困惑的→confusingrulesconfused迷茫的→I’mconfused.12.

pleasing/pleasedpleasing令人愉快的pleased高兴的、满意的13.

shocking/shockedshocking骇人听闻的shocked震惊的14.

worrying/worriedworrying令人担忧的worried担心的五、短语易错汇总(一)look系列

1.

lookfor寻找(动作)2.

findout查明、弄清楚3.

lookafter照顾=takecareof4.

lookup查阅(词典)5.

lookout小心;向外看6.

lookover检查(身体)7.

lookaround环顾四周

(二)put系列

1.

puton穿上(动作);上演2.

wear穿着(状态)3.

takeoff脱下;(飞机)起飞4.

putaway收起来、整理5.

putup张贴;搭建;举起6.

putout熄灭(火)7.

putoff推迟(后接doing)

(三)take系列(最多变,完形常客)

1.

takecare小心2.

takecareof照顾3.

takeplace发生(无被动)4.

takepartin参加(活动)5.

takeup占据(时间/空间);开始学习6.

takeaway拿走7.

takeout取出8.

takeoff脱下;起飞9.

takedown记下;拆下

(四)give系

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