2025年中考英语语法核心点详解part1名词和冠词

初中英语语法核心点详解part1名词和冠词1.名词的种类依数分可数名词单数名词--名词前加aan复数名词--名词后加ses不可数名词--只有单数形式，且不可加a/an依种类分普通名词、集合名词（可数名词）抽象名词、物质名词、专有名词（不可数名词）SchoolbeginsinSeptember.不可数，抽象指上学Therearethreeschoolsinthistown.可数gotoschool不可数，抽象指上学gototheschool可数，指学校这个地方普通名词如:book,pencil,dog,spaceship宇宙飞船例如1.鲸鱼是哺乳动物。Whalesaremammals.=Awhaleisamammal.=Thewhaleisamammal.例如2.Imetaboy.Theboyhadaballinhishands.集合名词单数,复数都可以family家庭；家人,audience听众class班级；同学,club俱乐部；会员company公司；职员crew机组；机组人员crowd群众；government政府public大众,staff职员,team团队例如1.Hisfamilyisabigone.家庭Hisfamilyarealltall.家人例如2.Myfamilyislarge.我家是一个大家庭。Myfamilyareallearlyrisers.我家人都起的很早。例如3.Ourteamhaswonthechampionship.我队Theteamwereallexcited.队员复数形police,cattle,people,poultry(n.)家禽cattle牛群;cow母牛;bull公牛;ox阉公牛oneperson,twopersons/peopleapoliceman,twopolicemen例如1.Thepolicehavecaughthim.例如2.Manypeoplewereangryatthecase.单数形…类，只有单数baggage行李类,clothing服装类,furniture家具类machinery机械类,merchandise商品类,poetry诗类,scenery风景类重点：特殊的集合名词Fruit1.水果总称：用不加冠词的单数形fruit2.水果种类→一种:afruit两种以上:fruitsakindoffruit,twokindsoffruits3.成果,结果→fruits例如1.Doyoueatmuchfruit？例如2.Thepotatoisnotafruitbutavegetable.一种水果例如3.Hissuccesswasthefruitsofhardwork.Fish1.表数量一条鱼:afish两条以上:fish2.种类一种:afish两种以上:fishes3.鱼肉Fish例如1.Icaughtthreefishyesterday.例如2.Therearealotoffisheslivinginthesea.很多种鱼People1.人们people（复数）2.国民,民族（可数）apeople,twopeoples,…例如1.Tenpeoplewereinjuredintheaccident.意外死亡bekilled例如2.TheChinesearesaidtobeanindustriouspeople.industryn.工业；勤勉industrialadj.工业的industriousadj.勤勉的Hair1.全部头发/毛发/汗毛（不可数）hair2.一根根（可数）ahair/hairs例如1.Shehasthickhair.例如2.Hepulledouttwowhitehairs.两根白发抽象名词kindness,beauty,honesty,love,patience,happiness,music一般用不加冠词的单数形例如1.Ilikemusic.例如2.Thisisimportantinformation.表“程度”--可加much,any,some,alittle,little等例如1.Ihavelittlehopeofsucceeding.例如2.Ihavealotofhomeworktodo.homework作业类,总称表“限定”--可加the例如1.Necessityisthemotherofinvention.那个抽象的妈妈→限定的妈妈(类)需要为发明之母。例如2.Youshouldknowthedifficultyoflearninghowtodriveacar.学开车的困难→限定的困难(类)数抽象名词时--用apieceof/anitemof例如1.Hegavemeawonderfulpieceofadvice.注意wonderful的位置Apieceofwonderfuladvice.(×)twopiecesofadvice例如2.Shesentusanitemofnews.表示个别行为,事件时--可加a/an,也可用复数形例如1.Thecomputerisamarvelousinvention.例如2.Iwilltellyoumyviewsofthematter.介词+抽象名词Of+抽象名词=adj.With+抽象名词=adv.例如1.Heisamanofability.=Heisanableman.adj.能；有能力的；能干的例如2.Theinformationisofnovaluetome.=Theinformationisvaluelesstome.valuen.价值valuelessadj.无价值的例如3.Marypassedtheexamwithease.=Marypassedtheexameasily.<注意>ofimportance=important(adj.)withcare=carefully(adv.)onpurpose=intentionally(adv.)intentv.意图intentionaladj.故意的intentionallyadv.故意地，有意地byaccident=accidentallyadv.物质名词没有固定形状或范围的物质如:light,water,money,glass,wood,paper,butter一般情况不加冠词的单数形例如1.Thisstatueismadeofstone.石头材料例如2.Thecrowdthrewstonesatthepolice.石块pebble小卵石stone适中石rock大岩石boulder巨石限定量时--可用some,alotof,much例如1.Idon’tneedmuchmoneytobuythatcamera.例如2.Wehavelittlerainhere.这里几乎不下雨。特定的物品--可加冠词,代名词或所有格例如1.ThisbeefisfromAustralia.特定的牛肉例如2.Let’sgototheliquorstore.特定的某家酒吧将物质名词量化数字+...+of+物质名词(1)形状apieceofchalk一支粉笔asheetofpaperasliceofbread一片面包aloafofbread一条面包twoloavesofbreadloavesofbread很多面包(2)容器abottleofcolaaglassofwater玻璃杯acupoftea有把儿的杯子acupofcoffee一杯咖啡(3)单位apoundofbutter一磅奶油aliterofmilk一公升aspoonfulofsugar注意：不是只有“物质名词”才能这样量化abasketofapples一篮苹果aschoolofwhales一群鲸(鱼类)aherdofcattle一群牛(大动物)aflockofbirds一群鸟(小动物)Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.一丘之貉/物以类聚feather羽毛专有名词特定人或事物的名称，如：Bob,Smith,April,London一般情形--开头字母大写,不加冠词,无复数形例如1.Dr.JonesphotographedmanywildanimalsinAfrica.例如2.HenrywalkeddownBridgeStreettosavetime.加the的专有名词(1)河川,海洋,海峡theAmazon,thePacificOcean(2)船,列车theTitanic,theMRT台湾的捷运(3)公共建筑theWhiteHouse,theBritishMuseum(4)报纸,杂志theTimes,theAsahi朝日新闻加不定冠词或复数形的专有名词例如1.AMr.Brownhascometoseeyou.一个叫Brown的人来看你。例如2.HeistheEdisonofTaiwan.他是台湾的爱迪生。例如3.MywifewasaSmith.我老婆是Smith家族的人。例如4.HehastwoPicassos.他有两幅毕加索的画。2.名词的数规则变化一般直接加sdog---dogsbook---booksgirl----girls字尾为s,x,ch,sh,子音＋O→复数名词：＋estomatoes,buses,boxes但是也有例外的photo----photospiano----pianos女英雄heroine字尾为子音＋y→复数名词：去y＋iesbaby---babiesstory---storiescity----citieslady----ladies字尾为f或fe→去f/fe＋vesleaf---leavesknife---kniveswife----wives例外:handkerchiefs手帕chiefs酋长roofs屋顶beliefs信条safes保险箱不规则变化名词字尾加en,或renox---oxen,child--children改变母音man--men,woman--women,goose--geesetooth--teeth,mouse---mice,foot--feet脚,英尺单复同形Japanese,Chinese,carpn.鲤鱼fish,sheep,deer,species物种reindeer圣诞老人的驯鹿onefish/twofishakindoffish一种鱼twokindsoffishes两种鱼外来语的复数形幽默humor现代modern沙发sofadatum--data,medium--media,crisis--crises,analysis--analyses文字,数字,简称的复数形UFOs/UFO’s,the80s/80’s八零年代,CDs/CD’s复合名词的复数形passer-by→passers-bycollegestudent→collegestudentswomanastronaut→womenastronauts重点单数,复数意思不同paper纸张；报纸-papers文件work工作-works工厂job,workparttimejob有薪水的工作part部分,-parts零件amanofparts.有才能的人water-waters水域,洪水ash灰-ashes骨灰,房屋被烧后的残垣force力量-forces军队thearmedforces陆海空三军armedadj.武装的-arms武器custom风俗习惯-customs关税thecustoms海关manner方法-manners规矩礼仪letter信-letters文学adeer-Johnletter分手信air空气-airs装腔作势Tomlikestoputonairs.汤姆最喜欢摆架子。必用复数形glasses眼镜,contactlenses隐形眼镜trousers裤子,scissors剪刀,shoes鞋socks袜子,gloves手套学科名称字尾为ics：用单数形mathematics,politics,physics,economics表金额,距离,时间：用单数动词例如1.Onehundreddollarsisenoughtobuythatjacket.例如2.Twentymilesisalongdistancetorun.例如3.Tenyearsiscalled“adecade”.score二十3.名词的所有格单数名词--名词'sTheboy'sschoolbag,Joan'sdress复数名词--名词s'agirls'school,thesestudents'teacher,AprilFools’Day不规则变化的复数名词--名词'schildren'splayground操场,children’stoys,men’scoats复合名词--最后一字加’smyfather-in-law’shobbies公公/岳父herboyfriend’sbirthday男性朋友共同所有格及个别所有格共同所有格---名词＋名词＋名词's个别所有格---名词's＋名词's＋名词's例如1.HarryandBill'sfatherisascientist.Harry和Bill的爸爸是个科学家。例如2.Harry'sandBill'sfathersarescientists.Harry的爸爸和Bill的爸爸都是科学家。表时间,距离,重量,金额等名词--可用N’s/Ns’tenminutes’break十分钟的休息tomorrow’sweather明天的天气threemiles’distance三英里的距离apound’sweight一磅重adollar’sworth一美元的价值表国名,地名--N’s/Ns’theworld’spopulationTaiwan’sclimatetheUnitedStates’future/America’sfuture（无）生物的所有格：A的B=BofA桌子的脚thelegsofthetable车门thedoorofthecar女孩子的名字thegirl'sname有生命的东西可以这样用thenameofthegirlTheroofofthechurch教堂的屋顶Thefrontofthebuilding那栋建筑的正面<注意>这个问题的答案theanswer(s)tothequestion那个比赛的门票theticket(s)tothatgame(获得)非常成功的关键thekeytogreatsuccess例如：在门口那个男人的忠告→Theadviceofthemanatthegate.若用N’s形式,atthegate没地方放了重点:表场所,建筑的名词在所有格后通常省略,所有格之后的名词如在句中非常容易理解时可以省略。例如1.Mymotherwenttothebaker’s(shop).面包店baker’s(shop)=bakery面包店例如2.I’mgoingtothedentist’s(office)tomorrow.adecayedtooth蛀牙例如3.She'sgoingtothedentist's.她要去看牙医。例如4.Imethimatthebarber's（shop）.我在理发店遇见他。shop省略例如5.WeliketoeatlunchatMcDonald's.我们在麦当劳吃午餐。4.冠词不定冠词a/an+可数单数名词定冠词the+单数名词,复数名词,不可数名词a和an的区别子音开头的字--a母音开头的字(AEIOU)—anthe的发音子音开头的字--theplane母音开头的字--theartista/an的用法表示不特定的单数可数名词例如：Waiter,thereisaflyinmysoup.话题中第一次提到的单数名词例如：Isawabird.Thebirdisflyinginthesky.表示一个例如1.Romewasnotbuiltinaday.例如2.It’sallGreektome.我完全不懂,一窍不通例如3.It’sapieceofcake.小菜一碟,易如反掌表示某一个(acertain)例如1.HecamebackonaChristmas.表示一些(some)例如1.Thatpaintinglooksmorebeautifulfromadistance.表示相同(oneandthesame)例如1.Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.物以类聚例如2.Finefeathersmakefinebirds.人靠衣装，佛靠金装表示每一个(per)例如1.WehavesixEnglishclassesaweek.伴随a的惯用表现agreatmany非常多的alittleafewasarule一般来说ataloss不知所措inahurry匆忙allofasudden突然haveacoldinasense某种意义cometoanend结束forawhile一会儿onceinawhile偶尔toadegree非常地withaviewto为了例如1.AsaruleitrainslittleinKaohsiunginwinter.例如2.Hewasatalossforwords.例如3.Itistrueinasense.例如4.Igotothemoviesonceinawhile.5.定冠词的用法表示特定事物例如1.Youtookaphotoofme.Showthephototome.例如2.ThewineIdrankatthepartywasverygood.从状况可知所指为何的名词前例如1.Didyouremembertolockthedoor？表示唯一之物的名词前thesun,themoon,theuniversethenorth北方thesouth,theright右边theBible圣经,thetropics,thePresident总统用于最高级或theonly,thefirst,thelast,thesame例如1.HeistheonlypersonIcantrust.bythe单位（以...为单位）例如1.InEngland,theybuybutterbythepound.例如2.Wewerehiredbythehour.Wewerehired.被雇佣Wewerefired.炒鱿鱼the+形容词--指一类人,采复数形therich,thepoor,theold,theyoung,thelearned有学问的人the+形容词--表抽象的意义例如1.Everybodylovesthetrue,thegoodandthebeautiful.真善美介词+the+身体的某部位例如1.Heshookherroughlybytheshoulder.例如2.Hekissedthegirlontheforehead.forefather祖先,forefinger食指thefivefingers