衔接点13 构词法知识与词形词性转化（初高考点差异及衔接）（讲义）（原题版）

衔接点13构词法知识与词形词性转化初中视角高中展望高中阶段，掌握更多前缀后缀；理解构词逻辑；分析复杂合成词的结构；理解一词多性的语境逻辑；通过构词法推测生词词义。总之，高中需拓展构词法复杂度，强调语境中词形词性的多维度转化规则。高中阶段，掌握更多前缀后缀；理解构词逻辑；分析复杂合成词的结构；理解一词多性的语境逻辑；通过构词法推测生词词义。总之，高中需拓展构词法复杂度，强调语境中词形词性的多维度转化规则。衔接引导初中阶段考查形式：侧重语法知识的识记和简单运用，多以单句填空、选择题等基础形式考查语法知识。高中阶段考查形式：注重语法知识的灵活运用和理解，更多地在语篇语法填空中综合运用语法知识。【初中考点聚焦】单项选择1．Whichwordmeans“notpolite”?A．Unpolite. B．Impolite. C．Inpolite. D．Nonpolite.2．Ifweaddthesuffix“-al”totheword“tradition”,itchangesintotheadjective“________”.A．tradition B．traditions C．traditional D．traditionally3．Whichprefixisusedtoformthenegativeof“proper”?A．un-. B．im-. C．in-. D．dis-.4．“kg”isanabbreviationthatuses________oftheword“kilogram”.A．thefirstletter B．someletters C．allletters D．thelastletter5．WhichofthefollowingisNOTagoodwaytouseabbreviations?A．Using“Jan.”for“January”innotes. B．Writing“ASAP”for“assoonaspossible”.C．Usingabbreviationsinaformalacademicpaper. D．Using“adj.”for“adjective”.6．Whichsuffixmeans“without”?A．-self. B．-less. C．-ache. D．-ful.7．“AIwillnotreplacehumansforcreativity.”的缩写形式是：A．AIwon’treplacehumans. B．AIwilln’treplacehumans.C．AInotreplacehumans. D．AIdoesn’treplacehumans.8．Theschoolisnotfarfrommyhome.It’sonlya________walk.A．10minutes B．10minute C．10-minutes D．10-minute9．Whichofthefollowingwordshasadifferentprefix(前缀)tomakeithaveanoppositemeaning？A．able B．lucky C．possible D．sure10．Wecanaddasuffix(后缀)toanountoformanadjective.Theword“________”isanexample.A．kindness B．sleepy C．inventor D．meeting11．Whichofthefollowingwordscanhavethesuffix“-ion”addedtoformanoun?A．dark B．express C．teach D．begin12．Iwanttohavea________holidayA．fiveday B．fivedays C．five-days D．five-day13．Look!Thereis________overthere.Doyouknowhim?A．a8-year-oldboy B．an8-year-oldboyC．a8-yearsoldboy D．an8-yearsoldboy14．—“Flashlight”isa________.Itcomesfrom“flash”and“light”.—Oh,Isee.Sois“snowstorm”.A．naturaldisaster B．compoundword C．safetyrule D．verbphrase15．Whichofthefollowingwordscanweadd“in-”asaprefix?A．Friendly B．Correct C．Able D．Patient16．“Mostbirdsareactiveinthedaytime,soyoucaneasilywatchthemthere.”Whichofthefollowingwordsiscreatedinthesamewayastheunderlinedword“daytime”?A．dishonest B．countryside C．unhealthy D．kindness17．OscarWildesaid,“Alifewithoutloveislikeasunlessgarden.”Theunderlinedword“sunless”means________.A．fullofsun B．withoutsun C．bright D．warm18．Theword“________”canhaveanoppositemeaningbyaddingtheprefix“in-”.A．lucky B．correct C．possible D．important19．Whichofthefollowingwordsisformedthesamewayastheword“classical”?A．birthplace B．dreamlike C．central D．artwork20．Wecanaddprefix“un-”to________togiveittheoppositemeaning.A．correct B．possible C．patient D．usual【高中考点聚焦】课标解读语境推断与综合运用阅读理解中的词义猜测：例：通过“non-”（非）+“verbal”（言语的）推断“non-verbalcommunication”为“非语言交流”。语法填空：例：The______(introduce)ofnewtechnologyimprovedproductivity.（答案：introduction，动词变名词）写作中的词汇升级：要求：用“significance”（名词，重要性）替代“beimportant”。核心考点：复杂派生词的词义逻辑（如否定前缀+词根+后缀：un+reason+able→unreasonable）；合成词的结构分析（如“over+work→overwork”过度工作）；词性转化在长难句中的功能（如动名词作主语：Readingimprovesvocabulary）。考点清单一、合成法合成是指把两个不同词类的词加在一起构成一个新词，它可以是形容词，也可以是名词或其他词类。英语中常见的合成词有合成形容词、合成名词、合成动词和合成副词，其中以合成形容词最为活跃。(1)合成形容词通常有以下常见的构词方法：构成方法例词形容词+名词+ednoble-minded高尚的good-tempered好脾气的形容词+现在分词good-looking好看的easy-going随和的副词+现在分词hard-working勤劳的far-reaching深远的名词+现在分词peace-loving热爱和平的record-breaking破记录的名词+过去分词man-made人造的heartbroken心碎的副词+过去分词well-known著名的widespread广泛流传的形容词+名词large-scale大规模的high-class高级的数词+名词+edthree-legged三条腿的five-starred五颗星的名词+形容词duty-free免税的homesick想家的(2)合成名词通常有以下常见的构词方法：构成方式例词名词+名词silkworm蚕snowman雪人形容词+名词nobleman贵族green-hand新手动名词+名词waiting-room候车室sleeping-pills安眠药动词+名词pickpocket扒手cross-roads十字路口名词+动名词handwriting书法sun-bathing目光浴动词+副词get-together聚会breakthrough突破副词+动词downfall垮台outbreak爆发(3)合成动词通常有以下常见的构词方法：构成方式例词副词+动词overthrow推翻undervalue低估形容词+动词ill-treat虐待quick-charge快速充电名词+动词typewrite打字sleepwalk梦游(4)合成副词通常有以下常见的构词方法：构成方式例词介词+名词upstairs楼上；outdoors户外；underfoot脚下形容词+名词hotfoot匆忙地形容词+副词anywhere任何地方派生法派生的构成往往是通过词根加上前缀或后缀构成一个新的词汇。我们可以用不同的后缀来构成名词、形容词、动词、副词和数词等。一般来说，给一个词加上前缀，通常用词性不变，而改变词义，如fair(adj.公平的)-unfair（adj.不公平的）；给一个词加一后缀，通常词义不变，而改变词性，如invent(v.发明)-invention(n.发明)。(一)前缀1．表示否定意义的前缀(1)un­unfortunate不幸的unable不能够的uncomfortable不舒服的(2)in­(3)im­impolite不礼貌的imperfect不完美的impossible不可能的(4)il­illegal违法的illogical不合逻辑的inconvenient不方便的incorrect不正确的informal不正式的(5)ir­irregular不规则的irrelevant不相关的(6)non­non­violent非暴力的non­profit非盈利的(7)dis­dislike不喜欢disapprove不赞成dishonest不诚实的disadvantage弊端，不利条件2.表示其他意义的常见前缀(1)en­使……enable使能够enrich使丰富enlarge扩大，使变大endanger危及(2)re­再，又retell复述review复习reunite团聚(3)mis­错误misunderstand误解mislead误导misread误读(4)pre­在……之前preview预习pre­reading读前prehistoric史前的(5)fore­在……前面forehead前额foretell预言forecast预测，预报(6)inter­在……之间，互相international国际的interact互动interpersonal人际的(7)trans­转变，变换translate翻译transport运输transform转变，改造(二)后缀1．形容词后缀(1)­ywindy有风的lucky幸运的healthy健康的(2)­lyfriendly友好的deadly致命的lively活泼的(3)­alnatural自然的national国家的personal个人的(4)­iveattractive吸引人的effective有效的impressive印象深刻的(5)­ic/­icalhistoric有历史意义的energetic精力充沛的historical历史的(6)­ousfamous著名的dangerous危险的mysterious神秘的(7)­fulwonderful精彩的beautiful美丽的hopeful有希望的(8)­lesscareless粗心的homeless无家可归的helpless无助的(9)­ablecomfortable舒适的acceptable可接受的reasonable合乎情理的adaptable可适应的2.名词后缀(1)表示“人”的名词后缀①­ercleaner清洁工reporter记者employer雇主，老板②­orinventor发明家actor演员visitor游客③­istartist艺术家scientist科学家pianist钢琴家dentist牙科医生④­esshostess女主人waitress女服务员actress女演员⑤­ianmusician音乐家politician政治家historian历史学家(2)表示其他意义的常见名词后缀①­thtruth真相strength力量，强项width宽度warmth温暖②­domfreedom自由boredom无聊，厌烦wisdom智慧③­mentdevelopment发展achievement成就amazement惊讶excitement兴奋④­nesshappiness幸福weakness弱点kindness善良seriousness严重性，严肃性⑤­tion/­sioncompetition竞争construction建设discussion讨论conclusion结论admission接纳，准许入学⑥­ance/­enceimportance重要性appearance出现，相貌existence存在patience耐心confidence信心⑦­(t)ydifficulty困难loyalty忠诚cruelty残忍safety安全responsibility职责，责任⑧­alarrival到达approval赞成，批准survival幸存3.动词、副词后缀(1)­enwiden加宽deepen加深weaken削弱(2)­izeapologize道歉emphasize强调memorize记住(3)­lyslowly慢慢地happily高兴地extremely极其surprisingly令人惊讶地三、转化法转化是指单词由一个词类转变成另一个词类，但其基本意思不变。转化类型例词例句动词转化为名词tryLetmehaveatry.swimWestoopedthereforaswim.名词转化为动词bookHaveyoubookedyourticket?chairWhochairedthemeeting?形容词转化为动词slowThetrainsloweddowntohalfitsspeed.narrowThisisthechiefwaytonarrowthedifferencesbetweenthem.形容词转化为名词dearHeisadear.（他是个讨人喜欢的孩子）finalThey’rerunninginthefinal.注意：有些词可以词形不变用作另一类词，但重音发生改变。较常见的是一些双音节词，作动词时重音在后，作名词时重音在前。例词动词含义（重音在后）名词含义（重音在前）conduct指挥，导电

/kənˈdʌkt/行为

/ˈkɒndʌkt/contest竞争

/kənˈtest/

比赛

/ˈkɒntest/contrast形成对比

/kənˈtrɑːst/

对比

/ˈkɒntrɑːst/

digest消化/daɪˈdʒest/

摘要，文摘/ˈdaɪdʒest/

export输出，出口/ɪk'spɔːt/出口/'ekspɔːt/import进口，输入/ɪmˈpɔːt/进口

/ˈɪmpɔːt/

increase增加

/ɪnˈkriːs/增加

/ˈɪŋkriːs/

permit准许，允许/pəˈmɪt/

许可证/ˈpɜːmɪt/

present赠送，上演/prɪˈzent/礼物，目前/ˈpreznt/produce生产

/prəˈdjuːs/

农产品

/ˈprɒdjuːs/

protest抗议

/prəˈtest/抗议

/ˈprəʊtest/record记录，录音/rɪˈkɔːd/记录，唱片/ˈrekɔːd/survey勘查，考察

/səˈveɪ/

勘查，考察/ˈsɜːveɪ/suspect怀疑，疑心/səˈspekt/嫌疑犯，有嫌疑的人

/ˈsʌspekt/

transport运输，运送/trænˈspɔːt/运输/ˈtrænspɔːt/

一、单句语法填空1．It’s(polite)tospeakloudlyinpublic.(所给词的适当形式填空)2．Thedelayindeliveryhasputustogreat（convenience）.（用所给词的适当形式填空）3．Hehasonlybeenplayingfootballasa(profession)fortwoyears.（所给词的适当形式填空）4．Ifoneislateforajobinterview,itis(likely)thathewillgetthejob.(所给词的适当形式填空)5．Mostpeoplehereare(willing)togiveuptheircars.Theydon’twanttousebusesinstead.（所给词的适当形式填空）6．Thefirstbubblestoescapefromtheliquidarea

(mix)ofairandhydrogen.(所给词的适当形式填空）7．Itis(legal)toemploysomeoneundertheageofsixteen.（所给单词适当形式填空）8．Somecomedianstelljokesaboutthewaypeople(behavior).(所给词的适当形式填空)9．Manystars,whichareoutofthesolarsystem,are(visible)withoutatelescope.(所给词的适当形式填空)10．Wanderamongavarietyofshopssellinggiftswhileenjoyingalivemusicshowandnicestreet(entertain).（所给词的适当形式填空）11．Everymorninghetriedtodoexercisesto(strong)hislegmuscles.(所给词的适当形式填空)12．A(determine)personalwaystriestofinishthejob,nomatterhowharditis.(所给词的适当形式填空)13．I’mlookingforwardtovisitingsometourist(attract)whenIhaveextramoney.(所给词的适当形式填空)14．Childrenwhonevergainedtheirparents’(approve)tendtosufferfromalackofconfidence.(所给词的适当形式填空)15．WhilestayinginBeijing,hemadethe(good)ofhissparetimetoknowmoreofChineseliterature.(所给词的适当形式填空)16．Innaturaloutdoorlighting,itcan(automatic)completevisualidentificationandfuelingwithoutmanualintervention.(所给词的适当形式填空)17．JackspeakEnglishvery(fluent)asifhewereanEnglishman.(所给词的适当形式填空)18．AsanativeofFengcheng,Ihaveagreat(prefer)forhotpepper.Thehotter,thebetter.(所给词的适当形式填空)19．ItissaidthatNewton’sstrong(curious)aboutafallenappleonhisheadledtothediscoveryofthelawofgravity.(所给词的适当形式填空)20．Evidencepointstohuntingbyhumansandhabitat(destroy)asthelikelycausesforthecurrentmassextinction.(所给词的适当形式填空)21．Peopleundertheageof40constitutethe(major)ofthelabourforce.(所给词的适当形式填空)22．His(determine)lookssuggestedthathewouldn’tchangehismind.(所给词的适当形式填空)23．Thankstorecentresearch,(effect)treatmentsareavailable.(所给词的适当形式填空)24．Shegotaheadacheifshehadtoreadforany(long)oftime.(所给词的适当形式填空)25．Thelittleboygavehisallinthegame,playingwithout(hesitate)evenwhenhewasinjured.(所给词的适当形式填空)26．Itis(convenient)tohaveameetingduringlunchtimewheneveryoneisbusy.(所给词的适当形式填空)27．Thoughthegovernmenthastakenmanymeasures,thetrainserviceisstill(frequent)delayedduetobadweather.(所给词的适当形式填空)28．Peopleoftenhavedifferentopinionsonsomehotissues,soitisimpossibletomake(assume)aboutpeople'sreactions.(所给词的适当形式填空)29．Violinisa(string)instrumentwhichproducesaparticularlybeautifulandvibrant(充满活力的)tone.(所给词的适当形式填空)30．A(conduct)issomeonewhostandsinfrontofagroupofmusiciansorsingersanddirectstheirplayingorsinging.（所给词的适当形式填空）二、选择正确答案1．It’sabouta________walkfromtheparktothesubwaystation.A．fifteen-minutes’ B．fifteen-minute’s C．fifteen-minute D．fifteen-minutes2．It’sa________ridefromtheairporttothedowntownarea.A．two-hours’ B．two-hour’s C．two-hour D．two-hours3．WhichofthefollowingwordsCAN’Tformanewwordwith“-ship”?A．friend B．relation C．scholar D．business4．Whichofthefollowingwordsisformedlike“impossible”?A．reporter B．blackboard C．dishonest D．harmless5．Whichwordisformedinthesamewayas“homesick”?A．unfold B．rainbow C．disqualify D．professional6．Whichofthefollowingsuffixesistheopposite(反义词)of“-ful”?A．-able B．-ness C．-less D．-ous7．Whichofthefollowingprefixes(前缀)means“No”?A．un- B．en- C．co- D．over-8．Whichofthefollowingwordsiscombinedbytwowords?A．poster B．impressive C．exchange D．butterfly9．Whichofthefollowingwordsisformedlike“handbag”?A．meaningful B．snowman C．protection D．impatient10．Wecan’tputprefix“un-”to________togiveittheoppositemeaning.A．correct B．comfortable C．certain D．interesting11．“Foramoment,hewasspeechless.Happinessseemedtofillhisbodyandstickinhisthroat.”Whichwordisformedinthesamewayas“speechless”?A．disappear B．dangerous C．footprint D．impossible12．Whichofthefollowingwordsisformedinthesamewayastheword“snowstorm”?A．careless B．railway C．unhealthy D．tourist13．WhichofthefollowingwordscanNOTbeaddedtheprefix“un-”togiveittheoppositemeaning?_____A．polite B．healthy C．usual D．happy14．Whichofthefollowingwordshasadifferentwordformation?A．sculpture B．memorise C．humorous D．highway15．Whataterriblesnowstorm!Whichofthefollowingwordsisformedinthesamewayastheword“snowstorm”?A．careless B．railway C．unhealthy D．tourist16．Asweallknow,wordsformedbycombiningotherwordsarecalledcompounds,forexample,________.A．collection B．lifeboat C．WTO D．exchange17．Asweallknow,wordsformedbycombiningotherwordsarecalledcompounds,forexample,________.A．collection B．rainbow C．WTO D．exchange18．Whichofthefollowingsuffixes(后缀)means"without"?A．–able B．–ful C．–ous D．–less19．Whichofthefollowingwordsiscreatedthesamewayassunflower!A．homework B．winner C．untidy D．musician20．Thenewly-builtlibraryisa________building.A．five-storey B．fivestoreys C．five-storey’s D．fivestoreys’一、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。ScientistsatSouthKorea’sYonseiUniversityhavecreatedanewtypeofhybridricethatnotonlyhasameatypinkcolorbutisalsopackedwithbeefproteinandfatcells.Riceisalreadyoneofthemostnutritiousfoodsavailableinnature,butthankstosomescientific“magic”,itcouldsoonbecome1sustainablereplacementformeat.Thenewhybridgrainsarefirmerthannaturalgrains,andwhen2(cook)theymaintaintheirtraditionalappearance.Whilethenewricedoesn’tyettastelikebeef,itdoesofferan3(enjoy)flavorexperience,whichischaracteristicofmeat.Thankstotheanimalcells,thisnewpinkricecouldonedaybecomeacompletemealbyitself,4(ensure)asufficient,sustainablefoodsupplyforthewholeworld.“Imagine5(obtain)allthenutrientsweneedfromcell-culturedproteinrice,”saidParkSo-hyeon,co-authorofthestudy.Hesaidtheteamhadexperimentedwithdifferenttypesoffoodproducts,6whichtheygainedlotsofunderstanding,butthemodelstheygotweren’tsuccessful.Inthefuture,scientistsplantousesustainablesuppliesofcells7canbemaintainedinthelab.Fornow,thepercentageofproteininthehybridriceisstill8(fair)low.Sotheyarealsoexploringthe9(possible)ofmixingthericewithothertypesofmeatorfish,inordertosatisfydifferenttastes.10(replace)meatactually,researchersneedtoincreasetherice’sproteincontentsignificantly.二、阅读理解Overtheyears,asIdealtwiththepressureoffinishingmyPh.D．andstartingmypost-doctor,Ihadgrownmorecompetitive.Ipushedmyselftobethefirsttogeneratethrillingresultsandtopublishinhigh-impactjournals.ThosewhocouldhavebeenpartnersbecamecompetitorsIhated.ButtheeffectofthiscompetitivecharacterwasexactlytheoppositeofwhatIhadhopedfor.WhenIencounteredscientificproblems,IthoughtIhadtosolvethemmyselfinsteadofaskingforhelp.Thepressurebecameoverwhelming.Ibegantofeelaloneandlost.Ibecamelessandlessproductive.Iemailedmytutors,explainingthatIhadputmyselfsecondandthejobfirstfortoolong.TheytoldmethatIwasn’tthefirstacademictofeelthatway,andthatIwouldn’tbethelast.TheyagreedthatIshouldtakethetimeIneededtotakecareofmyself.So,withmytutors’supportandanuncertainfuture,