2025年高考英语大二轮-作业11科学发明与创新类说明文

作业11科学发明与创新类说明文A(2022·全国乙)Canasmallgroupofdrones(无人机)guaranteethesafetyand①reliabilityofrailwaysand，atthesametime，helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear?Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday’s“eyesinthesky”technologytomakingsurethatthemillionsofkilometresofrailtracksandinfrastructure(基础设施)worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7basis.Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexamine②high-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.Themoreregularlytheycanbeinspected，themorerailwaysafety，reliabilityand③on-timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficientacrosstheboard.Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailway④personnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance，includingsendingmaintenancestaff，oftenatnight，toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews’efforts.Byusingthelatesttechnologies，dronescouldalsostartprovidinghigher-valueservicesforrailways，detectingfaultsintherailorswitches，beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.Toperformthesetasks，dronesforraildon’tneedtobeflyingoverhead.Engineersarenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture.Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain，andprogrammedtorunautonomously.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead，theycouldsignalanyproblem，sothat⑤fast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.1．Whatmakestheapplicationofdronestoraillinespossible?A．Theuseofdronesincheckingonpowerlines.B．Drones’abilitytoworkathighaltitudes.C．Thereductionofcostindesigningdrones.D．Drones’reliableperformanceinremoteareas.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“maintenance”inparagraph3referto?A．Personnelsafety.B．Assistancefromdrones.C．Inspectionandrepair.D．Constructionofinfrastructure.3．Whatfunctionisexpectedoftheraildrones?A．Toprovideearlywarning.B．Tomaketrainsrunautomatically.C．Toearnprofitsforthecrews.D．Toacceleratetransportation.4．Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A．WhatFaultsCanBeDetectedwithDronesB．HowProductionofDronesCanBeExpandedC．WhatDifficultyDroneDevelopmentWillFaceD．HowDronesWillChangetheFutureofRailways语境猜词①reliability(派)＝reliab(le)＋ility②high-tension(合)＝high＋tension③on-time(合)＝on＋time④personnel(派)＝person＋n＋el⑤fast-moving(合)＝fast＋movingB(2021·新课标Ⅱ)AnAustralianprofessorisdevelopingarobottomonitorthehealthofgrazingcattle，adevelopmentthatcouldbringbigchangestoaprofessionthat’sreliedlargelyonalow-techapproachfordecadesbutisfacingalaborshortage.SalahSukkarieh，aprofessorattheUniversityofSydney，seesrobotsasnecessarygivenhow①cattlemenareaging.Heisbuildingafour-wheeledrobotthatwillrunonsolarandelectricpower.Itwillusecamerasandsensorsto②monitortheanimals.Acomputersystemwillanalyzethevideotodeterminewhetheracowissick.Radiotags(标签)ontheanimalswillmeasuretemperaturechanges.Thequalityofgrasslandwillbetrackedbymonitoringtheshape，colorandtexture(质地)ofgrass.Thatway，cattlemenwillknowwhethertheyneedtomovetheircattletoanotherfieldfornutritionpurposes.Machineshavelargelytakenoverplanting，wateringandharvestingcropssuchascornandwheat，butthemonitoringofcattlehasgonethroughfewerchanges.ForTexascattlemanPeteBonds，it’sincreasinglydifficulttofindworkersinterestedinwatchingcattle.ButBondsdoesn’tbelievearobotisrightforthejob.Yearsofexperienceintheindustry—andfailedattemptstousetechnology—haveconvincedhimthatthebestwaytocheckcattleiswithamanonahorse.Bonds，whoboughthisfirstcattlealmost50yearsago，stillhaseachofhiscowboysinspect300or400cattledailyandlookforsignsthatananimalisgettingsick.Othercattlemenseemorepromiseinrobots.MichaelKelsey，vicepresidentoftheOklahomaCattlemen’sAssociation，saidarobotcouldbeextremelyusefulgivenrisingconcernsaboutcattletheft.Cattletendtobekeptinremoteplacesandtheirvaluehasrisen，makingthemappealingtargets.5．Whatisaproblemwiththecattle-raisingindustry?A．Soilpollution. B．Lackofworkers.C．Agingmachines. D．Low③profitability.6．WhatwillSukkarieh’srobotbeabletodo?A．Monitorthequalityofgrass. B．Curethediseasedcattle.C．Movecattletoanotherfield. D．Predictweatherchanges.7．WhydoesPeteBondsstillhirecowboystowatchcattle?A．Hewantstohelpthemearnaliving.B．Hethinksmencandothejobbetter.C．Heisinexperiencedinusingrobots.D．Heenjoysthetraditionalwayoflife.8．HowmayrobotshelpwithcattlewatchingaccordingtoMichaelKelsey?A．Increasethevalueofcattle.B．Bringdownthecostoflabor.C．Makethejobmoreappealing.D．Keepcattlefrombeingstolen.语境猜词①cattleman(合)＝cattle＋man②monitor熟义：n.班长生义(文义)：v.③profitability(派)＝profit＋ab(le)＋ilityC(2024·江西南昌一模)HemanBekele，a14-year-oldstudentfromAnnandale，Virginia，hascreatedabarsoaptotreatmelanoma，themostcommonkindofskincancer，whichearnedhimthetitleofAmerica’sTopYoungScientistanda$25,000cashprizeafterhisinnovationwonfirstplaceinthe3MYoungScientistChallenge.“Imadethissoapbymixingregularmedicinalsoapwithdifferentcancerfightingchemicals.”Bekelesaidinaninterview.Ratherthanacure，Bekele’ssoapaimstohelpthepatient’simmunecellsstayactivewhilefightingmelanoma.Whilesimilarmethodsareavailableforskincancertreatments，hissolutionisamoreaffordablealternative，especiallyforthoseindevelopingcountries.Thoughtheproductisvery①promisingonpaper，studieswouldhavetobecarriedouttotestitsefficiencyintherealworld.Fornow，theyoungscientistsaidhehasafive-yearplan:Attheendofit，hehopestohavecreatedanonprofitorganizationwherehecanprovidefairandaccessibleskincancertreatmenttoasmanypeopleaspossible.Buttoaccomplishhisgoal，hewouldhavetogethistreatmentthroughclinicaltrials，obtainatemporarypatentandhaveitlicensedbytheFoodandDrugAdministration，hesaid.“Iappliedforthe3MYoungScientistChallengebecauseIbelievethatyoungmindscanmakeapositiveimpactontheworld，”Bekelesaid.“Ihavealwaysbeeninterestedinbiologyandtechnology，andthischallengegavemetheperfectplatformto②showcasemyideas.Theopportunitytoworkwith3Mmentorsandshowmyprojecttojudgeswasanexcitingprospect.Iam③passionateaboutfindingsustainablesolutionstoglobalproblems，andIhopetoinspireotherstodothesame.”9．WhydoesBekeleinventthebarsoap?A．Todealwithakindofskincancer.B．Toreducethecostofmakingsoap.C．Tochangepeople’simmunesystem.D．Tocompletethetaskfor3Mchallenge.10．Whataspectofthesoapdoesparagraph3mainlytalkabout?A．Itsmakingprocess. B．Itsworkingmethod.C．Itsadvantage. D．Itsdevelopment.11.WhatisBekele’snextplanforhisinvention?A．Tocreateacompany.B．Togetapprovalbytheauthority.C．Topromotethesoapinthemarket.D．Toworkwithanonprofitorganization.12．WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeBekele?A．Innovativeandambitious.B．Inspiringandtolerant.C．Honestandaccessible.D．Energeticandthoughtful.语境猜词①promising(派)＝promis(e)＋ing②showcase(合)＝show＋case③passionate(派)＝passion＋ate语境猜词答案A．①可靠性②高(电)压的③准时的④全体人员，职员⑤快速移动的B．①牧畜者，养牛者②监视③盈利能力C．①有希望的②展示③热诚的，狂热的答案精析语篇解读本文是说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元，无人机将改变铁路的未来。1.A[细节理解题。根据第二段中“Dronesarealreadybeingused...tracksandswitchingpoints.”可知，使用无人机检查电路使得无人机在铁路线上的应用成为可能。]2．C[词义猜测题。根据后文“ItiscalculatedthatEuropean...therailinfrastructure.”可知，maintenance指的是后文中的“inspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure”，故选C。]3．A[细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Engineersarenowworkingon...wouldbeabletoreactintime.”可知，铁路无人机有望提前发出警报，使高速列车可以及时采取措施应对危险因素，避免事故发生。]4．D[标题归纳题。根据第一段第一句“Canasmallgroupof...savebillionsofeuroseachyear？”和下文对无人机在铁路领域的应用的介绍以及对未来无人机的发展展望可知，在未来，无人机将会保证铁路的安全性和可靠性，或许会成为铁路安全的新未来。故D项最适合作为本文的标题。]语篇解读这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测牧场牛的健康状况。5．B[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“aprofessionthat’sreliedlargelyonalow-techapproachfordecadesbutisfacingalaborshortage”可知，养牛产业面临劳动力短缺的问题。故选B。]6．A[细节理解题。根据第二段倒数第二句“Thequalityofgrasslandwillbetrackedbymonitoringtheshape，colorandtexture(质地)ofgrass.”可知，Sukkarieh的机器人可以监测草的质量。故选A。]7．B[推理判断题。根据第四段第二、三句“ButBondsdoesn’tbelievearobotisrightforthejob.Yearsofexperiencein