考研英语（一）模拟试卷85

考研英语（一）模拟试卷85

一、完型填空（本题共20题，每题7.0分，共20分。）

Humansarcuniqueintheextenttowhichtheycanreflectonthemselvesandothers.

Humansareableto[Cl].tothinkinabstractterms,toreflectonthefuture.A

meaningless,[C2]worldisaninsecureworld.Wedonotlikeextensive

insecurity.Whenit[C3]tohumanbehaviorweinfermeaningand[C4]

tomakethebehaviorunderstandable.[C5]allthismeansisthatpeople

develop"quasitheories"ofhumanbehavior,thatis,theoriesthatarenotdevelopedin

a(an)[C6],scientificmanner.Whendoingso,peoplebelievetheyknow

[C7]humansdothethingstheydo.Let'sconsideranexample.IntheUnited

Statespeoplehavebeen[C8]withtheincreasingamountofcrimeforseveral

years.Theextentofcrimebothersus;weourselvescouldbevictims.Butit[C9]

bothersusthatpeoplebehaveinsuchways.Whycansuchthingshappen?We

developquasitheories.We[CIO]concernedaboutthehighcrimerate,butwe

nowbelievewe[Cli]it:ourcriminaljusticesystemis[C12];people

havegrownselfishandinconsiderateasourmoralvaluesweaken[C131the

influenceofliberalideas;toomanypeopleare[C14]drugs.Theseexplanations

suggestpossiblesolutions.[C15]thecourts;putmorepeopleinjailasexamples

tootherlawbreaker.Thereisnowhopethattheproblemofcrimecanbesolvedifonly

we[C16]thesesolutions.Again,theworldisnolongermeaninglessnor

[C17]sothreatening.Thesequasitheories[C18]serveavery

importantfunctionforus.Buthowaccuratearethey?How[C19]willthe

suggestedsolutionsbe?Thesequestionsmustbeansweredwith[C20]tohow

peoplenormallygoaboutdevelopingorattainingtheirquasitheoriesofhumanbehavior.

1、[Cl]

A^reason

B、consider

C、understand

D、regard

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题测试词义搭配。reason意为“说服，推论”，指运用推理判断的能

力，作逻辑思考;8向加I意为”考虑,认为”,指“仔细考虑,把……看做”：

undersiand意为“懂得，熟悉”，指“知道和了解……的性质和重要性“：regard意为

“看待，当做”，指“以某种特殊的方式看待或思考”。所填之词应该与后面的think

inabstractterms(用抽象的术语思考)意思相近，所以应该选A。

2、[C2]

A^unbelievable

B、unimaginable

C、unpredictable

D、unfortunate

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题测试词义搭配。unbelievable意为“不可相信的，难以置信的”，

指“令人难以相信的“：unimaginable意为“想不到的，不可思议的”，指“不能想象

的、难以理解的unpredictable意为“不可预测的，不能预见到的“，指"难以预言

或预见的“：unfominale意为“不幸的，倒霉的”，指“以坏运气为特征的“。所填之

词修饰world,根据后面的aninsecureworld可知,应该选Co

3、[C3]

A、goes

B、comes

C、makes

D、concerns

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题测试苕配。whenitcomesiosth.是固定搭配，意思是“当说

到……的时候

4、[C4]

A、explanations

B、motives

C>conclusions

D、consequences

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题测试逻辑搭配cexplanation意为“解释,说明“：motive意为“动

机，目的''，指"一种能作为诱导物而激发行为的情绪、愿望或心理需要”；

conclusion意为“结论，结束“：consequence意为“结果,后果所填之词应该与前

面的meaning（意图）的意思相近，所以应该选B。

5、[C5]

A、That

B、How

C、As

D、What

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题测试语法。所填之词既要引导句子，又要在句子中充当成分，只

有what可以。

6、[C6]

A、objective

subjective

C、theoretic

D、conclusive

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题测试词义搭配。objective意为“客观的，公正的”，指“依据事实

的"：subjeclive意为“主观的，个人的”，指来自于其人头脑中的或发生于某人头脑

中的：theoretic意为“理论上的，空谈的“：conclusive意为“决定性的，最后的”。所

填之词应该与后面的scientific搭配，修饰manner,所以应该选A。

7、[C7]

A、how

B、why

C、whether

D、when

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题测试语法。how引导的句子表示方式；why引导的句子表示原

因；whether引导的句子表示选择：when引导的句子表示时间。木句话是说，人们

相信他们知道他们做的事情，说明是做事情的原因，所以应该选B。

8、[C8]

A、worried

B、disturbed

C、bothered

D、concerned

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题测试搭配。所填之词应该与后面的with搭配。能够与后面的

with搭配的只有concernnconcernwith意思是"关心"c

9、[C9]

A、also

B、even

C、yet

D、still

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题测试逻辑搭配。前面句子说‘theextentofcrimebothersus,本句

话还是说Theextentofcrimebolhersus,说明前后句子是连贯性的，所以应该选

Ao

10、[CIO]

A、retain

remain

C、maintain

D^refrain

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题测试词义搭配。relain意为“保持，保留”，表示继续拥有，不失

去：remain意为“保留，保持”，表示一直保持某种状态，后面可以接形容词、过去

分词；maintain意为“维持,主张”,表示保持存在的状态,坚持认为：refrain意为

“节制，避免”，表示忍住、戒绝、不做某事。所填之词的宾语是concernedaboul

thehighcrimerate,所以应该选Bo

11、[CH]

A、know

comprehend

C、understand

D、grasp

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题测试词义搭配。know意为“知道，了解”，指“对……有实践上的

了解“；comprehend意为“领会，理解”，指“理解……的意思、性质或重要性”：

understand意为“明白，了解”，指通过接触或体验完全知道；grasp意为“领会，抓

住'指"理智地掌握、理解。所填之诃的宾语是刑事审判体系是否适当这个事

实，所以应该选C。

12、[C12]

A、precautions

B、inadequate

C>deficient

D、destructive

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题测试词义搭配cprecautious意为“戒备的，警惕的”,指“有防备

的“：inadequate意为“不充分的，不适当的”，指“没有足够的能力来实现某种需求

或达到某种要求的“：deficienl意为“不足的，不够的”，指“在数量或程度方面不足

的"；destructive意为“破坏性的，有害的”，指造成损害的。句子的主语是

criminaljusticesystem,根据后面的。peoplehavegrownselfishandinconsiderate可

知，应该选B。

13、[C13]

A、by

B、as

C^from

D、for

标准答案：C

知识点解析:本题测试介词。根据theinfluenceofliberalideas与peoplehave

grownselfishandinconsiderate之间的关系可知，本句话表示原因。as^for一般引导

从句：from构成介词短语可以表示原因，说明原因、动机或理由。应该选C。

14、[CI4]

A、for

on

C、against

D^with

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题测试习惯搭配。ondrugs是固定短语，意思是“吸毒”。

15、[C15]

A、Consolidate

B、Soften

C^Confirm

D、Strengthen

标准答案：D

知识点解析，木题测试词义搭配vconsolidate意为“巩固，强化”，指使整强或军

固：soften意为“使柔软，变温和”，指使变得较不严厉；confirm意为“确认,确

定”，指”确认……的肯定性或有效性“；strengthen意为“加强，巩固”，指“使……

强壮或增加……的力量”。所填之词的宾语是thecourts,根据后面的putmore

peopleinjailasexamplestootherlawbreaker可知，应该选Do

16、[C16]

A^acton

B、workout

C、seeto

D、setup

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题测试短语。acton意为“按......行事”;workout意为”解决......问

题"：seeto意为“负责……”；setup意为“建起,树立“。所填之词的宾语是

thesesolutions>应该选A。

17、[C17]

A、rather

B、very

C、much

D、quite

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题测试语法。侬her、very通常用于修饰一般的形容词或副词：

much可以修饰比较级，用于强调，表示“……得多”，也可以修饰名词：quite表示

在最大的程度上、完全地，通常修饰分词。所填之词修饰soihrealening,所以应该

选D。

18、[C18]

A、moreover

B、therefore

C>nevertheless

D、otherwise

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题测试逻辑搭配。moreover意为、而且，此外“，表示连员；

therefore意为“因此,所以“，表示因果；neverlheless意为“然而,不过”,表示转

折；otherwise意为“另外，否则”，表示转折。前面提出了各种解释，本句话说这些

理论serveaveryimportantfunctionforus,说明前后句子为因果关系，所以应该选

Bo

19、[C19]

A、effective

B、efficient

C、sufficient

D、capable

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题测试词义搭配。effective意为“有效的，有作用的”，指“具有预

期或先见效果的“：efficient意为“有效的，生效的”，指“直接产生某一结果的”；

sufficient意为“充分的,足够的“，指“满足需要的“；capable意为“能干的,有能力

的”，指“有做某一特定工作和任务所必备的能力的、合格的"。所填之词修饰

solutions,所以应该选A。

20、[C20]

A、respect

B、relation

C、result

D、association

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题测试习惯搭配。所填之词应该与with…to。wilhrespeclto是习惯

搭配，意思是“关于，至于，就……而论

二、阅读（常规阅读理解）（本题共20题，每题人0

分,共20分。）

Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41一

45.choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA—Gtofitintoeachofthenumbered

blank.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.Markyour

answersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)LongbeforeManlivedontheEarth,there

werefishes,reptiles,birds,insects,andsomemammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimals

wereancestorsofkindslivingtoday,othersarenowextinct,thatis,theyhaveno

descendantsalivenow.[RI].Veryoccasionallytherocksshowimpressionof

skin,sothat,apartfromcolor,wecanbuildupareasonablyaccuratepictureofananimal

thatdiedmillionsofyearsago.Thekindofrockinwhichtheremainsarcfoundtellsus

muchaboutthenatureoftheoriginalland,oftenoftheplantsthatgrewonit,andevenof

itsclimate.[R2].Nearlyallofthefossilsthatweknowwerepreservedin

rocksformedbywateraction,andmostoftheseareofanimalsthatlivedinornearwater.

Thusitfollowsthattheremustbemanykindsofmammals,birds,andinsectsofwhich

weknownothing.[R3].Therewerealsocrab-likecreatures,whosebodies

werecoveredwithahornysubstance.Thebodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegs,one

pairforwalkingonthesandybottom,theotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindof

shieldwithapairofcompoundeyes,oftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusually

aninchortwolongbutsomewere2feet.[R4].Ofthese,theammonitesare

veryinterestingandimportant.Theyhaveashellcomposedofmanychambers,each

representingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargeritgrewanew

chamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.Thousandsofthesecanbeseenintherockson

theDorsetCoast.[R5].About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswas

overandmostofthegroupsdiedout.Themammalsquicklydeveloped,andwecantrace

theevolutionofmanyfamiliaranimalssuchastheelephantandhorse.Manyofthelater

mammals,thoughnowextinct,wereknowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimin

cavepaintingsandonbonecarvings.[A]Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockand

manydifferentkindsareknown.[B]Nevcrtheless,weknowagreatdealaboutmanyof

thembecausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils.From

themwecantelltheirsizeandshape,howtheywalked,thekindoffoodtheyate.[C|The

firstanimalswithtruebackboneswerethefishes,firstknownintherocksof375million

yearsago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibians,theanimalsabletolivebothon

landandinwater,appeared.Theyweregiant,sometimes8feetlong,andmanyofthem

livedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalscam,orlayer,formed.Theamphibians

gaverisetothereptilesandfornearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsof

lifeonland,inthesea,andintheair.|D]Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarine

creatures.Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeareasoftheworld.[E|The

earliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsandlivedin

thesea.Laterformsaremorecomplex,andamongthesearethesea-lilies,relationsofthe

star-fishes,whichhadlongarmsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabed,orto

rocks.[F]Whenananimaldies,thebody,itsbones,orshell,mayoftenbecarriedaway

bystreamsintolakesortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedin

theseaitsbodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremud

wouldfalluponitunlilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved.(GJMauy

factorscaninfluencehowfossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybe

replacedbyminerals,dissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpression,or

simplyreducedtoamorestableform.

21、[RI]

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题空格出现在第一段的中间，必然在该段中起到承上启下的作用。

上文大意是很多在人类之前出现在地球上的生物现在已经灭绝了。下文大意是岩石

(therocks)能帮助人类了解已经灭绝了的动物及它们生存的环境。根据上下文可以

确定该段的主题是探讨灭绝的动物和岩石之间的联系。因此可预测空格处的内容应

和这个主题相关，逻辑上为转折关系，即“虽然动物灭绝了，但还有化石证明它们

的存在上文中表否定的词语extinct和nodescendant与下文中表肯定的训语

accurate和much之间的呼应表明了这种转折。|A|虽然提到therock,但将动物具

体化到【heshellfish,与下文内容不符，排除。［B］中出现表转折的逻辑词

nevertheless和关键词therocks0若把该选项代人原文中，则句中第一个代词them

指上文中的otheranimals(lhatare)nowexlincl。因此|B|从内容、逻辑上都符合需

要，是正确选项。其他也提到therock(s)的选项［C］、［E］、［G］都不是探讨它与灭绝

动物的关系，不符合段落主题。

22、［R2］

标准答案：F

知识点解析：本题中的空格出现在第二段段首，既可能是第二段的主题句，也可能

是第一段内容与空格后面内容的衔接部分，与上文有一定的连贯性，又与下文中的

重点提示信息相关联。上文谈到岩石有利于人类了解已灭绝的动物，下文大意是由

于动物化石是通过水流作用而保存下来的，囚此存在过许多人类尚未知晓的非水生

或亲水动物。其中提到的新的关键信息是waleraction。最大的干扰项是［G］,因为

它一开始就有和该段相同的内容fossilsarepreservedo但是该选项的内容是指H很

多因素都会影响化石的保存，即：有机物的残骸可能被矿物所替代，接着被酸性溶

液所溶解，只留下残骸的印记，或者只是还原到一种更稳定的形态。显然这些内容

与下文毫无关联。只有［F］提到动物的尸体都会被冲到湖泊或海洋形成化石，其中

carriedawaybystreams...covereduphymud就是wa—teraction,因此足正确选项。

此题难度较大，可以采取先解答其他题的策略。

23、［R3］

标准答案：E

知识点解析：与上一题相似，这一小题的空格出现在第三段段首，因此应该与上下

文的内容相衔接，尤其是与下文要保持内容上的一致性。上文提到动物化石大多都

是水生或亲水动物，下文介绍蟹类生物的特性。特别注意下文第一句话中的there

werealso…表示含义上的递进。由于蟹类生物是水生动物，可以预测空格处的内容

不会超出水生动物这个话题。这样可人选的答案只有［A］、［E］,其他选项要么未涉

及这个话题，要么超出这个话题。把两个选项分别代入，［E］中出现了thcrearcthc

sea—lilies与下文的〔herewerealso…相呼应，是最佳答案。整个第三段的内容从介

绍单一的海洋生物到复杂的海洋生物，从海百合到蟹类，层层推进。

24、［R4］

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题的空格在第四段段首。上文介绍蟹类生物的特性，下文介绍了一

种称为菊石的动物的特性。因此空格处的作用只是由一种动物的介绍过渡到另一种

动物的介绍。符合条件的只有［A］、|C|o从下文中出现的新信息shell,又可以确定

正确答案是［A］选项。这样空格处既是第三、四段的过渡，又是第四段的主题句。

整个第四段是对有壳的鱼类的介绍，并以菊石为例。

25、［R5］

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题空格在第五段段首。上文是对一种有壳生物菊石的介绍，下文则

提到了爬行动物和哺乳动物，话题之间跨度较大。因此预测空格处应弥补这种信息

上的空缺，既能够承接有壳的水生动物的话题，又能够引出爬行动物时代结束这样

的内容。显然正确答案是［C］,它介绍了从鱼类到爬行动物的进化过程，其中的

reptiles与下文的theAgeofReptiles衔接得非常恰当。

Thereismuchhypeaboutsocialnetworksandtheirpotentialimpactonmarketing;so

manycompaniesarediligentlyestablishingpresencesonFacebook.Yetthetruevalueof

socialnetworksremainsunclear,andwhilecommonwisdomsuggeststhattheyshouldbe

tremendousenablersandamplifiersofwordofmouth,fewconsumercompanieshave

unlockedthispotential.Morerecently,wehaveadoptedanewmind-set:wethinkof

wordofmouthgeneratedonsocialnetworksasadistinctformofmedia.Thisideais

morethanasemanticdetail.Whenyouthinkofwordofmouthasmedia,itbecomesa

formofcontent,andbusinessescanapplytricd-and-truccontcnt-managcmcntpractices

andmetricstoit.Inaddition,wordofmouthgeneratedbysocialnetworksisaformof

marketingthatmustbeearned—unliketraditionaladvertising,whichcanbepurchased.

Therefore,companiescouldsucceedonlybybeinggenuinelyusefultotheindividuals

whoinitiateorsustainvirtualworld-of-mouthconversations.Aneffectivewayfora

brandtobeusefulinthecontextofsocialnetworksistomakepeoplewhoo-riginatea

word-of-mouthconversationseemimportantwithintheirownsocialenvironment.

Recognitionbypeersisapowerfulmotivator,andbrandsthatallowuserstogainit

deliverrealperceivedvalue.Whenuserspublicizethatrecognition,ittranslatesintoword

ofmouth.Neverunderestimatethevalueconsumersplaceonopportunitiestoboast

onlineabouttheirachievements.Forexample,whenmemher*hoastofreachingtheir

targetweightwithhelpfromBodybuilding.comworkouts,wereceiveauthenticand

credibleword-of-mouthapprovalatalmostnocost.Infact,ifrecentbehavioralresearch

isaccurate,theseexperiencescancreate"contagions"inwhichthebehaviorofusersis

mirroredbytheirnetworksoffriends,amplifyingtheword-of-moutheffectandreflecting

wellontheunderlyingbrands.It'sourstrongintuitionthatvirtualitemsplayanimportant

roleinfacilitatingvirtualwordofmouth.People'sobsessiveacquirementforvirtualitems

reinforcesournotionthatusersseekonlineimportance;theypurchasevirtualgoods

primarilyforself-expressionandforrecognition.Virtualgiftingisbecomingan

importantconsumeractivityamongFacebookmembers.Today,muchofthisactivityis

free,butFacebookisintroducingavirtual-currency"credit"systemthatwillallowsellers

togetrealdollarsfortheirgifts.Inthecontextofasocialnetwork,itisnotastretchto

conceiveofvirtualgiftsasimportantobjects,especiallyastheiravailabilitycanbe

strictlylimited.Justthinkaboutthefervorconsumersaccordcollectiblesofallkinds,

frombaseballcardstocoins.Ifvirtualitemsprovesimilarlydesirable,theyarelikelyto

beabigdealforconsumersandmarketers,aswellasagreattooltocreateusefulword-

of-mouthmedia.Word-of-mouthmarketingthroughsocialnetworkscouldemergeasan

importanttoolinthemarketer'sarsenal.Thatwilldependonwhethermarketerscantame

thefundamentallyunpredictableandaccidentalnatureofwordofmouthwithoutlosing

whatmakesitsovaluableinthefirstplace—itsauthenticity.

26ItissuggestedinParagraph1thatsocialnetworks.

A、haveprovedtobeefficientinpromotingproducts

B、havemadegreatimpactonpeople'sintelligence

C^arestimulatingcollectivewisdomeffectively

D、aregettinggreatattentionfromconsumercompanies

标准答案:D

知识点解析：第一段开篇指出，有关社交网络及其对市场营销的潜在影响已被宣传

地天花乱坠；许多公司都在“脸谱”上费尽心血地经营着自己，由公司如此专注的投

入可见公司极其重视对社交网络的应用，［D］选项正确。

27、Tousesocialnetworksasenablersandamplifiersofwordofmouth,companies

shouldfirst.

A、applyeflectivecontent-managementpractices

B、makeproductsusefultonetworkusers

C、usepurchasedmediasuccessfully

D、abandontraditionalmarketingmedia

标准答案：B-

知识点解析：第一段末句指出，尽管公众智慧已表明，社交网络是口碑的强劲促成

者及放大器，但鲜有公司已真正挖掘出这一潜能。第二段顺而提出解决办法：将社

交网络下的口碑当做一种独特的媒介，并在末句进一步指出：只有对那些“发起或

维持虚拟世界对话的人”真正有用，社交网络下的口碑营销才能成功。由此可见公

司首先应该使得自己的产品对社交网络用户真正有用，出］选项正确。

28、Bodybuilding,comiscitedtoillustrate.

A>theproductssuitableforworld-of-mouthmarketing

B、thefeaturesofwordofmouth

C、theworthofusers'onlineboasts

D、thecontagiousnessofonlinebehaviors

标准答案：C

知识点解析：根据题干直接定位到第四段。该段首句指出。永远不要低估消费者在

线吹嘘自己成就时所创造的价值。第二句接着举出例子；当健美网站的会员吹嘘自

己在其帮助下达到目标体重时，我们就可分文不花地赢得真实可信的口碑认可。由

此可见举例的目的是为了具体说明消费者在线吹嘘自己成就时会创造何种价值：真

实可信的口碑认可。［C］选项正确。

29、Virtualitemsmayproducepowerfulwordofmouthwhen.

A^theycanbetradedforrealdollars

B、theyarenotviewedasimportantobjects

C、theycanconfersocialimportanceonitsusers

D^theyarereadilyavailable

标准答案：C

知识点解析：根据题干直接定位到第五段。该段第二句解释了人们对于获取虚拟商

品欲罢不能的原因所在：使用者寻求网络重要性——他们购买虚拟商品主要是为了

自我表达与获取认可。据此可推理出，虚拟商品若使得消费者在其网络社交环境里

显得重要，则可生出强有力的口碑，［C］选项正确。

30、Thetextintendstotellus.

A、howtounlockthepotentialofsocialnetworks

B、howtoreadpeople'sonlineactivities

C^howtocreateauthenticmarketing

D、howtoexploretheattractivenessofvirtualitems

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本文共分为六个段落。第一段指出现状（问题）：鲜有公司能够充分挖

掘社交网络的潜能。第二段提出新理念（解决办法）：将社交网络下的口碑当做一种

独特的媒介。第三段介绍“使品牌在社交网络中有用”的方法一：让会话发起者显得

重要（得到同伴的认可）。第四段对第三段做出补充论述：应重视消费者在线吹嘘自

己的成就时所带来的价值。笫五段介绍“使品牌在社交网络中有用”的方法二：发挥

“虚拟商品”的吸引力。第六段总结全文，指出社交网络下口碑营销的重要作用及发

挥这种作用的决定性因素。由此可见整个文章旨在论述如何充分挖掘社交网络的潜

能，［A］选项正确。

Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneoftheonlythreeplayersintheNational

BasketballAssociation（NBA）listedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseason,

however,hewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsports

havechangeddramaticallyovertheyears,andmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingto

adjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.Thetrendin

spons,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerally

stoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,

today'speople-especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formany

generations—apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren'tlikelyto

getanytaller.nInthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthisgenetic,environmentallevel,we've

prettymuchgoneasfaraswecango,"saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaof

WrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAplayers,theirincreaseinheightappearsto

resultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfromalloverthe

world.Growth,whichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20,demandscaloriesand

nutrients—notably,protein—tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcentury,

under-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimproved,

childrenandadolescentshave,onaverage,increasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalf

every20years,apatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.Yetaccordingtothe

CentersfbrDiseaseControlandPrevention,averageheight-5'9"formen,5'4"for

women—hasn'treallychangedsince1960.Geneticallyspeaking,thereareadvantagesto

avoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirth,largerbabieshavemoredifficultypassing

throughthebirthcanal.Moreover,eventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsof

years,ourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasily

withstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs."Therearesomerealconstraints

thataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism,"saysanthropologist

WilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity.Geneticmaximumscanchange,butdon't

expectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.Gordon,senioranthropologistattheArmyResearch

CenterinNatick,Mass.,ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfit

recruitswithoutalteration.Shesaysthat,unlikethoseforbasketball,thelengthof

militaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.Andifyouneedtopredicthuman

heightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipmentGordonsaysthatbyandlarge,

"youcouldusetodayrsdataandteelfairlyconfident."

31>WiltChamberlainiscitedasanexampleto

A、illustratethechangeofheightofNBAplayers.

B、showthepopularityofNBAplayersintheU.S.

C^comparedifferentgenerationsofNBAplayers.

D^assesstheachievementsoffamousNBAplayers.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：目的细节题。例子都是为了说明主旨的。本文的主旨是身高变化问

题，而四个选项中只有答案选项涉及这个主题，故入选。

32、Whichofthefollowingplaysakeyroleinbodygrowthaccordingtothetext?

A、Geneticmodification.

BNNaturalenvironment.

C、Livingstandards.

D、Dailyexercise.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：判断题。出题依据点是原文第三段第三句带有bul的转折句：Butas

dietandhealthimproved,childrenandadolescentshave,onaverage,increasedinheight

byaboutaninchandahalfevery20years.说明身高增长的主要因素是"生活条件改善

IV0

33、Onwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?

A^Non-Americansaddtotheaverageheightofthenation.

B>Humanheightisconditionedbytheuprightposture.

C^Americansarethetallestonaverageintheworld.

D^Largerbabiestendtobecometallerinadulthood.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：判断题。依据点是原文第四段第三句：Moreover,eventhoughhuinans

havebeenuprightformillionsofyears,ourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewith

bipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversize

limbs.这句话说到“人类的身高还是受到双足行走姿势的制约的"。正是答案选项

表达的意思。

34、Welearnfromthelastparagraphthatinthenearfuture

A^thegarmentindustrywillreconsidertheuniformsize.

B、thedesignofmilitaryuniformswillremainunchanged.

C、genetictestingwillbeemployedinselectingsportsmen.

D、theexistingdataofhumanheightwillstillbeapplicable.

标准答案：D」

知识点解析：事实细节题。出题依据点是最后一段最后一句：youcouldusetodays

dataandfeelfairlyconfident.即：你可以用现在的数据而且依然信心十足。证明现

在人体身高数据仍然适用。迷惑较大的是选项：thedesignofmilitaryuniformwill

remainunchanged,即：军队制服的设计将会没有变化;而原文说：thelengthof

militaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime,即：军队制服的长度已经有一段时

间没有变化了。仔细观察不难发现，原文用的是现在完成时态，没有对未来做出预

测，而原文说的是制服长度，选项说的是制服的样式，偷换了原文的概念，故排

除。

35、Thetextintendstotellusthat

A、thechangeofhumanheightfollowsacyclicpattern.

humanheightisbecomingevenmorepredictable.

C、Americanshavereachedtheirgeneticgrowthlimit.

D、thegeneticpatternofAmericanshasaltered.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：主旨题。首先，由于本文所探讨的问题局限在美国范围内，因此凡是

使用了“人类”字样的选项都放大了范围。而根据原文第二段首句：Americanshave

generallystoppedgrowing.知道美国人”停止了生长”。

IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivil

servant.WhenHoffa'sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmerican

governmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionists

inAmerica'spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.In

Britain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sector

onesareunionized.Therearethreereasonsfbrthepublic-sectorunions*thriving.First,

theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Second,

theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica'spublic-sectorworkers

haveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdominatelefi-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheir

ticsgobackalongway.Britain'sLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeen

associatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotes

frompublic-sectorunions.Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.

MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthe

slate'sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachers'unionskeepaneyeonschools,the

CCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.Inmanyrichcountries

averagewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgains

comeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly"backloaded"public­

sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespecially

pensionsthatarealreadygenerous.Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmost

egregiouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaced

drawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachers

isthemostimportantvariable,teachers'unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbad

onesandpromotinggoodones.Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer,

politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsof

supportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor.Butmanywithinthe

publicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.JohnDonahueatHarvard'sKennedy

SchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhov/ant

tostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswho

earnwellabove$250.000ayeararcuniversitysportscoachesandthepresidentofthe

UnitedStates.Bankers'fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sector

systemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.

36、Itcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthat.

A、Teamstersstillhavealargebodyofmembers

B、JimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant

C、unionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sectormembership

D、thegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

37、WhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraph2?

A、Public-sectorunionsarcprudentintakingactions.

B、Educationisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionmembership.

C、LaborParlyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorunions.

D、Public-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheiractions.

标准答案：D〜

知识点解析：暂无解析

38、ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4thattheincomeinthestatesectoris.

A^illegallysecured

B、indirectlyaugmented

C^excessivelyincreased

D^fairlyadjusted

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

39、TheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunions.

A、oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem

B、canchangepeople'spoliticalattitudes

C>maybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms

D、arcdominantinthegovernment

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

40、JohnDonahue'sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisoneof,

A、disapproval

B、appreciation

C、tolerance

D、indifference

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

三、阅读（补全短文）（本题共5题，每题7.。分，共

5分。）

Thefollowingparagraphsarcgiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarc

requiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelist

A-G.Someoftheparagraphshavebeenplacedforyou.（10points）A.Theriseofa

tycoonwhoisfondofAmericaandSouthAfrica,andwhoprintsEnglishslogansonhis

bottlesofmilkandmineralw