康复学、心脏病学

ForInformationScienceandElectronicEngineeringTechnicalEnglish信息科学与电子工程专业英语1TelemedicineandBiomedicalSignalProcessing信息科学与电子工程专业英语Unit

142Telemedicine信息科学与电子工程专业英语Part

I3telemedicine远程医疗

professional专业工作者video-conferencing视频会

议

consultation咨询unmanned无人的robot机器人clinical临床的inabsentia缺席的manifestation显示

，证明dynamo发电机bicyclepedal

自行车的脚

蹬子

e-health

电子保健

telehealth远程保健

administration行政

，

管理umbrellaterm有多种含义

的名词

4

metamorphose使变形,变

态New

Wordsompchrsyn成成分步部组en的同ouononctsroboticsurgery机器人外

科

peripheral外围设备tele-o

to

scope远程耳镜ot

ology耳科学tele-stethoscope远程听诊器physician

内科医生conducive有益的

，

有助

的psychiatry精神病学internal

medicine

内科学rehabilitation

康复cardiology心脏病学pediatrics小儿科obstetrics

产科gynecology妇科学neurology神经病学

acquire获取

bio

signal生物医学信号offline离线的，

非实时5的New

Words皮肤病学放射学pathology病理学

virtually实际上

teleradiology远程放射学generalpractitioner全科

生

caregiver护理人员morbidity发病率chronicdisease慢性病whereby

（关系副词）

靠那个consultation咨询

radiographic射线图像diagnostic诊断的veterinarian兽医6New

WordsTelemedicinemaybeassimpleastwohealthprofessionadiscussingacaseoverthetelephone,orascomplexasusatellitetechnologyandvideo-conferencingequipmenconductareal-timeconsultationbetweenmedicalspecitwodifferentcountries.1远程医疗可以简单到两名医务工作者通过电话讨论病情,或者复杂到通过卫星技术和视频会议系统在两个不同国家的医学专家之间进行实时的医疗咨询。17It

can

also

involve

the

use

of

an

unmanned

robot

.Telemedicinegenerallyreferstotheuseofcommunicatandinformationtechnologiesforthedeliveryofclin

i通常,远程医疗指的是通过通信和

信息技术来进行临床保健。

18Careatadistance(alsocalledinabsentiacare),isanpracticewhichwasoftenconductedviapost;therehaslongandsuccessfulhistoryofinabsentiahealthcare,hasmetamorphosedintowhatweknowasmoderntelemedicinethankstothemoderncommunicationtechnology.2缺席医疗服务具有漫长而成功的历史,由于有了现代通信技术,它已发展成为现在我们所了解的现代远程医疗。

29Initsearlymanifestations,Africanvillagersusedsmsignalstowarnpeopletostayawayfromthevillageincseriousdisease.Intheearly1900s,peoplelivinginrareasinAustraliausedtwo-wayradios,poweredbyadydrivenbyasetofbicyclepedals,tocommunicatewithtRoyalFlyingDoctorServiceofAustralia.在20世纪初,生活在澳大利亚偏僻地区的人们用由自行车踏板驱动的发电机提供能源的双向无线电来与澳洲皇家飞行医生服务进行通信310Thetermse-healthandtelehealthareattimeswronglyinterchangedwithtelemedicine.Liketheterms"medicand"healthcare”,telemedicineoftenrefersonlytoprovisionofclinicalserviceswhilethetermtelehealrefertoclinicalandnon-clinicalservicessuchasmededucation,administration,andresearch.3就像医疗和保健两个词有所不同一样，远程医疗通常仅指提供临床服务

，

而远程保健可以指临床和非临床的服务

，

后者如医学教育

、行政管理和研究。

411Theterme-healthisoften,particularlyin

theUKandEusedasanumbrellatermthatincludestelehealth,elec

medical

records,and

other

components

of

health

IT

.412Telemedicine

ispracticedonthebasisoftwoconcepts

:time

(synchronous)and

store-and-forward

(asynchrono远程医疗基于两个概念来实行：

实时

（同步)和保存并转发（异步)5Typesof

telemedicine13Realtimetelemedicinecouldbeassimple

as

a

telephonorascomplexasroboticsurgery

.Itrequiresthepresebothpartiesatthesametime

and

a

communications

link

betweenthemthatallowsareal-timeinteractionto

takVideo-conferencingequipment

isoneofthemost

common

formsoftechnologiesused

insynchronoustelemedicine614Therearealsoperipheraldeviceswhichcanbeattachedcomputersorthevideo-conferencingequipmentwhichca

inaninteractiveexamination

.4另外还有外部设备可以接到计算机

或视频会议设备上,在交互检查中

提供帮助。

615Forinstance,atele-o

to

scopeallowsaremotephysicia‘

see

’

inside

a

patient

’s

ear

;a

tele-stethoscope

alconsultingremotephysiciantohearthepatient

’sheaMedicalspecialtiesconducivetothiskindofconsultaincludepsychiatry,internalmedicine,rehabilitatio

cardiology,pediatrics,obstetricsandgynecologyand

neurology

.有助于这种咨询的医学专科包含精神病学

、内科医学

、康复学

、

心脏病学

、

小儿科学

、妇产科学以及神经学616Store-and-forwardtelemedicineinvolvesacquiringmedata

(likemedicalimages,bio

signalsetc

.)andthentransmittingthisdatatoadoctorormedicalspecialisconvenienttimeforassessmentoffline

.Itdoesnotreqpresence

of

both

parties

at

the

same

time

.Dermatology,radiology,andpathologyarecommon

specialtiesthata

conducivetoasynchronoustelemedicine

.AproperlystructuredMedicalRecordpreferablyinelectronicforshould

be

a

component

of

this

transfer

.717Telemedicineismostbeneficialforpopulationslivingisolatedcommunitiesandremoteregionsandiscurrentbeingappliedinvirtuallyallmedicaldomains.Speciausetelemedicineoftenusea"tele”prefix;forexamptelemedicineasappliedbyradiologistsiscalledteleSimilarlytelemedicineasappliedbycardiologistsistelecardiology,etc.818Telemedicine

isalsousefulasacommunicationtoolbetgeneralpractitionerandaspecialistavailableatare

location

.919Thefocusoftelemedicinehasmainlybeenconsultativemeaningageneralpractitionerconsultingaspecialist

specialistconsultinganotherspecialist

.Monitoringhomeusingknowndevices

likebloodpressuremonitorsatransferringtheinformationtoacaregiverisafastgemergingservice

.Theseremotemonitoringsolution

sha

focusoncurrenthighmorbiditychronicdiseasesandarmainlydeployedfortheFirstWorld

.1020IndevelopingcountriesanewwayofpracticingtelemedisemergingbetterknownasPrimaryRemoteDiagnosticVisitswherebydevicesexamineapatientandaconnectedoctorresidinginanotherlocationvirtuallyexaminespatientandtreathim.5在发展中国家正在出现一种新的远程医疗实施方法，常称为"基本远程诊断访问”，通过该系统用设备对病人进行检查，而实际上由另一个国家的联线医生来进行检查和治疗。1021ThisnewtechnologyandprincipleofpracticingmediciholdsbigpromisestosolvingmajorhealthcaredeliverproblemsinforinstanceSouthernAfricabecausePrimaRemoteDiagnosticConsultationsnotonlymonitorsanalreadydiagnosedchronicdisease,buthasthepromisediagnosingandmanagingthediseasesapatientwilltypvisitageneralpractitionerfor.6这一新的医疗实践技术和原则对于解决为诸如南部非洲这样的地区提供基本保健服务的问题是一大希望,因为基本远程诊断咨询不仅可监测已诊断出的慢性病,还可对病人通常会求助于全科医生的疾病进行诊断和管理。1022Telemedicineisthedeliveryofhealthcareandexchanghealthcareinformationacrossdistance

.Teleradio

log

abilitytosendradiographicimages

(x-rays)fromone

lto

another

.For

this

process

to

be

implemented,three

e

componentsarerequired,an

image

sending

station,atransmissionnetwork,andareceiving/

imagereviewst11Teleradiology23Theteleradiologyprocessbeginsatthe

imagesending

sTheradiographic

imageandamodemarerequiredfor

thi

firststep

.The

image

isscannedand

then

sent

to

themod1224Thetransmissionnetworkcanbewire,fiberoptics,ormicrowave

.Afterthedigitalinformationhasbeensentmodem,

electricalimpulsesaresentalongto

the

transmnetworktothereceiving/imagereviewstation

.Thereceiving/imagereviewstationconsistsofamodem,

acomputerwith

sufficientstoragecapabilities,adisplsometimes

a

printer

to

provide

hard

copies

to

the

end

us1325Theelectricalimpulsescreatedthroughthetransmissinetworkarereceivedbythemodemonthe

review

station

Theseimpulsesareconvertedbacktotheoriginal

digitimageonce

itreachesthereviewstation

.This

image

isstored

and

can

be

viewed

on

the

display

for

diagnosticpurposes

.Ahardcopycanbeprintedformore

convenien1326Clearlywiththenumberofcompaniesfocusingon

telemedevicesandthespecializationofthesecompanies

one

c

expecttelemedicinetobecome

a

significantwaythatphysicians,hospitals,andveterinarianofficesoperanearfuture

.1427ComputerizedTomographicImaging信息科学与电子工程专业英语PartII28tomography断层成像术reflection反射unprecedented前所未有的,空前的coefficient系数resonance共振borehole钻孔integral积分transmission透射diagnostic诊断attenuation衰减radioisotope放射性同位lendoneselfto有助于,宜于celestial天空的diffract衍射,绕射险的backprojection反向投29影

l

解剖学的面的algebraic代数的不模糊的cross-sectional断面的,截breakneck极快的,很危New

Wordsviz.(拉丁语videlicet)就是说（可读namely)scatter散射in

homogeneity不均匀性refractive

index折射率bibliography参考书目cite引述,引用variation变种avalanche雪崩cylinder柱体,圆柱isotope

同位素New

Words30Tomographyreferstothecross-sectionalimagingofanfromeithertransmissionorreflectiondatacollectedilluminatingtheobjectfrommanydifferentdirectionsimpactofthistechniqueindiagnosticmedicinehasbeerevolutionary,sinceithasenableddoctorstoviewintorganswithunprecedentedprecisionandsafetytothep通过从许多不同方向照射物体,根据透射或反射的数据对物体断面成像131Thefirstmedicalapplicationutilizedx-raysforformimagesoftissuesbasedontheirx-rayattenuationcoefMorerecently,however,medicalimaginghasalsobeensuccessfullyaccomplishedwithradioisotopes,ultrasmagneticresonance;theimagedparameterbeingdiffereeachcase.层析成像最初的医学应用是用X射线对组织进行成像用放射性同位素

、超声

、磁共振也成功地实现了医学成像,在每一种情况下用不同的参数成像132Therearenumerousnon-medical

imagingapplicationswhlendthemselvestothemethodsof

computerized

tomogra233Researchershavealreadyappliedthismethodologytotmappingofundergroundresourcesviacross-boreholeimaging,somespecializedcasesofcross-sectionalimanondestructivetesting,thedeterminationofthebrighdistributionoveracelestialsphere,andthree-dimensimagingwithelectronmicroscopy.1研究者已经将此方法用在许多方面,例如通过钻孔成像测绘地下资源,无损检测中断面成像的某些特殊案例,确定天球面上的亮度分布,以及电子显微镜三维成像。234Fundamentally,tomographic

imagingdealswithreconstructinganimagefromitsprojections

.

Inthe

stsenseoftheword,aprojectionatagivenangle

isthe

i

oftheimagein

thedirection

specifiedby

thatangle,

aillustratedinFigure14

.

1

.某一角度的投影是图像

在该角度所指定的方向

上的积分335However,inaloosesense,projectionmeanstheinformaderivedfromthetransmittedenergies,whenanobjectiilluminatedfromaparticularangle;thephrase"diffprojection”maybeusedwhenenergysourcesarediffraasisthecasewithultrasoundandmicrowaves.2然而在宽泛的意义上，投影是指物体从某一角度受到照射时由发出的能量所形成的信息。若辐射源是衍射性的如超声波或微波，可使用"衍射投影”一词。336Although,fromapurelymathematicalstandpoint,thesolutiontotheproblemofhowtoreconstructafunctioitsprojectionsdatesbacktothepaperbyRadonin1917currentexcitementintomographicimagingoriginatedwHounsfield’sinventionofthex-raycomputedtomograpscannerforwhichhereceivedaNobelprizein1979.3虽然从纯数学的角度,对于如何根据投影数据重建图像这一问题的解要追溯到1917年Radon的论文,但当前在断层成像方面令人激动的成就源自Hounsfield发明的X光CT扫描,他因此项发明而于1979年获得了诺贝尔奖。

437HesharedtheprizewithAllanCormackwhoindependentldiscoveredsomeofthealgorithms.Hisinventionshoweitispossibletocomputehigh-qualitycross-sectionalwithanaccuracynowreachingonepartinathousandinofthefactthattheprojectiondatadonotstrictlysattheoreticalmodelsunderlyingtheefficientlyimplemereconstructionalgorithms.4他的发明显示,尽管投影数据并未严格满足有效实现重建算法赖以成立的理论模型,仍有可能计算精度达千分之一的高质量断面图像。438Hisinventionalsoshowedthat

it

ispossibletoproceslargenumberofmeasurements

(nowapproachingamilliofor

the

case

of

x-ray

tomography)with

fairly

complexmathematicaloperations,andstillgetanimage

that

isincrediblyaccurate

.439Itisfairtosaythat

thebreakneckpaceatwhichx-raycomputedtomography

images

improvedafterHounsfield

’

inventionwas

in

largemeasureowingtothedevelopmentthatweremade

inreconstructionalgorithms

.5可以说自从Hounsfield的发明以来X光CT图像改进的快速度在很大程度上要

归功于重建算法方面的发展。540Hounsfieldusedalgebraictechniques,andwasabletoreconstructnoisylooking8080imageswithanaccuraonepartinahundred.Thiswasfollowedbytheapplicatconvolutionbackprojectionalgorithms,firstdevelopRamachandranandLakshminarayananandlaterpopularizbySheppandLogan,tothistypeofimaging.重建大小为80×80的噪声颇大的图像,精度为百分之一541Theselateralgorithmsconsiderablyreducedtheprocestime

for

reconstruction,and

the

image

produced

wasnumericallymoreaccurate

.Asaresult,commercialmanufacturersofx-raytomographicscannersstartedbusystemscapableofreconstructing256256and51251

imagesthatwerealmostphotographicallyperfect

(intthatthemorphologicaldetailproducedwasunambiguous

inperfectagreementwiththeanatomicalfeatures)

.所形成的形态细节清晰可辩,并与解剖

结果完全一致,在这一意义上这些图像

几乎达到了照相术上完美的程度542Giventheenormous

successofx-ray

computed

tomographisnotsurprisingthatinrecentyearsmuchattentionh

focused

on

extending

this

image

formation

technique

tonuclearmedicineandmagneticresonanceononehand;anultrasound

and

microwaves

on

the

other

.643Innuclearmedicine,ourintere