研究生英语写作

1、1,lecture 02,english writing,instructor zheng li 郑 莉 mobile phone:,office place: rm. 310, building 7c, east campus,2,overview,in this lecture, you will learn possibilities for starting the expository essays, and how to write the conclusion.,3,preview,what is exposition? exposition is wr

2、iting that explains or gives information. patterns of exposition characteristics of an expository essay introduction and thesis statement,4,possibilities for starting the expository essays,anecdote personal experience description question quotation analogy definition shocking statement background in

3、formation,5,anecdote,while sitting by the concrete fountain in the mall, i noticed a pudgy man in a red-and-yellow t-shirt. it wasnt his protruding belly that caught my attention; i was drawn to the message on the front of his shirt. above his sagging waistline was a map of japan with two stars on i

4、t and above the map, the line “two bombs were not enough.” who knows what reasons he had for wearing such ad display of tastelessness, but it is typical of all those offensive little bumper stickers and t-shirt messages that assault us every day. each one makes us a little less inventive to the next

5、 assault. our culture is reveling in an orgy of bad taste, and no one seems to mind.,6,personal experience,i came to the united states one year ago and i had no idea about life in the united states and american traditions, except that life was complicated and people were strange. at the time i arriv

6、ed at j. f. kennedy airport, i felt very happy because i was fond of traveling around the world. coming to america had been one of my dreams. a few minutes later, however, i felt afraid. i asked myself why i had come to this strange world and what i was doing here. i remembered what my friends at ho

7、me said about americans treating strangers. after i attended college, however, i discovered the opposite of what i had expected: americans are friendly to strangers.,7,description,she does not go out of her way for most people; she almost never gives a party; she rarely invites people to dinner; she

8、 seldom calls anyone on the phone. most people tend to bore her. is she an unhappy, maladjusted recluse? quite to the contrary, people are attracted to her because she is well adjusted. i admire my friend anne lee because she is self-assured and discriminating.,8,question,do you see the glass half-f

9、ull rather than half empty? do you keep your eye upon the doughnut, not upon the hole? suddenly these clichs are scientific questions, as researchers scrutinize the power of positive thinking.,9,quotation,about one of mans frailties thomas wolfe wrote, “he talks of the future and he wastes it as it

10、comes.” this observation is related to a principle by which i try (without always succeeding) to live. i believe living in the present because it is futile to dwell on the past, to worry about the future, to miss anything in the only reality i know.,10,analogy,everybody sweats, including me, richard

11、 simmons, ronald reagan and probably you, too. just what do i sweat over? i sweat over tests, over art critiques, over silly things like my car, friends, family. i sweat when i exercise, and always when i write. just the mention of writing invariably makes me sweat because it reminds me of exercisin

12、g. writing, exercising, sweatingtheyre all the same in my little book of life.,11,definition,three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and the unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. these passion, like great winds,

13、 have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the verge of despair.,12,shocking statement,for many people today, reading is no longer relaxation. to keep up with their work they must read letters, reports, trade publications, interoffice communicat

14、ions: a never-ending flood of words. in getting a job or advancing in one, the ability to read and comprehend quickly can mean the difference between success and failure. yet the important fact is that most of us are poor readers.,13,background information,each fall a new crop of first-year college

15、students, wavering between high hopes for the future and intense anxiety about their new status, scan college maps searching for their classrooms. they have been told repeatedly that college is the key to a well-paying job, and they certainly dont want to support themselves by flipping hamburgers or

16、 working at some dead-end job. so, notebooks at the ready, they await what a college has in store. unfortunately many of themindeed over thirty percentwill not return after the first year. why do so many students leave? there are several reasons. some find the academic program too hard; some lack th

17、e proper study habits or motivation; others fall victim to the temptations of the college environment, and a large group leave for personal reasons.,14,conclusion,forms of writing the final comment restatement summary restatement and summary final evaluation of the subject prediction of the future w

18、arning that alerts the reader witty remark that impresses the reader statement of the essays broader implications,15,restatement,thesis: friendship is both a source of pleasure and a component of good health. restatement: circumstances and people are constantly changing. some friendships last foreve

19、r; others do not. nevertheless, friendship is an essential ingredient in the making of a healthy and rewarding life.,16,summary,thesis: although there is a period of about 200 years between the two music giants, they are similar in certain ways. summary: the names of beethoven and lenon are inscribe

20、d on the monument to the history of music. they will always be remembered for their unique styles, great productivity, and indomitable personalities.,17,restatement and summary,thesis: soap operas have gained tremendous popularity by creating a more desirable lifestyle for modern viewers. restatemen

21、t and summary: soap operas are popular not because they are mindless drivel formulated to distract us from our daily chores, but because they present life as many of us want it to be: fast-paced, glamorous, and full of exciting characters.,18,final evaluation of the subject,the renewed enthusiasm in

22、 graduate studies is caused by the wish for a better life, the pressure of challenge and the drive to accomplish ones goal. it is shaped by society, but in turn, it also helps to shape and benefit society.,19,prediction of the future,the great advantage to shorter workweek is that workers have more

23、time off to themselves and their families. however, considering the financial demands upon american families in the future, it may also become common for workers to hold down to two full-time jobs at one time. given the american works ethic, most workers will probably fill their free time with more

24、work instead of more leisure.,20,warning that alerts the reader,finally, when we use a euphemism, we should be aware that we are trying to make an idea more acceptable. at times, this may be preferable, but lets not forget that euphemisms camouflage reality. after all, “coloring the truth” is still

25、lying.,21,witty remark that impresses the reader,many of us tend to use long words to speak our minds. if they say just what we want, that is okay. however, if big words make the way dark for those who hear what we say and read what we write, we might as well use small words. like fast friends, they

26、 wont let us down.,22,statement of the essays broader implications,in conclusion, although the twentieth century has indeed given us a lot of advantages by making us richer, healthier and freer to enjoy our lives, it has not made us wiser. the twentieth century has made our earth dirtier, our people

27、 less humane, and our spiritual lives poorer. we should continue to enjoy the benefits of technological advancements because they have given us freedom to pursue our interests and goals. however, we must make a concerted effort to preserve our natural environment for future generations. moreover, we

28、 should take the time now to make our lives more meaningful in an increasingly impersonal and mechanized society.,23,tips on writing the concluding paragraph,start with a narrow statement to connect the concluding paragraph with the previous one. avoid bringing in any new topic. maintain the same to

29、ne as in the rest of the essay. dont apologize that you cant offer profound analysis. end the essay briefly and naturally.,24,compare the two pair of concluding paragraphs. which ones are more effective and why?,science fiction movies are creators of human emotion. they offer people enough room to s

30、et free their imagination and creativity. in science fiction movies, people get what they cant get but hope to gain. they are totally free, so they can enjoy themselves. science fiction movies are creators of human emotion. they fulfill the dream of getting what people cant get but hope to get in real life. more important, science fiction offers vast room to set free their imagination and creativ