12年-01-烷烃-.ppt

1、烷烃 （基） 烯烃 （包括二烯烃 烯基） 炔烃 单环芳烃（基）,有机物的命名,Part I:,Part II:,醇 酚 醚,Part III:,醛 酮,Part IV:,羧酸及其衍生物,烃类化合物的命名是有机命名的基础,烃类,胺？,2, 5C: 用希腊文和拉丁文的数词加上相应的 词尾(-ane); 10个C原子以上的则在数词 前加前缀un、do、tri、tetra、penta等。,烷烃,(alkanes）,直链烷烃：,1-4 C：out of rules,甲烷 methane 己烷 hexane 乙烷 ethane 庚烷 heptane 丙烷 propane 辛烷 octane 丁烷 buta

2、ne 壬烷 nonane 戊烷 pentane 癸烷 decane 十一烷 undecane 十二烷 dodecane,Eg.,-ane: 烷烃后缀 blue：out of rule Black: number prefix,Notes:,4,CH4 Methane CH3CH3 Ethane CH3CH2CH3 Propane CH3(CH2)2CH3 Butane CH3(CH2)3CH3 Pentane CH3(CH2)4CH3 Hexane CH3(CH2)5CH3 Heptane CH3(CH2)6CH3 Octane CH3(CH2)7CH3 Nonane CH3(CH2)8CH3

3、 Decane,Alkane = Number prefix-ane,记住前十个烷烃的名称！,5,1119Alkane = Number prefix-decane for example: 11-alkane Undecane 12-alkane Dodecane 13-alkane Tridecane 14-alkane Tetradecane 15-alkane Pentadecane 16-alkane Hexadecane 17-alkane Heptadecane,10个C原子以上的则在数词前加前缀 un、do、tri、tetra、penta等,6,18-alkane Octade

4、cane 19-alkane Nonadecane 20-alkane Icosane 2129 Alkane = Number prefix-cosane for example: 21-alkane Henicosane 22-alkane Docosane 23-alkane Tricosane 24-alkane Tetracosane 25-alkane Pentacosane,7,30-Alkane Triacontane 3139Alkane = Number prefix-triacontane for example: 31-Alkane Hentriacontane 32-

5、Alkane Dotriacontane 33-Alkane Tritriacontane 34-Alkane Tetratriacontane 35-Alkane pentatriacontane 36-Alkane Hexatriacontane,8,4090 Alkane = Number prefix-contane for example: 40 Alkane Tetracontane 50 Alkane Pentacontane 60 Alkane Hexacontane 70 Alkane Heptacontane 80 Alkane Octacontane 90 Alkane

6、Nonacontane 100 Alkane Hectane,9,Univalent radicals,Radical = Alk -yl for example: CH3- Methyl CH3CH2- Ethyl CH3CH2CH2- Propyl CH3(CH2)2CH2- Butyl,烷基,(alkane radical）,CH3-(CH2)9-CH2- Undecyl,支链烷烃：,branched-chain alkane,n-Radical-alkane,直链烷烃的某些H原子被烷基(alkyl groups)取代。,CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3,3-Methylp

7、entane,11,neopentane,普通命名法中的 正(normal)、异(iso)、新(neo),CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3,CH3,CH-CH2CH3,CH3,n-pentane,i-pentane,?,直链烷烃,一端有结构,Neo表示含有,CH2,结构的烷烃,12,Univalent branched radicals,Radical = Alk -yl,?,?,伯碳：primary,仲碳：secondary (s- or sec-),叔碳：tertiary (t- or tert-),3,2,14,(CH3)2CH-CH- 2-Methylpropyl CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)- 1-Methylpropyl (CH3)3C- 1,1-Dimethylethyl CH3-CH2-C(CH3)2- 1,1-Dimethylpropyl (CH3)3C-CH2- 2,2-Dimethylpropyl,烷基的系统命名和普通命名举例：,普通命名,系统命名,烷基,Isobutyl sec-Butyl tert-Butyl tert-pentyl Neopentyl,对于较复杂的烷烃，简单命名法已不适用。 目前采用的是IUPAC系统命名法。,Polyside chain hydrocarbon,Butyl Ethyl Isopropyl Methyl Pro