词汇学第三章.ppt

1、,Chapter 3 Morphological structure of English words,Teaching focus: Definition of morphemes Definition of allomorphs Types of morphemes free morpheme bound morpheme Definitions of affixes, root, stem and base,3 things about “word”,The sound-phoneme The form-grapheme The meaning-lexeme,Classification

2、 of Words,Source and origin: native words and loan words; Structure: simple, compound and complex; usage: content and function,1. Morpheme,What is a morpheme？ It is the minimal meaningful unit of language. Or it is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 语素/词素/形位是最小的有意义的单位。它是语言中最小

3、的构词单位 mis-fortune,Morpheme, word, syllable,2. Morph and allomorph,The definition of morphs： The phonetic or orthographic strings or segments which realize morphemes are termed morphs. 语素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素。 Morphs are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning. 形素是口语中最小的意义载体。,形位是一种语言抽象（a linguistic abstra

4、ction),是一种概念，它需要有一定的形式表达出来。这种形式称为形位形式或形素(morph)。形位放在大括号(braces)里来表示，其语音表现形式为/big/, 其书写形式为big。/big/和big即是形位的语音和书写的形位形式。,What is an allomorph?,An allomorph is one of the variants of the same morpheme. 语素/形位变体是同一个语素的不同形式。,When the plural marker s is added to cat, dog and lie, and horse (sizes, batches,

5、 oranges, garages, fishes), it is pronounced differently as /-s, -z, -iz/ and thus has three phonological forms; the three forms are just the variants of the same morpheme s, i.e. the allomorphs of morpheme s.,3. Classifications of morphemes,Free vs. bound morphemes in terms of their capacity of occ

6、urring alone Derivational vs. inflectional morphemesapplying to affixes only Content / lexical vs. grammatical morphemes on a semantic and syntactic basis,Free vs. bound morphemes自由语素与粘着语素,Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free. Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselve

7、s and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. 自由语素是能独立运用的语素，它有完整的意义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。 E.g., man, wind, open, tour,Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function. 粘着语素不能独立成词，只能依附于其他语素上

8、以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。 Bound root and affix prefix and suffix mis- cats,Free morphemes are all roots /free roots, which are capable of being used as words or as word-building elements to form new words. 自由语素都是词根, 也叫自由词根, 能用作词或作为构成新词的构词要素。 Bound morphemes consist of either roots (bound roots) or affixes. 粘着

9、语素包括词根（粘着词根）和词缀。 E.g., bound root: -dict-, -ced- affix: -ion, -ist, -ic,A multitude of words made up of merely bound morphemes, eg: ante-ced-ent. -ced- 是词根，接近， ante- 是前缀，在前， -ent 是后缀，人，物，-ant pollutant stimulant,Derivational vs. inflectional morphemes派生语素与屈折语素,What are derivational and inflectional

10、morphemes?,Derivational morphemes are used to derive new words when they are added to another morpheme. In English derivatives and compounds are all formed by such morphemes. 派生语素附着于其它语素可派生出新词。英语中派生词和合成词都是由这样的语素构成的。,Inflectional morphemes indicate the syntactic relationships between words and functi

11、on as grammatical markers. Inflectional morphemes are confined to suffixes. 屈折语素作为语法标记表示词的语法意义，屈折语素只限于后缀。,Whats the difference between them?,Inflectional Doesnt change meaning or part of speech of the stem. (teacherteachers) Indicates syntactic relations between different words in a sentence. ( gram

12、matical meaning) Occurs with all members of some large class of morphemes.(works, likes,etc.) Occurs at margins of words. (radioradios),Derivational Changes meaning or part of speech of the stem.( like-dislike, sleepasleep) Indicates semantic relations within the word. (specific lexical meaning，e.g.

13、, un-fortunate) Occurs with only some members of a class of morphemes. il- ,ir-,im-, in- -ist,-er, -ent Occurs before any inflectional suffixes added.,Content / lexical vs. grammatical morphemes,Lexical 词汇/ content实义 morphemes are morphemes used for the construction of new words as in compound words

14、 (blackbird is coined on the basis of 2 lexical morphemes: black and bird.), and derivational morphemes such as ship, -ize. Grammatical morphemes function primarily as grammatical markers. They include both inflectional affixes(-books) and free morphemes ( in, and, do, have, theyfunctional words),3.

15、4 Identifying Morphemes,How to identify morphemes? They should be identifiable by their forms, meaning and distribution. e.g., mono-morphemic: sky double-morphemic: chill + y, boy + ish triple-morphemic: un+dress+ed, care+less+ness four-morphemic: un+fruit+ful+ness over-four-morphemic: un+gentle+man

16、+li+ness,3.5 Morpheme and Word-formation,In word-formation, morphemes are labeled root, stem, base and affix. 在构词法中, 语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词缀。,Affix,Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. All affixes are bound morphemes. 词缀都是粘着语素，依附在词根上构成新词或表示词的语法意义。 Two

17、 types of affixes: Inflectional affixes and Derivational affixes 屈折词缀和派生词缀,Inflectional affixes (or inflectional morphemes) serve to indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers. 表示词的语法意义的是屈折词缀。 They express the following meanings:,1)Plurality名词复数 2)The geni

18、tive case 名词所有格 3)The comparative and superlative degrees 形容词/副词比较级、最高级 4)The verbal endings 动词词尾变化,e.g. -s in chairs, pens; -es in boxes, tomatoes; -en in oxen e.g. s in boys, childrens e.g. -er in words like smaller; -est in words like smallest. a. -(e)s in words like eats, teaches shows the third

19、 person singular present tense. b. -ing in words like eating, shows the present participle or gerund. c. -(e)d in words like worked shows the past tense or past participle.,Derivational affixes or derivational morphemes They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.,(1) Prefixes are affixes

20、 before the root. e.g.， unjust, rewrite. As a rule, most prefixes modify the meaning of roots, but not their parts of speech. (2) Suffixes are affixes after the root By the addition of the suffix, the word is usually changed from one part of speech into another, e.g. liberation, modernize.,Root, ste

21、m, base词根、词干、词基,A root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. 词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。,A stem is that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。,A base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem. 词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。,词根、词干、词基,词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。 词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分