国外心理语言学课件9.ppt

1、PSY 369: Psycholinguistics,Language Acquisition,Announcements,On-line Blackboard quiz for chapter 4 is now up. You may take it 5 times, top score counts I am pushing Exam 2 back a day. We will have the exam on Feb. 28. Language development section includes information from Chapter 3, pages 72-87 Hom

2、ework #2 due today,The language explosion is not just the result of simple semantic development; the child is not just adding more words to his/her vocabulary. Child is mastering basic syntactic and morphological processes.,Language explosion continues,Take 100 utterances and count the number of mor

3、phemes per utterance,Syntax,Daddy coming. Hi, car. Daddy car comed. Two car outside. It getting dark. Allgone outside. Bye-bye outside.,# morphemes: 3, 2, 4, 3, 4, 2, 2 -ing and -ed separate morphemes allgone treated as a single word,MLU = morphemes/utterances = 20/7 = 2.86,Mean length of utterance

4、(MLU) in morphemes,Proto-syntax (?) Holophrases (around 1-1.5 years) Single-word utterances may be used to express more than the meaning usually attributed to that single word by adults,Language explosion continues,“dog” might refer to the dog is drinking water,Typically idiosyncratic, but some conv

5、entional/common (e.g., indicate the existence of an object, request recurrence of object or event) Often combined with intonation or gesture Controversial claim: May reflect a developing sense of syntax, but not yet knowing how to use it (e.g., see Bloom, 1973),Syntax Roger Brown (1973) proposed 5 s

6、tages (determined by MLU not age) Stage 1: Telegraphic speech (MLU 1.75; around 24 months) Children begin to combine words into utterances Limited to a small set (11) of semantic relations (75% of their utterances),Language explosion continues,Children in telegraphic speech stage are said to leave o

7、ut the little words and inflections: e.g. “Mummy shoe” NOT Mummys shoe “Two cat” NOT two cats,Debate: learning semantic relations or syntactic (position rules) “baby sleep” agent say nobody likes me. Child: Oh! Nobody dont likes me.,Kids resist instruction,Cazden (1972) (observation attributed to Je

8、an Berko Gleason) Child: My teacher holded the baby rabbits and we patted them. Adult: Did you say your teacher held the baby rabbits? Child: Yes. Adult: What did you say she did? Child: She holded the baby rabbits and we patted them. Adult: Did you say she held them tightly? Child: No, she holded t

9、hem loosely. So there doesnt seem to be a lot of explicit negative evidence, and what there is the kids often resist,Negative evidence via feedback?,Do kids get “implicit” negative evidence? Do adults understand grammatical sentences and not understand ungrammatical ones? Do adults respond positivel

10、y to grammatical sentences and negatively to ungrammatical ones?,Brown Hess, 1973) Ducklings will follow the first moving thing they see Only happens if they see something moving within the first few hours (after 32 hours it wont happen) of hatching Binocular cells in humans Cells in visual system t

11、hat respond only to input from both eyes. If these cells dont get input from both eyes within first year of life, they dont develop,Critical (sensitive) periods,Some environmental input is necessary for normal development, but biology determines when the organism is responsive to that input. That “w

12、hen” is the critical period,Certain behavior is developed more quickly within a critical period than outside of it. This period is biologically determined.,Critical period for language,It assumes that language acquisition must occur before the end of the critical period Estimates range from 5 years

13、up to onset of puberty,Lenneberg (1967) proposed that there is a critical period for human language,Evidence for critical period for language,Feral Children Children raised in the wild or with reduced exposure to human language What is the effect of this lack of exposure on language acquisition? Two

14、 classic cases Victor, the Wild Boy of Aveyron Genie,Victor, The Wild Boy of Aveyron,Found in 1800 near the outskirts of Aveyron, France Estimated to be about 7-years-old Considered by some to be the first documented case of autism Neither spoke or responded to speech Taken to and studied by Dr. Jea

15、n-Marc-Gaspard Itard, and educator of deaf-mute and retarded children Never learned to speak and his receptive language ability was limited to a few simple commands. Described by Itard as “an almost normal boy who could not speak”,Genie,Found in Arcadia, California in 1970, was not exposed to human

16、language until age 13.5. Raised in isolation a situation of extreme abuse Genie could barely walk and could not talk when found Dr. Susan Curtiss made great efforts to teach her language, and she did learn how to talk, but her grammar never fully developed. Only capable of producing telegraphic utte

17、rances (e.g. Mike paint or Applesauce buy store) Used few closed-class morphemes and function words Speech sounded like that of a 2-year-old,Genie,By age of 17 (after 4 years of extensive training) Vocabulary of a 5 year old Poor syntax (telegraphic speech mostly) Examples Mama wash hair in sink At

18、school scratch face I want Curtiss play piano Like go ride yellow school bus Father take piece wood. Hit. Cry.,What Do These Cases Tell Us?,Suggestive of the position that there is a critical period for first language learning (in particular for syntax and phonological development) If child is not e

19、xposed to language during early childhood (prior to the age of 6 or 7), then the ability to learn syntax will be impaired while other abilities are less strongly affected Not uncontroversial: Victor and Genie and children like them were deprived in many ways other than not being exposed to language

20、Genie stopped talking after age 30 and was institutionalized shortly afterward (Rymer, 1993),What Do These Cases Tell Us?,Suggestive of the position that there is a critical period for first language learning (in particular for syntax and phonological development) Why? Nativist explanation (see pg 7

21、9 of text) Maturational explanation: “less is more”,Second language learning,Learning a new language What if we already know one language, but want to learn another? Adults learning another language typically have a persistent foreign accent perhaps a critical period for phonology (Flege therefore,

22、the adjective must follow the Spanish grammatical rule that states that the noun must precede the adjective,When bilinguals substitute a word or phrase from one language with a phrase or word from another language “I want a motorcycle VERDE”,Code switching,Generally, bilinguals take longer to read a

23、nd comprehend sentences containing code-switched words May be due to a “mental switch mechanism” that determines which of the bilinguals two mental dictionaries are “on” or “off” during language comprehension. This mental switch is responsible for selecting the appropriate mental dictionary to be em

24、ployed during the comprehension of a sentence. E.g., if reading an English, a Spanish code-switched word is encountered, the mental switch must disable the English linguistic system, and enable the Spanish linguistic system.,When bilinguals substitute a word or phrase from one language with a phrase or word from another language “I want a motorcycle VERDE”,Code switching,Generally, bilinguals take longer to