Nobel Prize in Physics.ppt

1、Nobel Prize in Physics,2012,The Nobel Prize in Physics 2001 was awarded jointly to Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle and Carl E. Wieman for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates. 年，美国科学家埃

2、里克康奈尔、卡尔维曼和德国科学家沃尔夫冈克特勒分享诺贝尔物理学奖。他们根据玻色爱因斯坦理论发现了一种新的物质状态“碱金属原子稀薄气体的玻色爱因斯坦凝聚”。 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002 was divided, one half jointly to Raymond Davis Jr. and Masatoshi Koshiba for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos and the other half

3、to Riccardo Giacconi for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources. 年，美国科学家雷蒙德戴维斯、日本科学家小柴昌俊和美国科学家里卡尔多贾科尼获得诺贝尔物理学奖。他们在天体物理学领域作出了先驱性贡献，其中包括在“探测宇宙中微子”和“发现宇宙射线源”方面取得的成就。,近十年诺贝尔物理学奖得主及其主要成就,The Nobel Prize in Physics 2003 was awarded jointly to Alex

4、ei A. Abrikosov, Vitaly L. Ginzburg and Anthony J. Leggett for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids. 年，拥有俄罗斯和美国双重国籍的科学家阿列克谢阿布里科索夫、俄罗斯科学家维塔利金茨堡以及拥有英国和美国双重国籍的科学家安东尼莱格特因在超导体和超流体理论上作出了开创性贡献而获奖。 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004 was awarded jointly to David J. Gross, H.

5、 David Politzer and Frank Wilczek for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction. 年，诺贝尔物理学奖归属美国科学家戴维格罗斯、戴维波利策和弗兰克维尔切克。他们发现了粒子物理强相互作用理论中的渐近自由现象。,近十年诺贝尔物理学奖得主及其主要成就,The Nobel Prize in Physics 2005 was divided, one half awarded to Roy J. Glauber for his contribution to

6、the quantum theory of optical coherence,the other half jointly to John L. Hall and Theodor W. Hnsch for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique“. 年，美国科学家罗伊格劳伯、约翰霍尔和德国科学家特奥多尔亨施因为“对光学相干的量子理论的贡献”和对基于激光的精密光谱学发展作出了贡献而获奖。

7、 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006 was awarded jointly to John C. Mather and George F. Smoot for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation“ 年，美国科学家约翰马瑟和乔治斯穆特因发现了宇宙微波背景辐射的黑体形式和各向异性而获奖。,近十年诺贝尔物理学奖得主及其主要成就,The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007 was awarded

8、 jointly to Albert Fert and Peter Grnberg for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance“ 年，法国科学家阿尔贝费尔和德国科学家彼得格林贝格尔因发现“巨磁电阻”效应而获诺贝尔物理学奖。 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008 was divided, one half awarded to Yoichiro Nambu for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physic

9、s,the other half jointly to Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature. 年诺贝尔物理学奖获奖者为美国籍科学家南部阳一郎和日本科学家小林诚、益川敏英。南部阳一郎的贡献是发现了亚原子物理学中的自发对称性破缺机制，而小林诚和益川敏英的贡献是发现了有关对称性破缺的起源。,近十年诺贝

10、尔物理学奖得主及其主要成就,The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009 was divided, one half awarded to Charles K. Kao for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication,the other half jointly to Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith for the invention of an imaging semico

11、nductor circuit the CCD sensor. 年诺贝尔物理学奖获奖者为英国华裔科学家高锟以及美国科学家威拉德博伊尔和乔治史密斯。高锟获奖是由于在“有关光在纤维中的传输以用于光学通信方面”作出了突破性成就，而两位美国科学家的主要成就是发明半导体成像器件电荷耦合器件（）图像传感器。 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 was awarded jointly to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional

12、 material graphene 年诺贝尔物理学奖获奖者为英国曼彻斯特大学科学家安德烈海姆和康斯坦丁诺沃肖洛夫。他们在年制成石墨烯材料。石墨烯是目前已知材料中最薄的一种，被普遍认为会最终替代硅，从而引发电子工业的再次革命。,近十年诺贝尔物理学奖得主及其主要成就,The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011 was divided, one half awarded to Saul Perlmutter, the other half jointly to Brian P. Schmidt and Adam G. Riess“ for the discovery of th

13、e accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae. 2011年诺贝尔物理学奖揭晓，美国、澳大利亚三位科学家Saul Perlmutter、Brian P. Schmidt和Adam G. Riess获奖。获奖理由是“通过观测遥远超新星发现宇宙的加速膨胀”。其中，Saul Perlmutter独享一半奖金，Brian P. Schmidt和Adam G. Riess分享另一半。 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2012 was awarded jointly

14、 to Serge Haroche and David J. Winelandfor ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems 2012年诺贝尔物理学奖揭晓，法国科学家塞尔日阿罗什(Serge Haroche)与美国科学家大卫维因兰德(David Wineland)获奖。获奖理由是“发现测量和操控单个量子系统的突破性实验方法”。二人将平均分享800万瑞典克朗奖金。,近十年诺贝尔物理学奖得主及其主要成就,Nobel Prize

15、in Physics 2010,Andre Geim Born: 1958, Sochi, Russia Affiliation at the time of the award: University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom Prize motivation: for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene,Nobel Prize in Physics 2010,Konstantin Novoselov Born: 1974

16、, Nizhny Tagil, Russia Affiliation at the time of the award: University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom Prize motivation: for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene,Two Russian-born scientists have won the Nobel Prize for Physics for their discovery of a

17、 material that could affect computers, phones, security devices and medical research. Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselovs discovery of graphene earned them the 2010 Nobel Prize and their discovery could have wide-ranging uses.,It started with a simple experiment: take some graphite - the black stuf

18、f in the middle of a pencil - and put a piece of tape over it. When the scientists at the University of Manchester did that, they found that they could develop a material that conducts electricity well, is extremely strong, and is thin enough to see through. Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselovs work

19、 focused on the properties of graphene and that led to Tuesdays announcement by Staffan Normark in Stockholm. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics jointly to Professor Andre Geim and Professor Konstantin Novoselov, both at the University of Manchester

20、, United Kingdom. And the Academy citation runs for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene, he said.,This artists rendition illustrates the electron energy levels in graphene as revealed by a unique NIST instrument Thinness is one of graphenes properties that make

21、 it so useful. The material is only one atom thick, but is extremely strong for its size. It also conducts electricity quickly at room temperature. Phillip Schewe is with the American Institute of Physics in College Park, Maryland. He told VOA that graphenes conductivity has implications for electro

22、nics and computers.Electrons, electricity move through graphene very quickly without losing much energy. And thats always a good thing, for an electronic product. You want electrons to move very quickly because all of our computers and other electronic equipment like iPhones depend on electronic giz

23、mos that work very quickly, are very compact and cheap. And graphene looks as if it is going to fulfill all of those criteria, said Schewe.,Schewe says that graphene could also be used to make transistors in integrated circuits that could make computers cheaper and faster as well.Graphene, a honeyco

24、mb-shaped molecule of carbon atoms, also is extremely strong for its size. Phillip Schewe says its mechanical strength and light weight make the material useful to reinforce fabrics and building materials. Its transparent, so if you saw a little chip of it, it would look like Saran wrap clear plasti

25、c wrap only much smaller and thinner, he said. But even a single sheet of it is very strong. And if you contrive tests to compare it to other strong materials, it turns out to be about 100 times stronger than steel.,Phaeton Avouris is an IBM fellow and monitor of nanotechnology at IBM. He told VOA t

26、hat graphene has implications for security and medical technology as well.We want to use graphene for high frequency transistors, said Avouris. And these transistors can have applications for all kinds of communications. Wireless communications from cell phones to Wi-Fi stations to radar and also to

27、 medical and security imaging, a variety of applications that we dont even know yet because we cannot generate the kind of frequencies that graphene can generate.For their work, Geim and Novoselov earn $1.5 million and a gold medal. Geim said Tuesday that he was shocked and surprised by the announce

28、ment but planned to go to work as usual. The Nobel committee will also hand out awards for chemistry, literature, the peace prize and economics.,Nobel Prize in Physics 2011,Three U.S.-born scientists won the Nobel Prize in physics Tuesday for discovering that the universe is expanding at an accelera

29、ting pace, a stunning revelation that suggests the cosmos could be headed for a colder, bleaker future, nearly devoid of light. In 1998, Saul Perlmutter, Brian Schmidt and Adam Riess presented findings that overturned the conventional idea that the expansion was slowing 13.7 billion years after the

30、big bang. Their discovery raised a question: What is pushing the universe apart? Scientists have labeled it dark energy, but nobody knows what it is.,Nobel Prize in Physics 2011,Saul Perlmutter(1959-) U.S. citizen. Born 1959 USA. Ph.D. 1986 from University of California, Berkeley, USA. Prof. of Astr

31、ophysics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Head of the Supernova Cosmology Project. This project, along with the High-z Supernova Search, discovered the accelerating expansion of the universe. He is also principal investigator of the SuperNova/ A

32、cceleration Probe (SNAP) project.,Nobel Prize in Physics 2011,Adam G. Riess (1969-) Dr. Adam G. Riess is a Professor of Astronomy and Physics at the Johns Hopkins University and a Senior member of the Science Staff at the Space Telescope Science Institute, both in Baltimore, MD. In 1998 Dr. Riess le

33、d a study for the High-z Team which provided the first direct and published evidence that the expansion of the Universe was accelerating and filled with Dark Energy (Riess et al. 1998, AJ, 116, 1009), a result which, together with the Supernova Cosmology Projects result, was called the Breakthrough

34、Discovery of the Year by Science Magazine in 1998.,Nobel Prize in Physics 2011,Brian Schmidt(1967-) U.S. and Australian citizen. Born 1967 in Missoula, MT, USA. Ph.D. 1993 from Harvard University, USA. Head of the High-z Supernova Search Team, Distinguished Professor, Australian National University,

35、 Weston Creek, Australia. He works in several areas of astronomy, most notably with exploding stars called supernovae. But he also chases after Gamma Ray Bursts, and is heading a project to build a new Telescope which will map the Southern Sky called SkyMapper.,Discover the fate of Universe, Win a N

36、obel Prize,Ever since the discovery of the radiation glow left over from the initial hot, dense state of the Universe - the cosmic microwave background - the Big Bang has proven to be the best description of the early Universe.,Because your intuition tells you that, sure, the Universe is expanding n

37、ow, but gravity is an attractive force. Starting from a hot, dense, expanding Universe, you can easily imagine three different cases for its fate.,Discover the fate of Universe, Win a Nobel Prize,/hubble_discoveries/dark_energy/,Perhaps the Universe begins expanding quickly, but

38、theres a tremendous amount of matter in it! If theres enough matter, perhaps your Universe will expand initially, with all the galaxies moving farther apart for some time, but gravity is dominant enough to halt the expansions, and even reverse it! In this case, the Universe will recollapse on itself

39、, ending in a fiery demise known as the Big Crunch. Perhaps the opposite is true; perhaps the Universe begins expanding quickly but there isnt nearly enough matter to halt and reverse the expansion. In this case, the bound structures in our Universe - galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and everything c

40、ontained within them - will all continue to expand away from one another into an infinite abyss of space. Although the expansion rate continues to drop and slow, it never reaches zero, and can never reverse itself. This coasting Universe case is known as either the Big Freeze or the heat death of th

41、e Universe; an isolated, icy fate. Or, I suppose, you could imagine the Goldilocks case, where putting just one more atom in the Universe would give it enough gravitational mass to stop its expansion and recollapse, but instead the expansion rate asymptotes towards zero, never quite getting there.,D

42、iscover the fate of Universe, Win a Nobel Prize,Discover the fate of Universe, Win a Nobel Prize,Each of these cases assumes that the Universe contains matter and radiation, and the geometry of the Universe is simply determined by their presence, and of course by the laws of general relativity.,Disc

43、over the fate of Universe, Win a Nobel Prize,Each of these cases for the Universe would have a different expansion history, so that if we looked at faraway objects (and hence also looked back in time), we could measure just exactly how the Universe has expanded over its lifetime, and hence what its

44、fate was. And the tool for doing this was none other than the Hubble Space Telescope, capable of making incredible, precise measurements farther away than any other instrument. In the late 1990s, there were two teams - the High-z Supernova Search and the Supernova Cosmology Project - that went out a

45、nd made the crucial measurements.,Discover the fate of Universe, Win a Nobel Prize,Type Ia supernovae are so useful because their light-curves - how their brightnesses evolve over time - are so well-understood. If you watch a type Ia supernova over a long enough time period, you can determine what t

46、he intrinsic brightness of this event was. And because you also observed the apparent brightness of the supernova, you can determine how far away it is! Combine that information with the observed redshift (i.e., how fast its expanding away from us), and thats what it takes to determine how the Unive

47、rse has expanded throughout its history. And as far back as you can accurately measure these supernovae, thats as far back as you can know the Universes expansion history. So these two teams, using the Hubble Space Telescope, set out to measure these distant supernovae as accurately as possible. In

48、the graph below - from the Supernova Cosmology Project - there are three black lines: the top one corresponds to a “coasting” Universe, the middle one to a “critical” Universe, and the lowest one to a “recollapsing” Universe. So whats our fate?,Discover the fate of Universe, Win a Nobel Prize,The di

49、sturbing answer is none of them! What both teams found in 1998 was that the expansion rate will not approach zero, even an infinite time into the future, but will always remain some significant positive number!,Discover the fate of Universe, Win a Nobel Prize,when you put together the results of the

50、se supernova teams with the other great cosmological observations - that of large-scale-strcture (BAO, above) and the cosmic microwave background (CMB, above) - you find that, in fact, the Universe is dominated by this dark energy. Around 70-75% of the total energy density in the Universe today is g

51、iven by this dark energy!,Discover the fate of Universe, Win a Nobel Prize,It means we live in an accelerating Universe, one in which the objects which are not gravitationally bound to us right now (i.e., not in the local group) will eventually speed away from us and accelerate out of the Universe w

52、e can observe.,Discover the fate of Universe, Win a Nobel Prize,The most distant galaxies and clusters are already doing this! And it was the supernova data collected by these two teams that allowed us to discover the fate of our Universe.,Nobel Prize in Physics 2012,Haroche worked in the Centre nat

53、ional de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) as a research scientist from 1967 to 1975, and spent a year (19721973) as a visiting post-doc in Stanford University, in Arthur Leonard Schawlows team. In 1975 he moved to a professor position at Paris VI University. At the same time he taught in other insti

54、tutions, in particular at the cole polytechnique (19731984), Harvard University (1981), and Yale University (19841993). He was head of the Physics department at the cole normale suprieure from 1994 to 2000. Since 2001, Haroche has been a Professor at the Collge de France and holds the Chair of Quant

55、um Physics. He is a member of the French Physical Society, the European Physical society and a fellow and member of the American Physical Society. In September 2012, Serge Haroche was elected by his peers to the position of administrator of the Collge de France.,Nobel Prize in Physics 2012,Wineland

56、graduated from Encina High School in Sacramento, California in 1961.1 He received his bachelors degree from the University of California, Berkeley in 1965 and his PhD in 1970 working under Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr. at Harvard University. His doctoral dissertation is entitled The Atomic Deuterium Mas

57、er. He then performed Postdoctoral Research in Hans Dehmelts group at the University of Washington where he investigated ions trap and tested the Electromagnetic-Dynamic behavior of these subjects, before joining the National Bureau of Standards in 1975 where he started the ion storage group, now at

58、 NIST. He is also a faculty at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Wineland is a fellow of the American Physical Society, the American Optical Society, and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1992. He jointly wins with French physicist Serge Haroche the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics

59、“for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems.”,Particle control in a quantum world,Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland have independently invented and developed methods for measuring and manipulating individual particles while preserving their quantum-mechanical nature, in ways that were previously thought unattainable. The Nobel Laureates have opened the door to a new era of experimentation