Canada_加拿大国家概况.ppt

1、A Survey of Canada,“The flag is the symbol of the nations unity, for it, beyond any doubt, represents all the citizens of Canada without distinction of race, language, belief or opinion.”,General Information,a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the

2、 east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the worlds second largest country in terms of territory and shares land borders with the United States to the south and northwest.,General Information,Capital: Ottawa Largest city:Toronto Official languages: English an

3、d French National Day: July 1st Anthem: O Canada Population :31.9 million 2nd largest in size with a small population,General Information,G8 (US, UK. Germany, France, Japan, Italy, Canada and Russia) the best standards of living spectacular scenery of mountains, oceans, forests and prairies first be

4、came a political entity (政治实体) in 1867 and did not assume its present shape until 1949,ten provinces and three territories,Government : Federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy Monarch: Queen Elizabeth II Governor General PM,History,the First Nations (the Aboriginal people) : Indi

5、an peoples, primarily the Inuit (Eskimo) European settlement in Canada: 1497, John Cabot reached Nova Scotia 1534 ,Jacques Cartier in the 17th century, French colonists first settled in Canada. The earliest major settlements were established in Nova Scotia in 1604 and Quebec in 1608.,History,In 1867

6、 Canada was born when Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia all join into “one Dominion under the name of Canada” on July 1. In 1919, Canada joined the League of Nations independently of Britain; in 1931, the Statute of Westminster affirmed Canadas independence. In 1945, during the war, Can

7、ada became one of the founding members of the United Nations. Newfoundland : the last province to join Canada in 1949,Canada is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the worlds second larg

8、est country by total area. Canadas common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.,In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion o

9、f provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom. This widening autonomy was highlighted by the Statute of Westminster of 1931 and culminated in the Canada Act of 1982, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the British parliament.,Provinces and ter

10、ritories,Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces and three territories. In turn, these may be grouped into regions: Western Canada, Central Canada, Atlantic Canada, and Northern Canada (the latter made up of the three territories: Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut).,加拿大十省三地区分别为： 阿尔伯

11、塔省（英语、法语：Alberta，成立年份：1905年） 不列颠哥伦比亚省（英语：British Columbia，法语：Colombie-Britannique，加入年份：1858年） 马尼托巴省（英语、法语：Manitoba，加入年份为1870年） 纽芬兰与拉布拉多省（英语：Newfoundland and Labrador，法语：Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador，加入年份：1949年） 新不伦瑞克省（英语：New Brunswick，法语：Nouveau-Brunswick，加入年份：1867年） 西北领地（英语：Northwest Territories，法语：Terri

12、toires du Nord-Ouest，加入年份：1870年） 新斯科舍省（英语：Nova Scotia，法语：Nouvelle-cosse，加入年份：1867年） 努纳武特地区（英语、法语：Nunavut，于1999年从西北地区分割出来） 安大略省（英语、法语：Ontario，加入年份：1867年） 爱德华王子省（英语：Prince Edward Island，法语：le-du-Prince-douard，加入年份：1873年） 魁北克省（法语：Qubec，英语：Quebec，加入年份为1867年） 萨斯喀彻温省（英语、法语：Saskatchewan，成立年份：1905年） 育空地区（英语

13、、法语：Yukon，加入年份：1898年）,Provinces have more autonomy than territories. (such as health care, education, and welfare) and together collect more revenue than the federal government, an almost unique structure among federations in the world. Using its spending powers, the federal government can initiate

14、national policies in provincial areas; Equalization payments are made by the federal government to ensure that reasonably uniform standards of services and taxation are kept between the richer and poorer provinces.,Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary according to the locat

15、ion. Winters can be harsh in many regions of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a continental climate.,In noncoastal regions, snow can cover the ground almost six months of the year (more in the north). Coastal British Columbia enjoys a temperate climat

16、e, with a mild and rainy winter.,People,Aboriginal peoples in Canada include the First Nations Inuit, and Mtis. The Mtis a culture of mixed blood originated in the mid-17th century when First Nation and Inuit married European settlers. The Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers du

17、ring the early periods. The Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during the early periods,The land that is now Canada was inhabited for millennia by various groups of Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French expeditions explored, and later settl

18、ed, along the Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years War.,European colonization,New France and Canada under British Imperial control. The Royal Proclamation (1763) carved the Province of Quebec out of New France . To accommodate English

19、-speaking Loyalists in Quebec, the Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the province into French-speaking Lower Canada (later the province of Quebec) and English-speaking Upper Canada (later Ontario), granting each its own elected Legislative Assembly.,The desire for responsible government resulted in

20、 the aborted Rebellions of 1837. The Durham Report subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into British culture. The Act of Union 1840 merged The Canada into a united Province of Canada. Responsible government was established for all British North Ame

21、rican provinces by 1849.,Government and politics,Canada has strong democratic traditions upheld through a parliamentary government within the construct of constitutional monarchy, the monarchy of Canada being the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches and its authority stemm

22、ing from the Canadian populace. The sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II, who also serves as head of state of 15 other Commonwealth countries and resides predominantly in the United Kingdom. As such, the Queens representative, the Governor General of Canada (presently Michalle Jean), carries out most of

23、the royal duties in Canada.,The direct participation of the royal and vice-royal figures in any of these areas of governance is limited, though; in practice, their use of the executive powers is directed by the Cabinet, a committee of ministers of the Crown responsible to the elected House of Common

24、s and headed by the Prime Minister of Canada, the head of government. To ensure the stability of government, the governor general will usually appoint as prime minister the person who is the current leader of the political party that can obtain the confidence of a plurality in the House of Commons a

25、nd the prime minister chooses the Cabinet.,The Prime Ministers Office (PMO) is thus one of the most powerful institutions in government, initiating most legislation for parliamentary approval and selecting for appointment by the Crown, besides the aforementioned, the governor general, lieutenant gov

26、ernors, senators, federal court judges, and heads of crown corporations and government agencies. The leader of the party with the second-most seats usually becomes the Leader of Her Majestys Loyal Oppositionand is part of an adversarial parliamentary system intended to keep the government in check.,

27、Party,Each Member of Parliament in the House of Commons is elected by simple majority in an electoral district or riding. General elections must be called by the governor general, on the advice of the prime minister, within four years of the previous election, or may be triggered by the government l

28、osing a confidence vote in the House Members of the Senate, whose seats are apportioned on a regional basis, serve until age 75.,Four parties had representatives elected to the federal parliament in the 2008 elections: the Conservative Party of Canada (governing party), the Liberal Party of Canada (

29、the Official Opposition), the New Democratic Party (NDP), and the Bloc Qubcois. The list of historical parties with elected representation is substantial.,Foreign relations,Canada nevertheless has an independent foreign policy, most notably maintaining full relations with Cuba and declining to offic

30、ially participate in the Iraq War. Canada also maintains historic ties to the United Kingdom and France and to other former British and French colonies through Canadas membership in the Commonwealth of Nations and the Francophonie .,Economy,Canada is one of the worlds wealthiest nations, with a high

31、 per-capita income, and it is a member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the G8. It is one of the worlds top ten trading nations. Canada is a mixed market, ranking above the U.S. on the Heritage Foundations index of economic freedom and higher than most western

32、 European nations. The largest foreign importers of Canadian goods are the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan.,In the past century, the growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy to a more industrial and urban one. Like

33、other First World nations, the Canadian economy is dominated by the service industry, which employs about three quarters of Canadians. Canada is unusual among developed countries in the importance of its primary sector, in which the logging and petroleum industries are two of the most important.,Economic integration with the United States has increased significantly since World War II.,NAFTA