美国文学复习资料

1、the review information of final examination一、match ( the writer and their works)1、anne bradstreet：some verses on the burning of our house；the spirit and the flesh；the tenth muse lately sprung up in america2、michael wigglesworth：the day of doom3、edward taylor：preparatory meditation4、thomas jefferson：

2、the declaration of independence5、thomas paine: common sense6、benjamin franklin: poor richards almanac格言历书；autobiography自传7、 philip freneau：the rising glory of america美洲光辉的兴起；the house of night夜之屋；the british prison ship英国囚船；to the memory of the brave americans纪念美国勇士；the wild honey suckle野金银花；the ind

3、ian burying ground印第安人墓地；the dying indian: tomo chequi奄奄一息的印第安人：托姆察吉8、washington irving：a history of new york纽约外史（under the name of diedrich knickerbocker）；the sketch book见闻札记/札记集（rip van winkle瑞普凡温克尔&the legend of sleepy hollow睡谷的传说）；bracebridge hall布雷斯布里奇庄园；tales of a traveler；oliver goldsmith哥尔德斯

4、密斯；life of george washington华盛顿传；9、james fenimore cooper：precaution；the spy；the pioneers；the pilot；lionel lincoln;the last of the mohicans；the red rover；the prairie；the red rover1828；the wept of wish-ton-wish；the water witch1830；the pathfinder；the deerslayer；10、william cullen bryant：to a waterfowl致水

5、鸟；thanatopsis死亡随想；the yellow violet黄色堇香花；poems诗选；the fountain泉；the white-footed deer白蹄鹿；a forest hymn森林赋；the flood of years似水流年；11、edgar allan poe：tales of the grotesque and the arabesque奇异怪诞故事集；ms. found in a bottle瓶子里发现的手稿；the murders in the rue morgue毛格街杀人案；the fall of the house of usher厄舍古屋的倒塌；t

6、he masque of the red death红色死亡的化妆舞会；the cask of amontillado一桶酒的故事；the raven乌鸦；israfel伊斯拉菲尔；annabel lee安娜贝尔李；to helen致海伦；the poetic principle诗歌原理；the philosophy of composition创作哲学12、nathaniel howthorne：twice-told tales故事重述；mosses from an old manse古宅青苔；the scarlet letter红字；the house of the seven gable

7、s七个尖角阁的房子；the blithedale romance福谷传奇；the marble faun大理石雕像；young goodman brown好小伙儿布朗；the ministers black veil教长的黑面纱；dr. rappacinis daughter拉普齐尼博士的女儿13、william whitman：leaves of grass14、ralph waldo emerson：nature；the american scholar, regarded as declaration of intellectual independence；the poet；self-

8、reliance；each and all 15、henry david thoreau：a week on the concord and merrimack rivers；walden；life in the woods；the maine woods；civil disobedience；a plea for captain john brown；16、william dean howells：the rise of silas lapham；a chance acquaintance；a modern instance17、regional literature （similar, b

9、ut larger in the world）n garland, harte the west n bret harte: the luck of roaring camp 咆哮营的幸运儿n hamlin garland: main-travelled roads 大路条条n eggleston indiana：the hoosier schoolmaster 山区校长n mrs. stowe old town folks 老城的人们n jewett maine deephaven 深深拥有n kate chopin louisiana：bayou folk路易斯安娜移民, a night

10、in acadie爱克迪之夜, the awakening觉醒n woolson: castle nowhere: lake-country sketches处处城堡：乡村湖景札记18、bret harte：tennessees partener；the luck of roaring camp19、hannibal hamlin garland：main-travelled roads；mrs ripleys trip20、mark twain：the gilded age镀金时代；the two advantages；life on the mississippi；a connecticu

11、t yankee in king，arthurs court；the man that corrupted hardleybug；adventures of huckleberry finn哈克贝利费恩历险记；the adventures of tom sawyer汤姆索亚历险记；the celebrated jumping frog of calaveras county；the innocents abroad(non-fiction travel)；roughing it艰苦岁月(non-fiction)；the notorious jumping frog of calaveras c

12、ounty卡城名蛙；n the celebrated jumping frog of calaveras county (fiction) n the innocents abroad傻子出国记 (non-fiction travel) n mark twains (burlesque) autobiography and first romancen sketches new and old (fictional stories) n old times on the mississippi (non-fiction) n the adventures of tom sawyer (fict

13、ion) n a murder, a mystery, and a marriage (fiction); n a tramp abroad (travel) n 1601: conversation, as it was by the social fireside, in the time of the tudors (fiction) n the prince and the pauper 王子与贫儿(fiction) n life on the mississippi密西西比河上 (non-fiction (mainly) n adventures of huckleberry fin

14、n (fiction) n a connecticut yankee in king arthurs court (fiction) n the american claimant (fiction) n the 1,000,000 bank note and other new stories (fictional)n tom sawyer abroad (fiction) n the tragedy of puddnhead wilson (fiction) n tom sawyer, detective (fiction) n personal recollections of joan

15、 of arc (fiction) n how to tell a story and other essays (non-fictional essays) n following the equator (non-fiction travel) n is he dead? (play) n the man that corrupted hadleyburg (fiction) n the battle hymn of the republic, updated (satire) n edmund burke on croker and tammany (political satire)

16、n to the person sitting in darkness (essay) n a dogs tale (fiction) n king leopolds soliloquy (political satire) n the war prayer (fiction) n what is man? (essay) n eves diary (fiction) n christian science (non-fiction) n is shakespeare dead? (non-fiction) n captain stormfields visit to heaven (fict

17、ion) n letters from the earth (fiction, published posthumously) n the mysterious stranger (fiction, possibly not by twain, published posthumously) n the united states of lyncherdom (essay, published posthumously) n mark twains autobiography (non-fiction, published posthumously) n letters from the ea

18、rth (posthumous, edited by bernard devoto) n no. 44, the mysterious stranger (fiction, published posthumously) 21、henry james：watch and ward；roderick hudson；the american；the europeans；confidence；washington square；the portrait of a lady；the bostonians；the princess casamassima；the reverberator；the tra

19、gic muse；the other house；the spoils of poynton；what maisie knew；the awkward age；the sacred fount；the wings of the dove；the ambassadors；the golden bowl；the whole family；the outcry；the ivory tower；the sense of the past；the other house；the spoils of poynton；the ivory tower；the sense of the past22、harri

20、et beecher stowe：uncle toms cabin；a key to uncle toms cabin；dred, a tale of the great dismal swamp；the ministers wooing；old town folks；23、edith wharton：the house of mirth；the age of innocence24、stephen crane：a girl of the streets街头女郎麦琪；the black riders黑骑手；the red badge of courage红色英勇勋章；the open boat

21、海上扁舟；the blue hotel蓝色旅馆；an experiment in misery不幸的试验；a man said to the universe一个人对上帝说；a man adrift on a slim spar这个人漂泊在细细的梁上25、theodore dreiser：sister carrie嘉莉妹妹1900；old rogaum and his theresa(1901)；jennie gerhardt珍妮姑娘1911；the financier金融家1912；the titan巨头1914；the genius天才1915；an american tragedy美国悲

22、剧1925；chains: lesser novels and stories1927；the bulwark1946；the stoic194726、frank norris：mcteague麦克提格；the octopus章鱼；the pit深渊、粮食交易反；the responsibilities of the novelist小说家的责任；the wolf狼1902. unfinished27、jack london：a daughter of the snows1902；the call of the wild野性的呼唤1903；the kempton-wace letters190

23、3；the sea-wolf海狼1904；the game1905；white fang白牙1906；the iron heel1908；martin eden马丁伊登1909；the scarlet plague 1912；the valley of the moon1913；the star rover1915；the little lady of the big house1916；the assassination bureau, ltd1963；son of the wolf狼的儿子1900；28、t.s. eliot：the love song of j. alfred prufr

24、ock1917；the waste land1922；the hollow men1925；ash wednesday1930；four quartets1943；murder in the cathedral1935；cocktail party1950；29、ernest hemingway (lost generation)：the sun also rises太阳依照升起1926；a farewell to arms永别了，武器1929；death in the afternoon午后之死1932；the green hills of africa非洲的青山1935；the spani

25、sh war西班牙战争1938；for whom the bell tolls丧钟为谁鸣1940；the old man and the sea老人与海195230、ezra pound：cathay华夏1915；hugh selwyn mauberley休塞尔温莫伯利1920；cantos诗章1915-1962；the pisan cantos比萨诗章；a pact；in a station at the metro31、sherwood anderson：winesburg, ohio小城畸人；the triumph of the eggs鸡蛋的胜利；poor white穷白人；death

26、 in the woods林中之死；32、john dos passos：u.s.a, trilogy美国三部曲；the 42nd parallel北纬四十二度；1919一九一九；the big money赚大钱33、robert frost：north of boston波士顿以北；stopping by woods on a snowy evening雪夜停在林边；mending wall修墙；design意图；the road not taken未走过的路；after apple-picking (lyric)摘苹果之后34、carl sandburg:cornhuskers剥玉米机；s

27、moke and steel烟与钢；good morning, america；the people, yes人民，是的；fog雾(a imagism poem)；lost失落；chicago芝加哥；the harbor港口；35、langston hughes：the negro speaks of rivers黑人谈河；as i grow older我长大的时候二、poetry analysis：1、walt whitman：a bridge between romanticism and realism 1819-1892 born and raised in new york (man

28、hattan) his poetry broke every rule of traditional poetry volume of poetry: leaves of grass (1855) mixed reaction to his poetry emerson/lincoln loved it medic during the civil war themes: nature, democracy, common man introduced free verse to america2、emily dickinson：she is one of the greatest ameri

29、can female poets in the late 19th century regular meterhymn meter and ballad meter, also known as common meter quatrains alternating tetrameter and trimeter often 1st and 3rd lines rhyme, 2nd and 4th lines rhyme in iambic pentameter the use of dashes influenced by nature and spiritual themes3、robert

30、 frost：4、ezra pound：三、novel review:1、ernest hemingway：in another country2、nathaniel hawthorne：the scarlet letterthe most important symbol which is carried throughout the novel is undoubtedly the scarlet letter a. the a appears in many other places than on the chest of hester prynne. it is seen on th

31、e armor breastplate at governor bellinghams mansion. at night while dimmesdale is standing on the scaffold he sees a bright red letter a in the sky.while pearl is playing near the bay shore she arranges some grass in the form of an a on her own breast.but one of the most important as is one the spec

32、tators see burnt on dimmesdales chest. in the novel, the scarlet letter a changes its meaning many different times. this change is significant. it shows growth in the characters, and the community in which they live. the meaning of the symbol：a symbol of sin; a symbol of alone and alienation; a symb

33、ol of able, angel and admirable. adultery：the letter a, worn on hesters bosom, is a symbol of her adultery against roger chilling worth. this is the puritan way of treating her as a criminal, for the crime of adultery. the puritan treatment continues, because as hester walks through the streets, she

34、 will be looked down upon as if she is some sort of demon from hell that commits a terrible crime. this letter is meant to be worn in shame, and to make hester feel unwanted. hester is ashamed of her sin, but she chooses not to show it. she commits this sin in the heat of passion, and fully admits i

35、t because, though she is ashamed, she also receives her greatest treasure, pearl, out of it.she is a very strong woman to be able to hold up so well against what she must face. many will have fled boston, and seek a place where no one knows of her great sin. hester chooses to stay though, which show

36、s a lot of strength and integrity. any woman with enough nerve to hold up against a town, which despises her very existence, and to stay in a place where her daughter is referred to as a devil child, either has some sort of psychological problem, or is a very tough woman.alone and alienation：the sca

37、rlet letter a also stands for hesters lonely life in new england. after she is released, hester lives in a cottage near the outskirts of the city. it had been built by an earlier settler, and abandoned, because the soil about it was too sterile for cultivation, while its comparative remoteness put i

38、t out of the sphere of that social activity which already marked the habits of the emigrants.hesters social life is virtually eliminated as a result of her shameful history. hester comes to have a part to perform in the world with her native energy of character and rare capacity. however, there was

39、nothing that made her feel as if she belonged to it. every gesture, every word, and even the silence of those with whom she came to contact, implied, and often expressed, that she was banished, and as much alone as if she inhabited another sphere, or communicated with the common nature by other orga

40、ns and senses than the rest of human kind. she stood apart from moral interests seemed to be the sole portion that she retained in the universal heart.hester has no friends in the world, and little pearl is the only companion of her lonely life, so the scarlet letter a also is a symbol of the words

41、alone and alienate.able, admirable and angel：later, the scarlet letter a changes its meaning into being able, angel and admirable. the townspeople who condemned her now believe the scarlet letter to stand for her ability to her beautiful needlework and for her unselfish assistance to the poor and si

42、ck. the letter was the symbol of her calling. such helpfulness is found in her so much power to do and power to sympathize - that many people refuses to interpret the scarlet lettera by its original signification.at this point, a lot of the townspeople realize what a noble character hester possesses. do you see that woman with the embroidered badge? it is our hester the towns own hester who is so kind to the poor, so helpful to the sick, so comforting to the afflicted! the townspeople soon begin to believe tha