大学英语四级讲义--词汇作文

第一部分：分类词性，突破语法 一、分类句中词性，突破相关语法 动词部分 1、谓语动词 1）关于时态 A、一般现在时代替一般将来时： a. 在时间状语从句、条件状语从句或让步状语从句中 e.g. Even if she doesnt come this Saturday, Ill go fishing by myself. b. 少数表示动作起止的动词有时也可用一般现在时代替一般将来时，表示一个按规定、计 划或安排要求发生的动作。 e.g. The plane for Beijing takes off at 10:30 a.m B、在时间、条件或让步状语从句中： a. 用一般过去时代替过去将来时 e.g. He said he would not go out if it rained. b. 用现在完成时代替将来完成时，强调从句的动作先于主句的动作。 e.g. Dont get off the bus until it has stopped. C、在下列句型中常用一般现在时： a. 用现在时代替现在进行时。 e.g. There he comes! Here comes the bus! b. It is +（多久的时间）+ since 的句型可用 is 代替现在完成时： e.g. It is five years since I moved here. D、现在完成时： a. 现在完成时表示动作过去已经完成，但对现在仍有影响，常与 for 或 since 短语连用。 e.g. He has been in China since his graduation (for a decade). b. 由终止性动词等构成的完成时不能与 for 或 since 引起的时间状语连用。但终止性动词 等构成的完成时的否定式却可以和 for 或 since 引导的时间状语连用。 e.g. I havent seen him for three years. c. 现在完成时可用在表示时间或条件的状语从句中，表示将来某时间将已完成的动作。 e.g. When you have learned English, youll find it a bridge to so much knowledge. d. 在下列句型中常用现在完成时。 e.g. This is the first time I have met him. / This is the best film I have ever seen. / This is the only book he has written. E、英语中通常有四类动词不宜用进行式。 a. 表示心理状态、情感的动词：如 love, hate, know. b. 表示存在的状态：如 appear, exist, lie（位于）, remain, stand（位于）, seem, belong to. c. 表示一时性动作的动词：accept, complete, decide, refuse, promise. d. 表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, sound. F、一般过去时与现在完成时的区别 a. just now 用于过去时，just 用于现在完成时。 b. ago 用过去时，before 用于现在完成时，ago 不能单独使用，前面要加类似于 a few days 这样的时间表达，而 before 可以单独使用。 c. since +过去点时间，for +一段时间；皆用现在完成时，表示到目前的结果。 G、前后时态的呼应 a. 在一些名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句）中，如果主句谓语是现在时（包 括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时或现在完成进行时）或将来时，则从句的谓语动 词可以用任何时态；若主句谓语动词用过去时（包括一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成 时或过去完成进行时），则从句中的谓语时态要作相应的调整。 b. 但是，当从句所表述的内容是个普遍存在的真理时不必考虑该呼应。 H、过去完成时 a. No sooner + had +主语+过去分词+ than +主语+一般过去时 Hardly + had +主语+过去分词+ when +主语+一般过去时 Scarcely + had +主语+过去分词+ when +主语+一般过去时 b. 常用 hope, expect, think, intend, want, suppose 等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现 的希望、打算或意图。e.g. We had expected that you would be able to win the match. I、现在完成进行时 用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（或今后还要继续下去）的动作 e.g. He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00. J、将来完成时 用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和 by 短语，when, before 引起的 时间状语连用。e.g. We will have finished this task by the end of this year. K、时态考点分析 (1)Can I join your club, dad? You can when you_a bit older. A.get B.will get C.are getting D.will have got 233 网校解析：“You can”是将来意义，when 引导的时间状语从句要用一般现在时表 将来，所以此题答案为 A. (2)Oh, its you! I_ you. Ive just had my hair cut and Im wearing new glasses. A.didnt recognize B.hadnt recognized C.havent recognized D.dont recognize 233 网校解析：从“Oh,its you!”可知说话时已认出对方。“没有认出”是在此之前， 为过去情况，所以应选 A. (3)I dont think Jim saw me;he_into space. A.just stared B.was just staring C.has just stared D.had just stared 233 网校解析：在空白处应选一个与“saw”相配，能解释 Jim didnt see me 这一原因 的选项，只有着眼于 A、B。若选 A 不能体观他“当时正在做”某事，故排除 A 而选 B。 这样因为“他正在望宇宙天空”所以“未看到我”。 (4)_my glasses? Yes,I saw them on your bed a minute ago. A.Do you see B.Had you seen C.Would you see D.Have you seen 233 网校解析：现在完成时可表过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响或结果，问话人以这样 的时态发问可表现焦急的心情。故答案为 D。 (5)Do you know our town at all? No,this is the first time I_here. A.was B.have been C.came D.am going 233 网校解析：根据 this/it is the first/second/time sb. has done sth.句型，可定答 案为 B。 2）关于语态 A、做客观说明时，常用下列被动结构： （1） It is said that 据说 （2） It is reported that 据报道 （3） It is hoped that 大家希望 （4） It is believed that 人们相信 （5） It is (well) known that 众所周知 （6） It has been decided that 大家决定 （7） It is supposed that 大家认为 （8） It is suggested that 据建议 （9） It must be remembered that 务必记住 B、有些系动词，如 feel，smell，taste，sound，prove 等，用主动形式表示被动意义。 有些不及物动词（其主语大多指物）的主动形式可以表达被动意义，这种不及物动词 有下列几种。 （1）某些可用来表示主语内在品质或性能的不及物动词，如 shut，open，sell，read，wash，cut，write 等。 （2）不及物动词或短语，如 happen，take place，belong to，break out，last，go out，run out，cost，spread 等。 （3）某些可用于“主语+谓语+补语”结构中的不及物动词，如 wear，blow 等。 e.g. This material has worn thin. 这种布料已经穿薄了。 / This door blew open. 门给吹开了。 C、与介词合成的及物动词，在改为被动语态时，要保留其介词。如： look after, call on, pay attention to, take care of, look forward to D、动词不定式在动词 make，let 以及感官动词后作补语，常省略 to，但转换成被动语态 时，一定要还原 to。 E、感官动词的主动形式表示被动含义：taste，feel，smell，sound，look 等。 F、be + worth+ v-ing 表示被动含义；need (want, require) + v-ing 表示被动含义。 G、过去分词作宾语补足语，与宾语形成局部的被动关系，主要表现在宾语补足语中。 have a tooth pulled, make oneself understood H、特别注意 seat 的主动和被动语态的两种形式。 seat oneself 表示动作，be seated 表示状态。 I、容易误用被动语态的情况： （1）I teach myself French.不可变为 Myself is taught French.因为反身代词不可作主 语。 （2）We help each other/one another.不可变为 Each other/One another is helped by us.因为相互代词不可作主语。 （3）He lost heart.不可变为 Heart was lost by him.因为 lose heart, keep silence 这类 动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式。 （4） She took part in the sports meeting.不能变为 The sports meeting was taken part in by her.因为 take part in, belong to 等表状态动词没有被动语态。 J、被动语态考点分析 （1）I need one more stamp before my collection_. A.has completed B.completes C.has been completed D.is completed 233 网校解析：complete 是及物动词，“邮集”是被人完成的，须从表被动意的 C、D 中选择。又因 before 等引导的时间状语从句中谓语要用一般现在时表将来，所以此题答 案为 D。 （2）Do you like the material? Yes, it_very soft. A.is feeling B.felt C.feels D.is felt 233 网校解析：观察题干，空白线后无宾语，可知 feel 是不及物动词，表“（某物）摸起 来”意思,是连系动词，不能用于被动句式，也不用进行时。根据此题对话情景，是指某 种材料的常规特性，要用一般现在时，不能用过去时，故答案为 C。feel 作“感觉”、 “认为”、“摸”等意思时是及物动词，可带宾语，有时态，语态等变化。 （3）Great changes_in the city,and a lot of factories_. A.have been taken placehave been set up B.have taken placehave been set up C.have taken placehave set up D.were taken placewere set up 233 网校解析：take place（发生）是不及物动词，不可用于被动语态，于是可排除 A、D，又因 set up(建造)是及物动词，在此题中应该用被动式，故排除 C，答案为 B。 （4）Most of the artists_to the party were from South Africa. A.invited B.to invite C.has been invited D.had been invited 233 网校解析：首先可排除 B。因为它不表示“被邀请”。又因 C、D 项少引导词 who， 也应排除。A 项who were invited,故答案为 A。 （5）If city noises_from increasing,people_shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now. A.are not keptwill have to B.are not kepthave to C.do not keepwill have to D.do not keephave to 233 网校解析：观察题干，第一处必须用被动式，答案只能在 A、B 中选一。条件句用一 般现在时，主句应为一般将来时，故答案为 A。 3）关于语气 A、在错综条件句子中，虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致，因此，主句和从句 的谓语动词应根据所指的时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式。 （1）If I were you，I wouldnt have missed the film last night 如果我是你，我就不会错过昨天晚上的那部电影。 （从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。） （2）If he had followed the doctors advice，he would recover already 如果他遵照医生的劝告，现在病就好了。 （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。） B、在 if 虚拟条件句中，有时可把连词省去，采用倒装语序把谓语动词 were 或助动词 had，should 移到句首构成非真实条件从句的另一种句型，其意思不变。 （1）Had we time to spare，we would be glad to go to the park 如果能抽出时间，我们很乐意逛公园。 （2）Were it not for the discovery of electricity，the modern world would experience great inconvenience 假如没有发现电，现代世界将很不方便。 C、有时假设的情况不用 if 引导虚拟条件从句来表述，而用介词（如 without，but for 等） 引出的短语、分词（如 supposing 等）引出的短语、并列连词（如 or，otherwise，but，though 等）、由动词 suppose 引出的祈使句或通过上下文的意 思来表达。此时句中谓语动词仍采用虚拟语气的相应形式。 （1）But for your advice，I would not be able to do this work 要不是你的劝告，我是不会做这份工作的。 （2）Victor obviously doesnt know whats happened，otherwise he wouldnt have made such a stupid remark 显然，维克多不知道发生了什么事情。不然的话，他就不会说这样愚蠢的话了。 D、在一些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令等含义的动词后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词用动 词原形或“should 动词原形“表示虚拟语气。这类动词有 ask，demand， insist，order，propose，desire，require 等。 （1）They demanded that the aggressor troops（should）be withdrawn immediately 他们要求立即撤出侵略军。 （2）I proposed that he（should）be discharged for his serious mistake 我提议，由于他犯有严重错误，应解除他的职务。 E、在“would（had）rather（would sooner，would as soon）宾语从句“句型中，要 求后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气。但这种虚拟语气表示的不是与事实相反的假设，而是一种 尚未实现的愿望，其从句谓语动词用一般过去时。 （1）I would rather you came next Friday 我希望你下周五来。 （2）Id just as soon you didnt speak rudely to her我真希望你别对她那么粗鲁地讲 话。 F、在和 idea，necessity，plan，motion，order，proposal，recommendation，suggestion ，under- standing 等词有关的同位语或表语从句中，谓语动词用动词原形或“should 动词原形“，表示虚拟语气。 （1）My idea is that the group（should）hold another session to discuss the problem 我的意见是小组召开另一次会议来讨论这个问题。 （2）Emphasis is laid on the necessity that all the objectives to be attained be taken into account before starting a new project 我们强调在开始制定一个新的计划之前，必须把要达到的所有目标都考虑进去。 G、在某些“It is形容词that“句型中，如“It is important（necessary，essential，natural，desirable，unusual，pity，strange） that“，that 所引导的主语从句中谓语动词均用动词原形或“should动词原形“来表示虚 拟语气。 （1）It is highly desirable that a new president be appointed for this college 人们迫切地希望能给这个学院派一个新院长。 （2）It is strange that the girl（should）be so arrogant 真奇怪，这个女孩竟会如此傲慢。 H、在“It is ordered（suggested，demanded，planned 等）that“这个句型中， that 引导的主语从句要用虚拟语气形式，谓语动词用动词原形或“should动词原形“。 （1）It is demanded that Lucy give a performance at the party 有人要求露茜在晚会上表演一个节目。 （2）It was suggested that more teachers（should）be sent there to help them 有人建议派更多的老师去那里帮助他们。 I、as ifthough 可以引出一个状语从句也可以引出一个表语从句。当 as ifthough 跟 在 be，feel，look，seem ，sound 等系动词之后时，引导的是表语从句；如果主句的谓 语动词不是系动词 be 等，as ifthough 引导的则是方式状语从句。无论是哪种类型的从 句，只要从句的内容是不真实的，都必须用虚拟语气。当从句表示与现在的事实相反，谓 语动词用一般过去时；表示与过去事实相反要用“had 过去分词“；表示与将来可能相反 的则用“would（could，might）动词原形“。 （1）I feel as if I were going to faint 我感到我像要昏过去似的。（与现在事实相反的表语从句） （2）She cried as if her heart could be broken 她哭的好像心都要碎了。（状语从句） J、在 It is（abouthigh）time引导的定语从句中，也可以根据需要使用虚拟语气，用 以表示“（此刻）该做而没有做“的意思，其谓语动词用过去时或“should 动词原形 （用 should 时，不能将其省略）“。 （1）It is time I should leave我该走了。 （2）It is about time that you got/should get dressed你该穿衣服了。 K、if only 引导的是省略了表示结果的主句的虚拟结构，现在已成为习惯用法，表达愿望。 从句用过去时表示现在没有实现的愿望；对过去没有实现或不能实现的愿望，从句就用过 去完成时。这类句型表示一种不真实的条件，常译成“要是就好了！” （1）If only I had taken mothers advice我要是听取妈妈的建议就好了。 （2）If only I could speak several foreign languages我要是能讲几种外语就好了。 L、在以 in order that，so that，lest 引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词一般用虚拟语气。 从句中的谓语动词用“may（might）动词原形“或“should 动词原形“。在以 lest 引导 的从句中，谓语动词用“should 动词原形“。 （1）She stayed at home for a few days so that she might take care of her sick mother 她在家里呆了好几天，以便能照顾生病的母亲。 （2）The teacher explained the sentences again and again in order that the students could understand them clearly 老师一再解释这些句子，以便学生能够清楚地理解。 2、非谓语动词 1）不定式的时态和语态 A. 不定式的主动态 （1）不定式主动态的一般式： The students hoped to do business after graduation. （2）不定式主动态的进行式： They seem to be talking about something important. （3）不定式主动态的完成式： I hoped to have seen her. B. 不定式的被动态 （1）不定式被动态的一般式： The problem remains to be solved. （2）不定式被动态的完成式： He is said to have been hurt in the accident. （3）rather than/ other than No one could do other than admire him. C. 不定式的用法 （1）作主语 It is wrong to tell lies. To tell lies is wrong. （2）作宾语 He agreed to keep it a secret. （3）作表语 The important thing is to save money. （4）作宾语的定语 They are waiting for the train to come. （5）作主语的定语 The next train to arrive was from Beijing. （6）作目的状语 Ill write down his post code so as not to forget it. 2）动名词的时态和语态 A.动名词的主动态 （1）动名词主动态的一般式： Would you mind my closing the door? （2）动名词主动态的完成式： He denied having been there. B. 动名词的被动态 （1）动名词被动态的一般式： He came to our party without being asked. （2）动名词被动态的完成式： I do not remember having been given such a book. （3）动名词的否定式： He prided himself on having never been beaten. C. 动名词用法 （1）作主语 Watching English TV programs is a good way. （2）作表语 Her job is looking after children. （3）作定语 It is a very good swimming pool. （4）动名词的复合结构：名词所有格或者物主代词后加动名词构成动名词的复合结构， 通常这个名词所有格或这个物主代词是动名词表示动作的逻辑主语。 I dont like your saying that. 3）分词的时态和语态 A.分词的主动态与被动态 （1）现在分词主动态的一般式: The book is boring. （2）现在分词主动态的完成式： Having finished the course, we had an exam. （3）现在分词被动态的一般式： The house being built will be seven stories high. （4）及物动词的过去分词在时态上表示完成意义，在语态上表示被动意义： The water is boiled./He was injured. B.分词的用法： （1）作定语 The amusing story set us laughing. （2）作表语 The film is very moving. （3）作宾语补足语 I felt the house shaking. （4）作状语 While waiting for bus, we met them. （5）分词独立结构：分词可以有其独立的逻辑主语，这种主语常常是名词或者代词主格， 放置于分词之前，两者构成一种分词独立结构，常用作状语。也称独立主格结构。 Weather permitting, we shall have picnic. C. 非谓语动词综合辨析 （1）一般来说，不定式和动名词语法成分相同时，动名词表示习惯性经常性的抽象行为， 而不定式则往往表示一次性的具体行为。 Playing with fire is dangerous. /To play with fire will be dangerous. （2）在某些动词之后只能用动名词，而一些动词之后只能用不定式。 不定式常见于：afford to agree aim ask claim choose decline desire dare determine expect fail help long elect manage offer plan promise refuse pretend prepare wish 接动名词的有：acknowledge admit avoid consider delay deny dislike enjoy escape fancy finish imagine include keep mind miss postpone practise permit excuse recall resist stop suggest 接动名词的短语有：give up put off look forward to feel like insist on object to set about cant help be used to （3）动名词作定语与现在分词作定语有所不同：动名词和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有 主谓关系，前者不是后者发出的动作。动名词表示的多是被修饰名词的功能、用途。而现 在分词作定语时，现在分词和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系，前者是后者发出的动 作。 working method / singing girl （4）want need require 后接动名词表示被动意义。翻译成“需要、该” 。 These plants want watering. 形容词与副词 1、形容词的用法 A. 作补足语 The room was found empty. B. 名词化形容词 The poor are very happy. C. 作定语 There is a tall wall in front of the house. D. 前置形容词的排列顺序为： 冠词（物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格）+ 描述性的定语（数量、大小、性质、颜色、 年龄）+ 本质性的定语 + 被修饰的名词 some big red apples / a pretty purple silk dress 2、副词的分类与用法 A. 副词的分类 1）时间副词（today then yet just soon first） 2）地点副词（here somewhere above back） 3）方式副词（hard loudly softly gently kindly） 4）程度副词 （very too fairly rather quite still almost nearly） 5）频度副词 (seldom hardly rarely ever never often) 2、副词的分类与用法 A. 副词的分类 6）疑问副词（where when why how） 7）关系副词：用来引导定语从句（where when whyhow） 8）连接副词：用来引导名词性从句 B. 副词的用法 1） 作状语 They always spend their holidays in mountains. 2）“enough”的用法：用在形容词、副词的后面。 The boy is old enough to go to school. 3、有些形容词和副词由于其意义而不可能有比较等级形式： empty right excellent true final atomic monthly nuclear molecular 4、比较对象要相呼应，相比内容必须相同，相比对象可以用 one that those 代替 The price of meat is higher than that of rice. The students of our class are much more than those of your class. 5、有些形容词本身具有比较级含义，用这些形容词进行比较时，不能使用连词 than，而 使用 to。 Only one manager is superior to me now. 6、“most+原级的形容词”结构中，前面用不定冠词 a an 或不用冠词，most 是“非常” 的含义。 The Summer Palace is a most beautiful park in Beijing, and Beihai Park is a most one, too. 7、“the +比较级的形容词或副词, the+比较级的形容词或副词” The more haste, the less speed. 8、“no+比较级的形容词或副词+than、not +比较级的形容词或副词+than” a. no more than 意为“和一样不”，指前后两者都差；not more than 意为“并 不比更”，not 只否定前者，表示前者不如后者。 His English is no better than mine. / His English is not better than mine. b. 后接数字时，no more than 意为“只不过”，而 not more than 意为“不超过”。 There are no more than ten second-class tickets left. There are not more than ten second-class tickets left. 9、“no less than，not less than” a. no less than 后接形容词或者副词含有肯定意义，意为“与一样”；not lessthan 意为“不比更”，表示从程度上前者不差于后者。 He is no less quick at figures than I. He is not less quick at figures than I. b. no less than 后接数字表示“多达”，not less than 表示“不少于，至少”。 We have learned no less than 1，900 new words this semester. We have learned not less than 1，900 new words this semester. 10、次数、倍数、分数、百分数的比较原则是：大于或小于的数量必须前置(放在比较结构 前)。 We have produced 30% more cars than last year. / Asia is 3 times larger than Europe. 代词 1、代词的分类 1）人称代词： 主格 I you he she it we they 宾格 me you him her it us them 2）物主代词： 形容词性：my your his her its our their 名词性：mine yours his hers its ours theirs 3）反身代词：myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves themselves oneself yourselves 4）指示代词：this that these those such 5）疑问代词：what who (whose) which 6）不定代词：some/no/any/every + thing/body/one all some 7）关系代词：as who (whose) which that 8）相互代词：one another= each other 9）连接代词：what which who that 二、句句珠玑话结构，灵活运用是关键 名词性从句 1、主语从句： What he said was true. It was true what he said. 2、表语从句： The question is where my husband is. The fact is that I have lost my key. 3、宾语从句： I hope (that) you will enjoy your stay here. She asked what foreign language I was studying then. 4、同位语从句 Where did you get the idea that I could not come? We know the fact that students should be honest. 5、名词性从句的用法 1）作主语 Is it possible for us that we apply for a patent for the new type of product? 2）作宾语 I found nothing wrong in what he said. 形容词性从句 1、定语从句 1）关系代词和关系副词的选择： a. The supermarket that was opened last week is a very modern one. b. the+n.+of+which(whom) He lives in the room, the door of which is green. The girl, the father of whom is a teacher, studies very well. 2）关系代词和关系副词用法： 只能用 which 引导定语从句的情况： a. Bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light. The room in which my family live used to be a garage. That which you told him about is what we want to know. b. 只能用 that 引导的定语从句的情况： （1）当定语从句前的先行词被形容词最高级或者序数词修饰时，只能用 that 引导。 The best place/the first place that we visited was the Great Wall. （2）当先行词前有 only、 few、 little、 just、 right、 any、 all、 one 修饰时，只能 使用 that 引导。 There is little time that we can use./ The only furniture that he had in the room was a chair. （3）当先行词本身为不定代词时： some、 all、 anything、 little、 much、 something、 everything、nothing、none. That is all that I want to say. / Is there anything that I can do for you? c. 只能用 who 引导的定语从句的情况： Those who want to go there raised your hands. There is a young man outside who asks for you. 2、状语从句 1）原因状语从句：because、as、since、（for 引导的叫并列句） They feel happy, for they are satisfied with their lives. 2）条件状语从句：if 、unless、as (so) long as、in case Unless it rains, do not expect me. 3）方式状语从句：as、as if = as though She closed her eyes as if she were tired. 4）结果、目的状语从句：that、so that、sothat、such that such a +形容词+名词+that = so +形容词+a+名词+that I had such a good experience that I would always remember it. I had so good an experience that I would always remember it. 5）比较状语从句：than、asas、not soas No one can be so fit as he. 6） 让步状语从句：although、though、even if = even though、while、whatever = no matter what 、however = no matter how、wherever、whoever、whetheror Whatever may happen, I will be calm. However you go there, you will enjoy your trip. 主谓一致、倒装句、强调句 1、主谓一致： 1）语法一致原则，即在语法形式上取得一致。例如，主语是单数形式，谓语动词也采取 单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也采取复数形式。 例如：The students are very young. / This picture looks beautiful. 2）意义一致原则，即从意义着眼处理一致关系。例如，主语形式虽是单数但意义是复数， 谓语动词也采取复数形式；而有些主语形式虽是复数但意义上看作单数，谓语动词也采取 单数形式。 例如：The crowd deeply respect their leader./ Three years in a strange land seems a long time. 3）就近原则，即谓语动词的单数或复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。 例如：Neither he nor I am going to see the film tonight./There is a pen, and several books on the desk./ Either you or she is to go./ Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 4）谓语动词与前面的主语一致：当主语后面跟有 with,