兽医生理学第一讲代谢（metabolism）与生物能量学（.ppt

獸醫生理學 第一講 代謝(metabolism)與生物能量學(bioenergics) (參考：獸醫解剖生理學(中) pp.99-102) Definitions of the metabolism / internal respiration 1.The utilization of nutrients by the cell, consisting essentially of oxidation of carbon compounds to carbon dioxide and water with the release of ENERGY. -This is not like burning but is slow, controlled, stepwise process. Oxidation not only includes the addition of oxygen but also refers to the removal of hydrogen / electrons. 2.Metabolism refers to the sum of the biochemical reactions occurring in each cell. Those reactions that build and maintain the body through energy formation are called anabolic (1) and those reactions that release energy by the breakdown of substances are called catabolic (2). (1)The animals obtain this energy directly if they are herbivorous, or indirectly if they are carnivorous. (2)This energy is temporarily stored in the form of so- called high energy bonds , which link phosphorus and oxygen atoms in adenosine triphosphate (ATP). 一。Nutrition and Growth 經由代謝的程序，將取得的營養轉化為生長所需 。 (一)能量：能的釋放可用以產生或維持滲透性、電性或化學 性 梯度(gradient或濃度concentration)，或用以形成新 的 化學鍵；能的產生則源自相關細胞內有機化合物 的 鍵裂(breaking of bonds)，(見二。) (二)生長：使動物存活(alive)且維持其生產(production) 正性平衡：repletion storage - growth hypertrophy (負性平衡) (cell) hyperplasia 一。Nutrition and Growth(continue) (三)代謝運轉：能量平衡 能量的命運：熱(附加熱、燃燒熱) 、化學能 能量的測定：直接測熱法 間接測熱法 -測定氧的利用 (呼吸商R.Q.) 二。 Further explanation of the relationship of cell and energy 1.Cell can obtain the energy (1)能量非源自創造，而是由一種chemicals移轉為另一種 currency。 (2)它的最佳受質(substrate)是glucose與fatty acid 它們並不是被用來製成ATP，而是在涉及之化學反應中， 將ADP轉化為ATP，最後再將能量移轉出來。 2.Cell can store the energy (1)ATP是一個高堤勢(high bank balance)：可直接釋出能量 (2)ADP是一個低堤勢(low bank balance)：必需先加高(賦予 能量)成為ATP之後，才能作出進一步之釋能行為。 二。Further explanation of the relationship of cell and energy (continue) 3.Linkage reaction of muscle constriction and restoration ATP ADP + H3PO4 + Energy 立即使用 CP creatine + H3PO4 + Energy 與ADP再合成 ATP之用 Glycogen lactic acid + Energy 與creatine及H3PO4合成 (anaerobic glycolysis) CP 之用 1/5 Lactic acid + O2 H2O + CO2 + Energy ( 使其餘4/5乳酸再合成 glycogen之用) 思考區間(thinking compartment) (1)就chemical energy (metabolic fuel)中之各類受質相對於 現實社會中之流通物品進行概念配對： amino acid / ATP / CHO(glycogen) / CP / fatty acid / glucose cash / check(cheque) / credit card / passbook(deposit) (2)Brain metabolism (BBB) glucose / amino acid (gluconeogenesis) 三。 The Basal metabolism and its related ideas (一)基底代謝：動物處於清醒而靜止狀態，所釋放的能 量來自動物本身組織的分解代謝。 基底代謝率(BMR/ hr.)： 牛 (500kg；6.7 m2)6600仟卡，即約40K cal/hr/m2 豬 (100kg；2.2 m2)2000仟卡，即約38K cal/hr/m2 羊 ( 40kg；1.2 m2)1000仟卡，即約34K cal/hr/m2 (二)禁食代謝：測定於甲烷值最低之時(呼吸商0.71) 三。The Basal metabolism and its related ideas(continue) (三)影響基底代謝的因素 體型大小 體表面積法則(surface law)：Q=70 W3/4/ 103 (基底代謝 Es = 4.1 W3/4) 品種 年齡 懷孕 身體組成分(body composition) 四。 Further explanation of the Basal metabolism and its related ideas 1.體型大的動物較不易被環境控制： 體型愈大，單位體積之表面積愈小， 而經由表面被環境影響的程度也愈小。 2.體型大的動物較耐乾旱： 由體表流失的水分相對減少。 3.體型大的動物較耐肌飢餓： 以平均體重的能量消耗而言， 體型大者的消耗較小。 四。 Further explanation of the Basal metabolism and its related ideas (continue) 4.體型大小與能量消耗 Es = 4.1 W3/4 (變溫動物為0.14W3/4) Es 代表基礎代謝量(單位是瓦特)， W代表體重(單位公斤) 若體積增加成 2倍，能量消耗為1.68倍 100倍 32倍 10,000倍 1,000倍 思考區間(thinking compartment) (1)就大象(假設體重4 ton) 與小鼠(40g)進行比較 重量比： 100,000 / 1 能量消耗比：？ (2)平均體重的耗氧量 = 個體的耗氧量 / 體重 = 4.1W3/4/W1 = 4.1 W-1/4 當體重增加時，氧消耗如何？ 五。The connection existed between the endocrine system and metabolism 1.管制能量代謝(energy metabolism) 包括：Insulin, Glucagon, Cortisol, Epinephrine, Thyroid hormone 2.管制礦質代謝(mineral metabolism) 包括：Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, Angiotensin, Renin 3.管制生長(growth) 包括：Growth hormone, Thyroid hormone, Insulin, Estrogen, Androgen, many Growth Factors 六。Clinical Review 1. Ketosis CHO _I_ I l l acetic acid butyric acid propionic acid I_ I I I oxaloacetate activated acetate I glucose I I I I fat energy source ketone bodies lactose (glucose (oxaloacetate (oxaloacetate metabolism) + TCA cycle) deficiency) - hydroxybutyric acid, acetoacetate, acetone. 六。Clinical Review (continue) 2.Milk fever 3. Grass tetany 4. Hepatic lipidosis bile acids in blood 第二講 溫度調節(temperature regulation) (參考：獸醫解剖生理學(中) pp.102 -103) 一。Animals and Temperature Regulation 1.Based on the relationships of body temperature-environment temp. (1)warm blooded (homeothermic or endothermic) animals ： a constant internal thermal milieu Dormancy (important term) a. Sleep b. Torpor. c. Hibernation d. Winter sleep e. Estivation (2)cold blooded (poikiothermic or ectothermic) animals ：controlled by outside sources of heat and cold (behavioural actionregulatory capability) 2.Physical mechanism of warm blooded animals (macroview) (1) stored heat ： Q= C (specific heat) x M (mass) x T (temperature change) (2) complicated interface：skin and its circulation insulator” (3) heat transfer (ambient air) by the methods(types) of ： Conductionbetween two media in close contact Convectionheat transfer to moving air or water Radiationthe difference in temperature between two objects Evaporationdepends on the relative humidity 3.Factors of physiological controls (microview) (1)compartments：brain, skin, body core (male scrotum) (2)skin blood-flow：subpapillary venous plexuses/arteriovenous anastomoses/sympathetic chain (3)counter-current (heat) exchange a. warm arterial blood(core) cool venous blood (extremities) b. thermal gradient (extremities environment) (4)arterial retes (carotid rete) (5)hormones (response to thermal stress)： a. ACTH cortisol：acclimation response b. TSH thyroxin：acclimatization response c. ADH 4. Others (1)sweating：apocrine gland(sheep) (2)panting：open-mouth mechanism(dog) (3)salivation (panting)：(tongue)exposed wet surface area (4)shivering：muscle hypertonia(hyperactivity) (5)piloerection (horripilation)：arrectores pilorum (6)behaviour mechanism ：heat exchange (5)The(clinical control)processes that influence the rate of body heat production are： a. autonomic change(mechanism)：increased respiration, shivering b. behavioural change(mechanism)：food intake, lethargia c. endocrine change(mechanism)：thyroid hormone, epinephrine d. somatic change(mechanism) : vasodilatation / vasoconstriction c. + d. = adaptive mechanism 三。Clinical Review 1.Hypothermia (1) surgery prolonged arrest of circulation bloodextracorporeal heat exchanger (2) exposed to cold environment 2.Hyperthermia (1) trauma / infection pyrogen(hypothalamus)set point increaseintense heat loss (2) malignant hyperpyrexia anesthesiamuscle hypertonia (3) exposed to hot environment 第三講 體液(body fluid) (參考：獸醫解剖生理學(中) pp.115-121) 一。Fluid Compartments (一)Distribution 1.intracellular fluid (ICF) (70%) 2.blood-plasma (7-8%) 3.interstitial fluid (ISF) / lymph (20%) 4.transcellular fluid (2-3%) A special form of ECF which is secreted by specialized cells other than the capillary endothelium. intraocular, cerebrospinal, synovial, peritoneal, pleural fluids. (二)Compositions Typical conc. of major ions (mEq / L) in three fluid compartments Ca Cl HCO3- K Mg Na HPO4= Protein Plasma 5 105 27 5 3 155 2 17 ECF 3 110 29 4.5 2 150 1 ICF 0.2 5 10 150 28 8 100 65 二。Gibbs-Donnan Equilibrium (unstable equilibrium) compartment 1 | compartment 2 (5 mole ) | (10mole) Na+ | Na+ P- | Cl- 1.According to Gibbs-Donnan Rule： Na1 x Cl1 = Na2 x Cl2,if：Cl1 = X, then Na1=C1+X and：(C1+X) X = (C2X) (C2X), X= 10 x 10 /5 +(2 x 10)=4 so：Na1 = 9, Cl1 = 4, Na2 = Cl2= 6. 2.follow the Electroneutrality 3.follow the Concentration Gradient Osmotic Pressure Gradient Life goes on ! Stability can be achieved by： rigid walls /hydrostatic (pressure) forces /active transport mechanism 三。Fluid balance (plasma / tissue) 1. hydrostatic pressure： blood pressure(BP) / fluid pressure(FP) 2. colloid osmotic pressure (COP) 3. arterial end / venous end 4. filtration pressure (a) / reabsorption pressure(b) e.g. (dog) ARTERIAL END VENOUS END_ COP 25 mm Hg 25 mm Hg (Blood) BP 32 mm Hg 12 mm Hg_ COP 10 mm Hg 10 mm Hg ( ISF ) FP 5 mm Hg 5 mm Hg_ 四。Regulation of acid-base balance 1.Buffer A substance which has the ability to bind or release H in solution, thus maintaining the pH of a solution relatively constant despite the addition of considerable quantities of acid or base. In the RBC： Hb or HbO2 / HHb or HHbO2 In the plasma： protein or HCO3 /H protein or HHCO3 2.The effects of kidney and lung on pH regulation (參考：獸醫解剖生理學(中) p.121) 五。Clinical Review 1. 臨床脫水病例治療之考量 (1)脫水之程度減輕之體重失去之水分：下痢後之體液量 (2)正常總Na量與下痢後之總Na量：估算損失之Na量 (3)下痢前後之Na差值估算ECF量與ICF量：估算兩者之損失量 治療設計 (mEq/L) Na K Ca Cl HCO3 lactated Ringers soln. 130 4 3 109 28 multisol-Ringers soln. 140 5 0 98 50 0.9% saline 154 0 0 154 0 plasma-Lyte A 140 5 0 96 50 五。Clinical Review 2. Edema (caused by Increased Venous Pressure) Venous Pressure Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure Filtration Interstitial Fluid Volume (edema) Interstitial Fluid Pressure Lymph Flow Interstitial Protein Concentration 第四講 消化道生理學(Upper Alimentary Tract) (參考：獸醫解剖生理學(中) pp.23-43) 一。內容： (一)採食(prehension) 1.目的(purpose)：energy produced 2.選擇條件(selective grazing conditions)： period(safety) site (leaf / stem；green / dry；special content) sense (sight, touch,taste, smell)：signals (chemical / vibration ) ex. molecular concentration(specific chemical formchemical noise) relative intensity: the number of molecules received the number of appropriate receptors： total number of receptors the ratio of bitter to sweet taste receptors (一)採食(prehension) ( continue) 3.影響因素(influencing factors)： macro-view：體溫與生理活動(日常生活環境與型式) 基本體能(懷孕、泌乳、生長) 體內脂肪與肝醣等能貯存量(取耗、遺傳) regulatory mechanisms ：生物統計的調節 能的取耗調配(短期性- 肌肉、體熱) 修正取耗發生偏差的調配(貯存、提取) micro-view ：環境溫度 遺傳特質 運動狀態 特殊需要 食物含能狀況 相處下的社會關係 疾病或營養 4.調節中樞：進食中樞位於下視丘側方與乳頭狀體後方 (一)採食(prehension) ( continue) 4.方法 唇(馬、豬、羊)、齒(貓、犬、馬) 、舌(牛、羊、貓)為 主 另以 前肢(貓、犬)或鼻口部(snout 豬)輔助 飲水方式：草食獸為吸吮式(suction) 肉食獸為舔吸式(licking) (一)採食(prehension) ( continue) 5.咀嚼(mastication)(involuntary motor control) 草食獸 以磨碎(crushing and grinding)為主： 執行動作的肌肉主要是咬肌(masseter下顎冠狀突)， 翼狀肌(pterygoid muscle)為輔，配合前臼齒與臼齒(切齒) 。 肉食獸以撕裂(shearing)為主： 執行動作的肌肉主要是顳肌(temporal muscle)，咬肌 為輔，配合切齒、前臼齒及臼齒(切斷與壓碎骨骼)。 (一)採食(prehension) ( continue) 6.吞嚥(deglutition) 反射動作可分為三期，參與神經為： 輸入神經：舌咽、三叉 輸出神經：第一期為舌下、舌咽； 第二期為舌咽、迷走； 第三期為迷走。 相關重要動作： 預防食團誤入喉部(聲門關閉)：聲(帶)肌、甲杓肌 預防食團誤入鼻道(使上呼吸道與口咽分離)： 腭帆張肌、提腭帆肌、莖突咽肌、咽腭肌、翼突咽肌 食道胃括約肌 (esophagogastric sphincter)(馬、鼠) (二)唾腺特論(related important research) (1) nerve growth factor a neurotrophic peptide necessary for the maintenance of sympathetic ruminant stomach motility 2.products and metabolites： ethanol, butanol ; VFA(acetic acid, butyric acid, propionic acid ) ; NVFA(lactic acid, oxaloacetic acid, succinic acid) ; CO2 , glycerol ; saliva (p.38,78-80); protein regeneration cycle(氨尿素蛋白質氨基酸尿素 ) (三)The microbial ecosystem of fermentative digestion: 1.The microbes responsible for fermentative digestion include： bacteria, fungus and protozoa 2.Plant cell walls are important substrates for fermentative digestion and important nutrient sources for many species： plant cell walls vs. connective tissue of animal cellulose vs. collagen hemicellulose / pectin / lignin (cement the cellulose) vs. hyaluronic acid / chondroitin sulfate (cement the connective tissue) (四) Reticulum motility and the maintenance of the rumen environment Several requirements that must be met by the host for proper fermentation to occur： 1.substrate 2.temperature (37) 3.ionic strength (osmolality, 300 mosm) 4.negative oxidation reduction potential (-250 to -450 mV) 5.indigestible waste (solid material) must be removed 6.rate of removable of microbes vs. the regeneration times of the favorable microbes 7.acid products of anaerobic fermentation (VFA) must be buffered or removed 二。Gravity and reticulorumen motility combine to create the selective flow of particulate matter out of the rumen. Rumen ingesta are stratified and segregated： (1) created by Gravity： gas cap / solid zone / slurry zone / liquid zone (dorsal rumen) (fermenting forage) (2) created by the Motility： ejection zone / zone of potential escape (constitute the dorsal & ventral areas of the reticulum & cranial sac) 三。Fuctional specific gravity (FSG)determines the rate at which particulate matter (solid) moves through the zones of the reticulorumem. initial：the FSG of bolus1 floats in the ejection zone； until a reticulum contraction into the solid zone. then：bacteria adhered to the forage particle fermentation final：during contraction of the cranial sac reticulum； exit the rumen through the reticulo-omasal orifice. 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