动词（时态语态）讲解.doc

（四）动词时态、语态I 要点1、 一般现在时（1） 表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态，常与sometimes, always, often, every day等时间状语连用。如：Sometimes, we go swimming after school. （2） 表示客观真理、科学事实等。如：The earth goes round the sun. 2、 现在进行时(1) 表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作，常与now, at present等时间状语连用。如：What are you doing now? (2) 和always, continually等连用，表一种经常反复的动作，常含有某种情感。如：He is always doing good deeds.3、 现在完成时主要表示动作发生在过去，对现在仍有影响，或动作一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去，常与just, already, so far, once, never 等词连用。如:Have you ever been to Beijing?4、一般将来时表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow, next year等连用。如：Ill meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.Were going to see a film next Monday.5、一般过去时表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago等词连用。如：It happened many years ago. 6、过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如：What were you doing this time yesterday?7、 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如：The train had already left before we arrived. 、一般过去将来时表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作。如：He said he would come, but he didnt.、被动语态被动语态的时态，以give为例。 时式 一般 进行 完成 现在 am is given are am is being are has been given have 过去 was given were was being given were had been given 将来 shall be given will shall have been given will 过去将来 should be given would should have been given would II例题例 I learned that her father _ in 1950.A had died B died C dead D is dead解析：该题正确答案为。从句中的谓语动词动作虽然发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，但因从句中有明确的过去时间状语in 1950, 所以不用过去完成时态，而用一般过去时态。例 The five-year-old girl _ by her parents.A is looked B has looked forC is being looked for D has been looked解析：该题正确答案为。在带有介词的动词短语用于被动语态句中，介词不能省，否则就变成了不及物动词短语，而不能用于被动语态的句子中。（五）动词虚拟语气I 要点表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一般常用于正式的书面语中。、 虚拟语气的构成 情景 条件从句的谓语动词 主句的谓语动词 与现在事实相反 动词过去式 （be要用were） should +动词原形 would 与过去事实相反 had +过去分词 should +have+过去分词 would 与将来事实相反 、动词过去时 、should +动词原形 、were to +动词原形 should 动词原形 would 注：如果条件从句谓语动词包含有were或had, should, could有时可将if省去, 但要倒装。如：Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.、 虚拟语气在各种从句的应用（） 在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等，其谓语形式是should(可省) 动词原形，常用于以下三种句型中。句型一：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that句型二：It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that句型三：It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that如： It is strange that he (should) have done that.It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.It is requested that we (should) be so careless.（） 在宾语从句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等动词后的宾语从句中，表间接的命令和建议。其谓语形式是(should)+动词原形。如：I suggest that we (should) go swimming.（） 在表语从句中，表示间接的命令，要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句中的主语通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。从句谓语形式是(should)动词原形。如：His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once. （） 在同位语从句中，谓语形式是(should)动词原形。如：We received order that the work be done at once.（） 在It is time that句型中，其谓语动词形式是动词的过去式或 should 动词原形,should不可省。如：Its time (that) we went ( should go) to school.II 例题例 We had hoped that he _ longer.A stays B have stayed C stayed D would stay解析：该题正确答案为。had hoped表示本希望，同样用法的动词还有think, expect等，后面的句子需用虚拟语气例 Mary wants to see you today.I would rather she _ tomorrow than today.A comes B came C should come D will come解析：该题正确答案为。would rather后面的从句需用虚拟语气，用动词过去时表示。例 Had she been older, she _ it better.A had done B might have doneC might do D would do解析：Had she been older = If she had been old. 故该题正确答案为。（六）短语动词I 要点英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体，其用法有的相当于及物动词，有的相当于不及物动词，有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。英语短语动词的构成主要有以下六种：（） 动词介词常见的有look for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如：Dont laugh at others.I didnt care about it.（） 动词副词常见的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in, point out等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如：Youll hand in your homework tomorrow.Please dont forget to hand it in.（） 动词副词介词常见的有look down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：All his money added up to no more than $100.After a short rest, he went on with his research work.（） 动词名词介词常见的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：You should pay attention to your handwriting.We should make full use of our time.（） 动词形容词常见的有leave open, set free, cut open等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边，也可放在后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如： The prisoners were set free.He cut it open.（） 动词名词常见的有take place, make friends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如：This story took place three years ago.I make friends with a lot of people.（7）辨析give away(让给，暴露) 和 give up（放弃，停止）put away（放起，收起） 和 put out （扑灭）turn up（出席，放大） 和 turn on （打开）keep out（阻止） 和 keep off （不让靠近）make up（编造，补上） 和 make out（辨认）take off（脱，起飞） 和 take out（拿出）II 例题例 It is wise to have some money _ for old age.A put away B kept up C given away D laid up解析：该题正确答案为。意为存；keep up意为继续；give away意为分发；lay up贮藏。例 Heres my card. Lets keep in _.A touch B relation C connection D friendship解析：该题正确答案为A. keep in touch为短语动词，意为保持联系。例 _! Theres a train coming.A Look out B Look around C Look forward D Look on解析：该题选A. look out 意为小心。（七）动词不定式I 要点、 不定式的形式。以动词write为例。 式语态 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 to write to be written 完成式 to have written to have been written 进行式 to be writing 完成进行式 to have been writing 、 不定式的句法功能（） 作主语To hear from you is nice.To be a good teacher is not easy.不定式作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主语，而不定式置于谓语动词后。如：Its nice to hear from you.Its not easy to be a good teacher.（） 作宾语通常用于want, hope, wish, like, need, hate, begin, start, remember, agree, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help等词后。如：I forgot to lock the door.Please remember to write to me.（） 作表语My job is to pick up letters.He seemed to have heard nothing.（） 作定语不定式作定语时，须放在它所修饰的名词或代词后。如：I have two letters to write.I have a lot of work to do.（） 作宾补通常用于want, wish, ask, order, tell, know, help, advise, allow, cause, force等词后。如：He ordered her to leave at once.He was forced to obey his order.（） 作状语He got up early to catch the first bus.He worked hard to catch up with the other students.（） 作独立成分To tell you the truth, I told a lie.（） 疑问词不定式结构。 如：I dont know how to choose them.I cannot decide where to go.（9）不定式的否定式。如：I decided not to go.（10）不定式的完成式。如：He seemed to have cleaned the room before I came in.The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week.（11）tooto 结构。如：He was too excited to go to sleep.He was only too glad to go. (他太高兴了，乐意去)（12）主动表被动。如：The book is easy to read.I have a book to read.II例题例 I havent got a chair _.A to sit B for to sit on C to sit on D for sitting解析：该题选C。不定式to sit on在句中作定语，修饰名词chair. 因为不定式和它所修饰的名词间是动宾关系，所以不定式必须是及物动词，故此处on不能省略。例2 He was made _.A go B gone C going D to go解析：该题选D。make sb. do sth. 如果是被动形式，不定式do前的to不能省略。例3 A new factory is _ very soon.A to be built B builtC to build D to building 解析：该题选A。is to be built意为将要被建。（八）动名词I 要点动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。、 动名词的形式，以write为例。 式 | 语态 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 writing being written 完成式 having written having been written 否定式 not +动名词、 动名词的用法（） 作主语Playing football is my favorite sport.Travelling with friends at weekend is fun.作主语的动名词结构复杂且长时，可用it作形式主语。如：It is fun travelling with friends at weekend.（） 作宾语I enjoy playing PC game.He gave up writing five years ago.（） 作表语What he hated most was doing nothing.Seeing is believing.动名词作表语时，句子的主语常是无生命名词或what引导的名词性从句。（） 作定语Theres a dining room in my school.All the people watching laughed.（） 动名词的复合结构物主代词（或名词的所有格）+动名词。如：Toms going home late made her mother angry.Would you mind my opening the window?不过，动名词的逻辑主语在遇到以下情况时，必须用名词的普通格（或人称代词的宾格）。无生命名词The girls were afraid of the door suddenly closing.Fire burns better by oxygen being at work.有生命名词，但表泛指。Have you ever heard of girls smoking?两个以上的有生命的名词并列。Do you still remember my parents and me coming to see you that day?3后面常接动名词的动词和短语mind, enjoy, finish, consider, practise, magine, keep, suggest, advise, allow, permit, be worth doing, be used to doing, be busy doing,cant help doing, it is no good doing, it is no use doing,look forward to doing, stick to doing, pay attention to doing,devote to doing, lead to doing II例题例 She says she doesnt feel like _ out with you.A going B to go C for going D went解析：该题正确答案为A。 feel like = want, 此处like 为介词，后面要接名词或动名词作宾语例 The garden needs _.A water B watering C to water D watered解析：该题正确答案为B。 need = want = require. 如果物作主语，此三者后要接动名词或to be done这一结构作宾语。例 Excuse me _ you.A interrupting B to interrupt C interrupted D to have interrupted解析：该题正确答案为A。excuse 后接动名词作宾语，此句中的me为动名词的逻辑主语（常用于口语中）。 （九）分词 I 要点分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容和副词的句法功能。它分为现在分词和过去分词两类。现在分词和过去分词的主要差别在于现在分词有一般式和完成式，过去分词则只有一般式。现在分词表动作正在进行，表主动。过去分词及物动词表动作已经完成，表被动。过去分词不及物动词表动作已经完成，表主动。过去分词的句法功能：、 作定语I like to read the novel written by Lu Xun.The woman sitting beside the broken window was a friend of mine.、 作表语When I came into the room, I found the window was broken.Im interested in this book.、 作宾语补足语Im going to have my bike repaired.When I walked home, I saw the thief caught by the police.4、作状语Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks small.The teacher came into the classroom, followed by his students.现在分词的句法功能。1、作状语Seeing from the top of the mountain, I found the city was beautiful.Walking along the street, they suddenly saw him.2、作宾语I hate being spoken ill of.He considered visiting Japan during the winter vocation.3、作表语Seeing is believing.The book is interesting.4、作宾语补足语I noticed him crossing the street.Mother caught him smoking in the kitchen.5、作定语Do you know the man writing a letter?The worker running a machine is my brother.分词使用中的几个问题1、现在分词的完成式Having cleaned the room, I went out.2、现在分词的否定式 Not having received any letter, he felt a little worried.3、现在分词与过去分词的不同现在分词表示主动、正在，过去分词表示被动、完成I found the man killed there.I found the man standing there.4、have结构We have the car repaired.We have repaired the car.We have Tom repair the car.We have Tom repairing the car the whole morning.5、分词作表语We were excited at the news.The football game is exciting.6、独立主格结构It being a fine day, we went out to visit the park.II 例题例1、Time_， Ill go on a picnic with you.A. permit B. to permit C. permitted D. permitting解析：该题答案为D。 Time permitting是独立主格结构，意为如果时间允许的话例2、_ if he had any bad habit, she replied that he was a heavy smoker.A. Ask B. To ask C. Asked D. Asking解析：该题答案为C。主语she是被问。（十）情态动词与助动词 I 要点助动词本身无意义，在句中帮助主要动词构成一定的时态，语态、语气，或是帮助构成否定句和疑问句，常用的助动词有be, do, have, shall(should), will(would).情态动词表一定的词义，本身并不表示动作或状态，而仅仅表达说话人的态度，它在句中须和主要动词一起构成谓语，主要的情态动词有can(could), may (might), must, have to, ought to, need, dare, shall, should, will, would.1、can 能，可以，表说话人同意，许可还可表客观条件许可，如:You can go now.提建议或请求时可用can I, can you表客气，如Can I buy you a drink?can和be able to表能力时的区别。can表一般具有的能力，be able to表在特定条件下的能力，如:Although the driver was badly hurt, he was able to explain what had happened.2、may（1）、可以，表说话人同意，许可或请求对方许可。You may go.（2）、（现在和将来）可能，也许，只用于肯定句和否定句中，如He may not be right.3、must, have tomust表主观上的必须，have to表客观上的必须，如:Its getting late. I have to go. -Must I go now. -Yes, you must.(No, you neednt./ No, you dont have to.)4、need, dare这二词有实意动词和情态动词两种词性，如用作实意动词后接动词不定式to do，如用作情态动词后接动词原形。Need I go now? -Yes, you must./No, you neednt.)5、shall用于第一人称疑问句中表说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请求，如，Shall we begin our lesson?用于二、三人称陈述句，表说话人命令、警告、允诺、威胁等口吻，如: You shall fail if you dont work harder.6、should表应该，意为有责任，有义务。如:We should try our best to make our country more beautiful.7、will表有做某事的意志、意愿、安心、打算，如 Will you lend me your book? Yes, I will.，8、should have done表应该做而未做must have done表对过去事实的肯定推测could have done表本可以做某事9、判断句：肯定句用must, 否定句用cant, 不太肯定用may, mightHe must be in the office now.He must have gone to bed, for the light is out.He cant be in the office. He is at home.He couldnt have cleaned the classroom, because he didnt come here today.He might be in the office, I am not sure.He might have cleaned the room, I suppose.II 例题例1，They _ to walk in the street at might.A. didnt dare B. not dared C. not dare D. dared not解析，该题答案为A， 此空需选一动词作谓语，因为后面是to walk, didnt dare是行为动词dare过去时态的否定形式。例2，When he was very old, Mr. Smith _ sit for hours without saying a word.A. would B. should C. must D. used解析，该题答案为A, would此处表过去的倾向性，习惯性动作，意为总是如: When we were children, we would go swimming every summer.（十一）句子种类I 要点句子按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句；按结构又分为简单句、并列句和复合句。1、陈述句的否定（1） 在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中，当主句的谓语动词是think, expect, believe, suppose, guess, fancy, imagine等，且主句主语是第一人称时，宾语从句谓语的否定习惯上要移到主句谓语上，如: I dont think he is right.（2） 含有否定意义的副词never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely的句子应视为否定句，如: I have never been there before.2、反意疑问句（1） need和dare 既可作情态动词，又可作实意动词，在反问部分须加以区别，如We neednt leave, need we? We dont need to leave, do we?（2） 陈述部分出现否定意义的副词或代词如never, seldom, few, hardly, little等时，反问部分须用肯定形式如：He seldom comes, does he?（3） 陈述部分用不定代词作主语时，反问部分的主语用it ，如：Nothing can stop me, can it?陈述部分用everybody, everyone, somebody, someone，等作主语时，反问部分常用it，有时也用they，如:Everybody knows that, dont they?（4） 陈述部分包括used to 时，反问部分可有两种形式，如: You used to get up early, usednt (didnt) you?（5） 陈述部分是there + be结构时，反问部分用there，如:Theres something wrong with you, isnt there?（6） 陈述部分是含有宾语从句的主从复合句时，反问部分的主语和谓语应和主句保持一致，如: He never told others what he thought, did he?但，如果是I think , I believe等 +宾语从句时，反问部分须和从句的动词保持一致，如，I dont think he is right, is he? I dont believe he does that, does he?3、感叹句用what或how, What a beautiful park it is.How beautiful a park it is.How beautiful the park is.How we worked!4、祈使句Take care!Dont stand there.Please open the door for the old lady.II例题例1，Dont forget to post the letter, _ ?A. will you B. do you C. wont you D. shall you解析：该题答案为A， 在否定句、祈使句后只用will you?，但肯定的祈使句后可用如，Wait for me, will (wont, can, cant, could) you?例2，Lets go out for a walk, _ ?A. will you B. wont you C. shall we D. do we 解析：该题答案为C，lets后加上shall we来表语气婉转、客气，而在let us后加上will you。例3，He hardly writes to you, _ ?A. doesnt he B. does he C. do they D. has he解析：该题答案为B，hardly否定副词，反问部分要用肯定形式。（十二）各种从句I要点根据从句在句中的句法功能，从句可分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。1、 名词性从句（1） 主语从句What he wants is a piece of paper.It is believed that he can solve the problem.注：主语从句的谓语动词用单数。（2）宾语从句I dont know how to solve the problem.Do you know where he lives?（3）表语从句The problem is who can help me.This is why I came here.（4）同位语从句I have no idea where he went.I heard the news that he would come.同位语从句用that引导，常跟在fact, idea, news, promise, thought, message, hope, belief, doubt等词后，that在从句中不作任何成分。2、定语从句在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词，或修饰整个主句的从句叫做定语从句，引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, that, as,和关系副词when, where, why。（1）that指物时一般可与which互换，但在下列情况下，要用that而不用which。a. 先行词有all, everything等不定代词时，如，Everything (that) he did is wrong.b. 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时，如，Ill read all the books (that) you lend me.c. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，This is the first letter (that) the boy has written.d. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时，如He is the very man (that) Im looking for.e. 只用which的情况在介词后或在非限定性定语从句中This is the book about which we have talked a lot.The book, which he gave me yesterday, is very interesting.f. where和when作关系副词This is the room where I worked.This is the room which I stayed in.I remembered the day when we lived there.I remembered the day that I spent there.g. as和which as 可以放于句首，而which 不可以As you know, he is good at English.three of them 和three of whichI have a lot of books, three of which are in Russian.I have a lot of books and three of them are in Russian.3、状语从句在复合句中起状语作用的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、目的状语、结果状语、条件状语、行为方式状语、比较状语、让步状语等多种。II 例题例1、 _ I accept the gift or refuse it is none of your business.A. If B. Whether C. Even if D. No matter when解析：该题答案为B。whether可以和or连用，if不可以，此外if一般仅用于宾语从句。例2、The way _ thes