Internet.docx

Internet, Chinese official translation for因特网The Internet，又叫做国际互联网。, also known as the Internet.它是由那些使用公用语言互相通信的计算机连接而成的全球网络。It is used by the public language mutual communication computer connected to the global network.一旦你连接到它的任何一个节点上，就意味着您的计算机已经连入Internet网上了。Once you are connected to any of its a node, it means that your computer has been connected to the Internet.InternetInternet目前At present的用户已经遍及全球，有超过几亿人在使用Internet，并且它的用户数还在以等比级数上升。Throughout the world, the user has more than hundreds of millions of people1. The 1960s,美国国防部U.S. defense的高级研究计划局ARPA （Advance Research Projects Agency）建立ARPA (the advanced Research Projects Agency Projects Agency) establish a true Advance阿帕网ARPANETARPANet，向美国国内大学和一些公司提供经费，以促进计算机网络和To U.S. domestic universities, NCP and some companies providing funds, in order to promote the computer network and分组交换技术Packet switching technology的研究。Research. 1969年12月，ARPANet投入运行，建成了一个实验性的由4个节点连接的网络。In December 1969, NCP commissioning, has built a experimental by four nodes connected network.到1983年，ARPANET已连接了三百多台计算机，供美国各研究机构和政府部门使用。To 1983, NCP has connected the three hundred computers, for American each research institutions and government departments for use. 1983年，ARPANet分为ARPANet和军用MILNET（Military Network），两个网络之间可以进行通信和资源共享。In 1983, the NCP into NCP and Military MILNET (a), two Network Military between can communicate and resource sharing.由于这两个网络都是由许多网络互连而成的，因此它们都被称为Internet，ARPANet就是Internet的前身。As a result of these two networks are composed of many network interconnection and into, so they are called the Internet, NCP is the predecessor of the Internet. 1986年，NSF（美国国家科学基金会，National Science Foundation）建立了自己的In 1986, NSF (National Science Foundation, National Science Foundation) and set up their own计算机通信Computer communication网络。Network.NSFnet将美国各地的科研人员连接到分布在美国不同地区的超级计算机中心，并将按地区划分的NSFnet will across the United States in scientific research personnel connect to distribution in different parts of the country, and the center of the super computer will press the regional division计算机广域网wan与超级计算机中心相连（实际上它是一个三级计算机网络，分为主干网、地区网和校园网，覆盖了全美国主要的大学和研究所 ）。With super computer center connected (actually it is a triple computer network, divided into backbone, regional nets and campus network, covering the whole of major U.S. universities and research institutes). 最初，NSFNet的主干网的Initially, the NSFNets backbone速率rate不高，仅为56kbps。Is not high, only for 56kbps.在19891990年，NSFNet主干网的速率提高到1.544Mbps，并且成为Internet中的主要部分。From 1989 to 1990, to raise the rate NSFNet backbone 1.544 Mbps, and become the main part of Internet. NSFnet逐渐取代了ARPANet在Internet的地位，到了1990年，鉴于ARPANet的实验任务已经完成，在历史上起过重要作用的ARPANet就正式宣布关闭。NSFnet gradually replaced the NCP in the Internet position, by 1990, given the NCP experiment task in history has been completed, played an important role of NCP will officially closed. Internet发展Internet development随着NSFnet的建设和开放，Along with the construction and open NSFnet,网络节点数Network node number和用户数迅速增长。And the number is growing fast.以美国为中心的InternetThe Internet centered in the United States网络互联Network interconnection也迅速向全球发展，世界上的许多国家纷纷接入到Internet，使网络上的通信量急剧增大。Also quickly to global development, many countries of the world have access to the Internet, make a sharp increase on the network traffic. 1992年，Internet上的主机超过1百万台。In 1992, Internet hosts more than 1 million.1993年，Internet主干网的速率提高到45Mbps。In 1993, the Internet backbone rate increased to 45Mbps.到1996年速率为155Mbps的主干网建成。By 1996 155Mbps rate for the backbone built.1999年MCI和WorldCom公司将美国的Internet主干网速率提高到2.5Gbps。1999 MCI WorldCom company will America with Internet backbone rate increased to 2.5 Gbps.到1999年底，Internet上注册的主机已超过1千万台。By the end of 1999, Internet registration QianWanTai already more than 1 the host. Internet的迅猛发展始于20世纪90年代。The rapid development of Internet 20th century began in the 1990s.由by欧洲Europe原子核研究组织CERN开发的万维网WWW被广泛使用在Internet上，大大方便了广大非网络专业人员对网络的使用，成为Internet发展的指数级增长的主要驱动力。The development of nuclear research organization CERN is widely used in web WWW Internet, greatly facilitate broad the network professionals use of the web, the development of Internet, become the main driving force exponentially. l WWW的站点数目也急剧增长，1993年底只有627个，1994年底就超过1万个，1996年底超过60万个，1997年底超过160万个，而1999年底则超过了950万个，上网用户数则超过2亿。WWW site number also sharp growth, the end of 1993, the end of 1994 only 627 a more than 10,000, more than 60 million by the end of 1996, more than 160 million by the end of 1997, and end of 1999 more than 9.5 million, Internet subscribers are more than 2 billion.Internet上的数据通信量每月约增加10%，Internet的发展非常迅速，据预测，到2002年，全球Internet的用户将达到4.5亿。The data on the Internet traffic 10% increase per month, about the Internet is developing very fast, it is predicted that by 2002, the global Internet users will reach 4.5 billion.以我国Internet的发展为例，截止到2001年7月，上网计算机数已达到约1002万台，上网用户人数约2650万人，仅CN下注册的域名数已达到近13万个，而WWW站点已达到24万个。With the development of the Internet in China as an example, by July 2001, Internet has reached about computer count the number of Internet users million, 1002 about 26.5 million, only under the domain name registration number CN has reached nearly 13 million, while the WWW site has reached 24 million. are using the Internet and its sThe Internet is a large computer network, to promote wap世界科学The world science、文化、经济和社会的发展有着不可估量的作用。, cultural, economic and social development has an inestimable role. 在Internet飞速发展与广泛应用的同时，高速网络的发展也引起了人们越来越多的注意。In the Internet rapid development and wide application at the same time, high speed the development of the network also has caused the people more and more attention.高速网络技术发展主要表现在High-speed network technology development mainly displays in高速局域网High-speed LAN、交换局域网与, exchange LAN and虚拟网络Virtual network、宽带综合业务数据网, broadband integrated business data networksB-ISDNB-ISDN和异步传输模式ATM。And asynchronous transfer mode ATM. 进入90年代以来，世界经济已经进入了一个全新的发展阶段。Since the nineties, the world economy has entered a new stage of development.世界经济的发展推动着The development of world economy push信息产业Information industry的发展，Development,信息技术Information technology与网络的应用已成为衡量21世纪综合国力与企业竞争力的重要标准。And network applications has become a 21st century the comprehensive national strength and measure the important standard enterprise competitiveness.人们开始认识到信息技术的应用与信息产业的发展将会对各国经济发展产生重要的作用，很多国家纷纷开始制定各自的People are beginning to realize the application of information technology and information industry development of the economic development of all countries will produce an important role, many countries have began to establish their信息高速公路Information highway的建设计划。Construction plan. 建设信息高速公路就是为了满足人们在未来随时随地对信息交换的需要，在此基础上人们相应地提出了个人通信与个人通信网的概念，它将最终实现全球有线网、无线网的互连，邮电通信网与电视通信网的互连，固定通信与移动通信的结合。The constructions of the information highway is to satisfy people in future anytime the need for information exchange, and based on this, people put forward accordingly personal communication and the concept of personal communication network, it will eventually achieving global wired, wireless networks in post and telecommunications network interconnection with TV network interconnection of fixed and mobile communication, the combination of communication.在现有电话交换网PSTN、公共数据网PDN、广播电视网、B-ISDN的基础上，利用无线通信、蜂窝移动电话、In the existing switched telephone network PSTN, public data networks PDN, broadcast networks, B - ISDN basis, using wireless communication, cellular mobile phone,卫星移动通信Mobile satellite communication、有线电视网等通信手段，最终实现“任何人在任何地方，在任何的时间里，使用任一种通信方式，实现任何业务的通信”。And cable networks, and finally achieve such communications anyone anywhere, at any time, using any type of communication mode, implement any business communication. 以ATM为代表的高速网络技术发展迅速。Represented by ATM high-speed Internet technology is developing rapidly.目前，世界上很多发达国家都组建了各自的At present, the world many developed countries have established theirATM网络ATM network。.在我国电信部门的骨干网和一些商业网上也广泛采用了ATM技术。In China telecom department backbone and some business on the net also widely adopted ATM technology.ATM已经成为21世纪电信网的关键技术。ATM has become the key technology of the 21st century telecommunications networks. Internet历史Internet historyInternet最早来源于From the earliest Internet美国The United States国防部高级研究计划局Defense advanced research projects agencyDARPADARPA(Defense advanced Research Projects Agency)的前身(Defense Agency) Projects on the predecessor of the trueARPAARPA建立的ARPAnet，该网于1969年投入使用。Establish the NCP, this nets in 1969 and put into use.从60年代开始，ARPA就开始向美国国内大学的计算机系和一些私人有限公司提供Since the 1960s, ARPA began to start the domestic university computer department and some private limited company offers经费funds，以促进基于分组交换技术的计算机网络的研究。To promote exchange technology based on group of computer network research.1968年，ARPA为ARPAnet网络项目立项，这个项目基于这样一种主导思想：网络必须能够经受住故障的考验而维持正常工作，一旦发生战争，当网络的某一部分因遭受攻击而失去工作能力时，网络的其它部分应当能够维持正常通信。In 1968, the ARPA ARPAnet, confirming a project for this project based on such a dominant ideas: network must be able to withstand the test of failure and maintain normal work, in the event of war, when network a certain part of the lost their jobs because of the attack, the webs ability to other parts should be able to maintain normal communication.最初，ARPAnet主要用于军事研究目的，它有五大特点：Initially, the NCP is mainly used for military research purpose, it has five features: 支持资源(1) the support resources共享sharing； 采用(2) using分布式distributed控制技术；Control technology; 采用分组交换技术；(3) using packet switching technology; 使用(4) use通信控制处理机Communication control processor； 采用分层的the adopts hierarchy网络通信协议Network communication protocol。 1972年，ARPAnet在首届计算机In 1972, NCP in the first computer后台backstage通信国际会议上首次与公众见面，并验证了分组交换技术的可行性，由此，ARPAnet成为现代计算机网络诞生的标志。Communication with the public international conference, and the first time meet verified the feasibility of packet switching, thus, NCP become the birth of modern computer networks logo. ARPAnet在技术上的另一个重大贡献是TCP/IP协议簇的开发和使用。NCP in technology another major contribution is TCP/IP protocol suite of development and use. 1980年，ARPA投资把TCP/IP加进UNIX(BSD4.1版本)的内核中，在BSD4.2版本以后,TCP/IP协议即成为In 1980, ARPA investment TCP/IP BSD4.1 version of UNIX (added) kernel, in BSD4.2 version later, TCP/IP protocol which has becomeUNIX操作系统The UNIX operating system的标准通信模块。Standard communication module. 1982年，Internet由In 1982, by InternetARPAnetARPAnet，MILNET等几个计算机网络合并而成，作为Internet的早期骨干网，ARPAnet试验并奠定了Internet存在和发展的基础，较好地解决了异种机网络互联的一系列理论和技术问题。Several computer network, MILNET merger and become, as Internet early backbone, NCP tests and laid the foundation of the existence and the development of Internet to better solve the heterogeneous machine series of theory network connections and technical problems. 1983年，ARPAnet分裂为两部分：ARPAnet和纯军事用的MILNET。In 1983, the NCP splitting into two parts: the NCP and MILNET purely military use.该年1月，ARPA把TCP/IP协议作为ARPAnet的标准协议，其后，人们称呼这个以ARPAnet为主干网的网际互联网为Internet，TCP/IP协议簇便在Internet中进行研究，试验，并改进成为使用方便，效率极好的协议簇。This year in January, ARPA the TCP/IP protocol as the standard protocol, then NCP, people call it to the Internet for NCP the backbone for the Internet, the TCP/IP protocol suite was in the Internet for their research, experiments, and improved become easy to use, efficient excellent protocol suite.与此同时，局域网和其它Meanwhile, LAN and other广域网wan的产生和蓬勃发展对Internet的进一步发展起了重要的作用。And the formation of the vigorous development the further development of the Internet has played an important role.其中，最为引人注目的就是Among them, the most conspicuous is美国国家科学基金会The national science foundationNSF(National Science Foundation)建立的美国国家科学基金网NSFnet。NSF (National Science Foundation) established the National Science fund nets NSFnet. 1986年，In 1986,NSFNSF建立起了六大超级计算机中心，为了使全国的Set up six super computer center, in order to make the whole nation科学家scientists、工程师engineer能够共享这些超级计算机设施，NSF建立了自己的基于TCP/IP协议簇的计算机网络NSFnet。To share these super computer facilities, NSF and set up their own based on TCP/IP protocol suite of computer network NSFnet.NSF在全国建立了按地区划分的计算机广域网，并将这些地区网络和超级计算中心相联，最后将各超级计算中心互联起来。Established in according to the NSF the regional division wan, and will these areas network and supercomputing center connected, will ultimately each supercomputing center interconnected up.地区网的构成一般是由一批在地理上局限于某一地域，在管理上隶属于某一机构或在经济上有共同利益的用户的计算机互联而成，连接各地区网上主通信结点计算机的高速数据专线构成了NSFnet的主干网，这样，当一个用户的计算机与某一地区相联以后，它除了可以使用任一超级计算中心的设施，可以同网上任一用户通信，还可以获得网络提供的大量信息和数据。The composition is generally district nets by batch of geographically limited to a region, in the management of belonging to an agency or a common interest in economically the users computer networking and become, connecting the main areas of Internet communications nodes high-speed data line computer constitute the NSFnets backbone, so that, when a users computer associated with an area after it besides can use any supercomputing center facilities, can any user communication with online network offers, but also can get lots of information and data.这一成功使得NSFnet于1990年6月彻底取代了ARPAnet而成为Internet的主干网。The success made in June 1990 NSFnet completely replaced the NCP and become the Internet backbone. Internet今天The Internet todayl 近十年来，随着社会科技，For nearly a decade, along with the social science and technology,文化culture和and经济economic的发展，特别是Development, especially计算机网络技术The computer network technology和通信技术的大发展，随着人类社会从工业社会向信息社会过渡的趋势越来越明显，人们对信息的意识，对开发和使用信息资源的重视越来越加强，这些都强烈刺激了ARPAnet和NSFnet的发展，使联入这两个网络的主机和用户数目急剧增加，1988年，由NSFnet连接的计算机数就猛增到56000台，此后每年更以2到3倍的惊人速度向前发展，1994年，Internet上的主机数目达到了320万台，连接了世界上的35000个计算机网络。And communications technology development, with human society from industrial society to the information society is more and more obvious, the transition trend of information consciousness, people to develop and use information resources attention increasingly strengthen, these are strong stimulation of the NCP and NSFnet development, make the two network access the host and user number has increased dramatically, in 1988, the computer by NSFnet connection Numbers soared to Taiwan, then more 560 each year with 2 to 3 times the incredible speed of forward development, 1994, Internet hosts reached 320 million the number in the world, connecting the 35,000 computer network.现在，Internet上已经拥有5000多万个用户，每月仍以1015的数目向前增长，专家预测，到1998年，Internet 上的用户将突破1亿，到2000年，全世界将有100多万个网络，1亿台主机和超过10亿的用户。Now, the Internet has more than 5,000 million users, with monthly still with the number of 10-15% growth, experts predict, forward to 1998, Internet users will be on exceeded 100 million, in the year 2000, the world will have more than 100 million network, 100 million mobile host and more than 10 million users. 今天的Internet已不再是计算机人员和军事部门进行科研的领域，而是变成了一个开发和使用信息资源的覆盖全球的信息海洋。Todays Internet is no longer computer personnel and military departments for scientific research field, but became a development and use of information resources worldwide covered ocean of information.在Internet 上，按从事的业务分类包括了广告公司，航空公司，农业生产公司，艺术，导航设备，书店，化工，通信，计算机，咨询，娱乐，财贸，各类商店，旅馆等等100多类，覆盖了社会生活的方方面面，构成了一个信息社会的缩影。In the Internet, press of the business in the classifications including advertising company, airlines, agricultural production company, art and navigation equipment, bookstores, chemical industry, communication, computer, consulting, entertainment, finance &trade, all kinds of stores, hotels and so on more than 100 classes, covered all aspects of the social life, constitute a microcosm of the information society. 1995年，Internet开始大规模应用在商业领域。In 1995, the Internet started large-scale applications in business.当年，美国Internet业务的总营收额为10亿美元，预计1996年将会达到18亿美元。That year, American Internet business for the total income amount 10 billion us dollars, estimated in the 1996 will reach $18 billion.提供联机服务的供应商也从原先象America Online和ProdigyService这样的计算机公司发展到象AT&T、MCI、Pacific Bell等通信运营公司也参加进来。Provide Online service suppliers also from previously ProdigyService such as Online and on behalf of the computer company development to AT&T, MCI, Pacific as Bell and other communications operating company also participate. 由于商业应用产生的巨大需求，从Because of the huge demand for commercial use, produced from调制解调器modems到诸如Web服务器和浏览器的Internet 应用市场都分外红火。Such as Web browser and server to the Internet applications market are particularly thriving. 在Internet蓬勃发展的同时，其本身随着用户的需求的转移也发生着产品结构上的变化。In the Internet booming and at the same time, its itself with the transfer of the needs of users has also undergone a product structure change.1994年，所有的Internet软件几乎全是TCP/IP协议保，那时人们需要的是能兼容TCP/IP协议的In 1994, all the Internet software were almost all the TCP/IP protocol, when people need is can compatible with TCP/IP protocol网络体系结构Network architecture；;如今Internet重心已转向具体的应用，象利用WWW来做广告或进行联机贸易。Now the focus has turned to specific Internet applications, like using the WWW to advertising or online trade.Web是Internet上增长最快的应用，其用户已从1994年的不到400万激增至1995年的1000万。The Web is Internet fastest-growing application of its users already from 1994 to less than 400 million in the 10 million in 1995.Web站的数目1995年到三万个。The number of Web station in 1995 to 30,000. Internet已成为目前规模最大的国际性计算机网络。The Internet has become the largest international computer network. 今天，Internet已连接60,000多个网络，正式连接86个国家，Today, more than 60,000 Internet has connected network, formally linked to 86 countries,电子信箱E-mail能通达150多个国家，有480多万台主机通过它连接在一起，用户有2500多万，每天的信息More than 150 countries, can insight with 480 million host through it together, the customers have 25 million, the daily information流量flow达到万亿比特(terrabyte)以上，每月的电子信件突破10亿封。Achieve trillion bits (terrabyte) above, monthly electronic mail breakthrough 10 billion closure. 同时，Internet的应用业渗透到了各个领域，从学术研究到股票交易、从学校教育到娱乐游戏、从Meanwhile, the application of Internet permeated each domain, heritage from academic research to stock trading school education, from the entertainment games, from联机信息检索Online information retrieval到在线居家购物等，都有长足的进步。To online shopping, home we have made great progress.据统计，目前在Internet的域名分布中，.com-即商业所占比例最大，为41；According to statistics, at present in the Internet domain name distribution,. Com - namely, the largest commercial proportion for 41 percent;.edu-（科教）已退居二线，占有30分额。Science -