高中英语人教版必修2 unit3.doc

重点词汇signal【点拨】signal (v./n./adj.) 信号，暗号。1. Vt./Vi. Both sides have signaled their willingness to start negotiations.2. n. This will send the wrong signal to potential investors.3. Adj. The university has done me the signal honour of making me an Honorary Fellow.【拓展】signal achievement/success/failure to give a signal 发信号spoil【点拨】spoil (n./v.) 溺爱；赃物1. v. spoilt / spoiled The bad news has spoilt my day. 2. n. The thieves divided up the mon 【点拨】1.common adj. 普通的，常见的；共有的，共用的Smith is a common name in England. 英国在Smith是个很普通的名字。in common (with) ( 和 )一样have sth. in common (with) ( 与 )有共同之处They are brothers, but they have nothing in common. 他们虽是兄弟，但毫无共同之处。【拓展】have nothing in common with 无共同之处 have little in common with 几乎无共同之处 have something in common with 有一些共同之处 have a lot common with 有许多共同之处【辨析】common, ordinary, usual与general它们均有“普通的，常见的”的意思。common 侧重于“普遍；常见”，指许多事物或人共同具有而常见的性质。They can treat most of the common diseases他们可以治疗大部分常见的病ordinary 侧重于表示“平常；平凡；无奇特之处”That morning he came earlier than usual, for it was not an ordinary day.那天早上他起得比平常早，因为那天是一个不寻常的日子。usual 指从时间和频度上讲通常发生的事情或一种习惯。Tea is considered to be the usual drink of British people茶被认为是英国人的日常饮料。general 表示在大多数人或物中流行并受到关注，还有“总体的，概括的”的意思general knowledge 一般知识solve【点拨】solve. v. 解决, 解答This problem is too difficult for me to solve. 这个问题太难解决不了Hes good at solving crossword puzzles 他善于解答纵横字谜。With the help of his friends , he finally solved the problem.在朋友的帮助下，他终于解决了这个问题【拓展】solution n. 解答；解决(办法)a solution to the problem 问题的解决方法 anyhow【点拨】anyhow = anyway不管怎样.Anyway I must finish the work today. 不管怎样我必须今天完成这项工作Type【点拨】type.1) n. 类型This is a new type of machine, with lots of meters on it.这是一种新型的机器, 上面有许多仪表。2) v. 打字你帮我打一下这封信好吗?Will you please type this letter for me?【拓展】type:表示各项事物在本类中都是典型的。kind:特指在分类中能放在一起的性质相同且相似的一类事物。follow【点拨】follow. v.跟随；沿着；听懂；遵循；听从follow ones instructions 执行(某人的)指令 Follow this road, and youll get there. 沿着这条路走，你就会到那儿。【拓展】 follow the customs of 遵从。的习俗 with sb. followed 某人紧随其后 calculate【点拨】calculate. vt. 计算，估计He hasnt calculate the result.他还没有计算出结果。be calculated for 打算，为适合。而设计calculate on / upon 依靠，指望【拓展】calculable adj.可估计的，可计算的calculating. adj. 有心计的，精明的calculation n 计算；估计，推测calculator n 计算器calculated adj. 精心策划的；蓄意的personally【点拨】personally adv. 就自己而言; 就我个人来说 She didnt like the plan, but personally I see nothing wrong with it.她不喜欢这项计划, 但我本人觉得没什么不好的。【拓展】person (n)-personal (adj.)-personally (adv)person n 人 personal adj. 私人的，个人的，亲自的 personally adv.亲自，个人认为personally speaking 我个人认为，以我的看法来说generally speaking 一般而言frankly speaking 坦率地说arise【点拨】arise (arose，arisen) vi.出现；发生Accidents arise from carelessness.事故由粗心大意引起。New difficulties will arise from such situation.那种状况将会产生新的难题。【拓展】辨析：arise；arouse；rise与raiseThe sun rises in the east and sets in the west.太阳从东方升起西方落下。The price of wheat has risen/has been raised since the last summer.自从去年夏天以来，麦子的价格已经涨了/被涨上来了重点短语 In a way【点拨】in a/one way 在某种程度上, 从某种意义上说从某种程度上来说, 他的英语有进步。In a way, his English has improvedin the way on the/ones way (to) 在(去)的路上by the way 顺便提一下 in no way 决不all the way 自始自终;完全地in this way 用这种方法【拓展】与in a way同义的词组有in one way 和in some ways。容易与之混淆的词组是in the way意为“造成阻碍”，请比较：In a way, I like this new textbook very much从某种程度上说, 我很喜欢这本新教材。 Im afraid your bike is in the way 看来你的自行车挡着道了。go by 【点拨】go by经过(某地)；(时间)过去；(机会等)失去；遵循，依据办事 go by = passA car went by at full speed. 一辆汽车全速驶过。【拓展】Pass by 意为“从。旁边经过”。go on 表示“进展；进行情况”有时也可以表示时间的过去（侧重于过程）。go by 也可意为“按。行事，从。来看”go by the rules 按规定办事go by looks 根据表情判断as a result【点拨】as a result 结果，因此。It doesnt often rain in summer. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden.这儿夏天不常下雨，因此，我们不得不给菜园浇水。as a result(=therefore ) 因此（+结果）As a result of(=because of) 因为（+ 原因(名词，代词，动名词)He got up late. As a result, he was late for the class.He was late for the class as a result of getting up late.【拓展】result from .由。导致；源于。result in 导致。Success results from hard work. 成功来自努力。Hard work results in success. 努力终会成功。deal with【点拨】deal with 1) 处理,解决,安排we must deal with this problem as soon as possible.2) 对待,对付,宾语是人Deal with a man as he deals with you3)谈论，涉及The book deals with the questions of maths【拓展】 比较deal with与do with的用法：What will you do with these green apples? 你用这些青苹果做什么？ I dont know how to deal with these boring problems. 我不知道如何处理这些烦人的问题。do with的do是及物动词中，表示如何“处置”，常与what连用，what是do的宾语；而deal with中的deal是不及物动词，表示如何应付或安排什么，常用how，how是deal with的状语。 那位新老师不知道如何对待班上的学生。The new teacher didnt know how to deal with the students in the class.她不知应该如何处理她父亲留下的东西。She didnt know what to do with the things her father had left.after all【点拨】after all1) 终究； 毕竟I know he hasnt finished the work, but after all, hes done his best.我知道他没有完成工作，但是毕竟他已经尽力了。2) 尽管After all our advice, he insists on going. 尽管我们建议了，但是他仍然坚持执行。【拓展】all组成的其它重点短语above/ beyond all 最重要的是，首先；尤其是，特别是at all 完全，全然；究竟；竟然；在任何程度上I didnt enjoy it at all. 我一点都不喜欢它。first of all 首先in all 总计；总的说来There were twelve of us in all for dinner. 我们一共12人去用餐worst of all 最最/特别/最糟糕的是Not at all. 一点也不；根本不；哪儿的话；别客气；没有什么。Thats all. 没有别的了；完了；没了别的办法。make up【点拨】make up1） 化妆She spent an hour making (herself) up before the party. 她花了一个小时的时间来给自己化妆。2) 形成、 构成或组成What are the qualities that make up her character? 她的人物性格是什么？3) 将几种东西放在一起She made up a basket of food for the picnic. 她把野餐的食物都放在篮子里了。4) 铺（床）；支起（临时床） We made up the bed in the spare room for our guest.我们在空房间为客人支起临时的床。5) 捏造、虚构某事（尤指为欺骗某人） I couldnt remember a story to tell the children, so I made one up as I went along.我不记得讲给小朋友的故事了，所以我编造了一个。6) 与某人和解或和好Has he made it up with her yet? 他已经和她和好了。【拓展】1) be made up of. 作“由组成的”解， 是被动形式。 This team is made up of ten players. 这个队伍是由10个队员组成。2) be made of 意为“由做成”，该短语指成品中可以看出原材料。These bottles are made of glass. 这些瓶子是由玻璃制成。3) be made from 意为“由做成”，指成品制成后，已看不出原材料。 Gas is made from coal. 天然气是由煤制成。4) be made into意为“被做成”，该短词指某种原料制成某种成品。 Stone can be made into bridges. 石头可以被制成桥。5) be made in意为“在制造”，强调产地。This kind of watch is made in China. 这种表是在中国制造。6) be made by意为“由制造” 强调动作发出者。 This kind of TV set is made by the factory . 这种电视是由这个厂家制造。重点句型It will be+时间段+ before 【点拨】It will be+时间段+ before 之后才It will be five years before we could meet again. 要五年之后我们才能相见 It will be not long before 不久就It is not long before class comes to an end. 不久就要下课了！ How long it will be before class comes to an end. 什么时候才下课？.Itll be three weeks before he comes back. 要过三周他才回来 He became angry before I could explain to him我还没来得及向他解释，他就生气了。so/suchthat【点拨】so.that.结果是，以至于，so是副词，后面要跟形容词或副词，其用法如下：The problem is so difficult that nobody can work it out.这道题太难，没有一个人能解出来。It was so hot a day that nobody wanted to do anything.(It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything.)天气如此热，谁也不想干活。There are so many people in the street that I cant get through.街上有这么多人我过不去。I had so little money that I was unable to buy anything.Tom had so much homework to do that he had to go to bed late in the evening.I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.【拓展】He caught such a bad cold that he coughed day and night.他得了重感冒以致日夜咳嗽。It was such fine weather that we had a picnic together.天气那么好我们一起去野餐了。(2)当so./such.放在句首时，主句要用部分倒装。So fast did the teacher speak that I couldnt follow him.(The teacher spoke so fast that I could not follow him.)那个老师说得太快，我听不懂。There are/were times whenThere was a time when .【点拨】There are/were times when有段时期；有时常会 There was a time when . 曾经一度;有一段时间 There was a time when the star was popular with the young people.曾经有段时间这个明星很受年轻人欢迎。【拓展】at one time过去曾经，一度”，用于一般过去时态 at a time “一次，每次”或“在某个时候” at times “有时，不时”，相当于from time to time或sometimesat one time, at a time, at timesTake two pills at a time 一次吃两片药At one time women were looked down upon.过去曾经妇女被看不起He receives letters from his parents at times 他不时地能收到父母的来信At one time they were good friends.他们曾经是好朋友巩固练习完成句子1.人们认为我头脑简单，直到发现我有人工智能时，他们才不这么想了。However, people thought I _until they discovered I _2.我喜欢被相距遥远不能交谈的人们用来彼此联系。I _used to connect people_ to speak to each other.3.我没想到你现在会在这里。I never_ now.4.她电脑用得很好， 现在很少用纸和笔写字了.She uses the computer _ she seldom /doesnt _a pen and paper.5.但是我总是孤独地立在那里，直到60年代早期，他们把我与因特网连在了一起。But I was always _by myself, until _, they gave me a family connected by a network.6.从我出生以来。我就是真心真意地为人类服务而构建自己的。I have truly been built to _ since my birth.7.大多数人认为美国队会打赢。_ the US team will win the game.8.从某种程度上，她的英语有进步，但对她来说，道路还很长。_, her English has improved but _单项选择 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。1 Running a company is not _ a matter of hiring peoplethey also need to be trained Asimply Bpartly Cseriously Dequally2 I observed a number of _ children who were taken out of a special class and placed in a regular class Aintelligent Bcompetent Cordinary Dindependent3 By the time he realizes he _ into a trap，itll be too late for him to do anything about it Awalks Bwalked Chas walked Dhad walked4 _ hungry I am，I never seem to be able to finish off this loaf of bread AWhatever BWhenever CWherever DHowever5 Jenny nearly missed the flight _ doing too much shopping Aas a result of Bon top of Cin front of Din need of6 Im certain Davids told you his business troubles_ its no secret that he owes a lot of money to the bank AHowever BAnyway CTherefore DThough7So difficult _ it to live in an English-speaking country that I determined to learn English well AI have felt Bhave I felt CI did feel Ddid I feel8Im sorry youve been waiting so longbut itll still be some time _ Brian gets back Abefore Bsince Ctill Dafter9The mainland _ fresh water and vegetables _ people in Hong Kong every day Aprovides；for Bprovides；with Csupplies；for Doffers；with10As you know，men，women and children are _Aman Bhuman beings Chuman races Dman kinds语法讲解被动语态的概念1. 英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。2. 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者例如：Many people speak Chinese.3. 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受着。例如：上句可变为_Chinese is spoken by many people.为什么要用被动语态？ a) 当关注的是事情本身而不是动作的执行者，或者根本不知道动作的执行者时。如: The meeting was put off. My car has been moved. b) 动作的执行者很明确时或强调承受者时。 The ceremony was reported in the news last night. If you break the school rules, you will be punished. c) 当动作的执行者是“people”或 “one” 时。 He is believed to have invented the computer. Advertisements are seen everywhere.d) 修辞的需要，为了使句子更加简练、匀称 主动变被动一般规律All the people laughed at him. 所有人都嘲笑他。He was laughed at by all the people. 他被所有人嘲笑They make the bikes in the factory. 他们在工厂生产自行车。The bikes are made by them in the factory. 这些自行车被他们在工厂生产。They sold out the tickets. 他们卖完了票。The tickets were sold out. 票被卖光了。规则： 1. 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。 2. 把谓语变成被动结构（be过去分词）3. 把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后做宾语，将主格改为宾格。现在完成时的被动语态2. 七种被动语态形式1) 一般现在时的被动语态 (am/is/are+ 过去分词） 如: The work is done during two days.2) 一般过去时的被动语态 (was/were+ 过去分词） 如: He was sent to the hospital immediately after the accident.3) 一般将来时的被动语态 (will/shall + be + 过去分词或 + be going to + be + 过去分词） 如: The work will be finished soon.4) 现在进行时的被动语态 (is/am/are + being+ 过去分词） 如: The bridge is now being constructed5) 现在完成时的被动语态 (have/has +been + 过去分词） 如: The radio has been repaired when we phoned the shop.6) 带情态动词的被动语态 (情态动词 + be + 过去分词) 如: This can be done in a few minutes.7) 动词不定式的被动式 (to be + 过去分词) 如: It is an honor for me to be askedto speak here. 现在完成时的被动语态现在完成时的被动语态表示动作发生在过去, 到现在已经完成或对现在仍有影响, 其构成是: have/has been + done。例如：1. The dirty clothes have been washed. 脏衣服都已经洗了。现在完成时被动态：have / has + been + 动词过去分词现在完成进行时：have / has + been + 动词现在分词它们的构成的区别在最后的动词上, 被动态接的是过去分词形式, 现在完成进行时接的是现在分词形式。1. 主语是行为动作的承受者。如： The Temple of Zhang Fei has been rebuilt. 张飞庙已经过重建。2. 说话时已经完成的动作或出现的结果。如: The door has been locked. 门已经被锁上了。（我或别人现在进不去）3. 动作或状态始于过去, 持续到现在, 并可能持续下去。如： He has been told about it for many times. 有人告诉他这事很多次了。（可能还会有人告诉他）4. 用在时间和条件状语从句中, 表示将来某时已完成的动作。如：Well start as soon as the work has been finished. 工作一完成我们就立即动身。 注意:1. 副词的位置 often, usually, always, never, hardly, seldom等副词置于have/has和been中间。如: 误 Such a man has been hardly believed. 正 Such a man has hardly been believed.2. 并不是所有动词都有被动语态 1) happen, take place, break out, belong to, cost, last等不及物动词或词组无被动语态。如： 误 Great changes have been taken place in China since 1978. 正 Great changes have taken place in China since 1978.2) open, break, drop等不强调动作发出者时常用主动语态。如：误 The door has been opened of itself.正 The door has opened of itself.3. 短语动词不可分割或省略其中的介词或副词。如： The SARS patients have been taken good care of.4. 一些特殊动词, 如borrow, finish, begin, buy, start, return, marry, open, join等构成的现在完成时的被动语态不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。若要表达相应的意思， 则需改换动词或时态。如：My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.How long has this book been bought? How long ago was this book bought? 巩固练习把下列句子变成被动语态c) Mary has locked the door. _d) She has told me about the story._ _3. I have read this book many times._4. We have completed all the preparations for the task, and were ready to start._5. This company has produced new types of computers _单选 1.-Flight 302 to London_ until 7:30 tomorrow morning.-No wonder I hear so many complaints from the passengers. Ahas been delayedBdelayCdelayedDwill be delayed2.The window is dirty. I know. It _ forweeks. A. hasnt clean B. didnt clean C. wasnt cleaned D. hasnt been cleaned3.Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen for the money-making jobs they _ before leaving their hometowns.A. promised B. were promised C. have promised D. have been promised4._David and Vicky_ married? For about three years.A. How long were; being B. How long have; gotC. How long have; been D. How long did; get5.Millions of pounds worth of damage_ by