文化遗产——丽江稿.doc

IntroductionThe Old Town of Lijiang is also known as Dayan Town in Lijiangba. It is an intact city inhabited mostly by Naxi ethnic people and covers an area of 1.5 square kilometers. The Old Town of Lijiang was first built in Southern Song Dynasty in 1253, by Kublai (the first emperor of the Yuan Dynasty),who was stationed here on his march into the south. In Ming and Qing dynasties, it became much larger. Lijiang is widely renowned as an ancient city built in a simple and artistic style with scientifically laid out. There is a square in its center. It was listed as a national historical and cultural city in 1986. The Old Town of Lijiang is surrounded by Lion Mountain in the west and by Elephant and Golden Row Mountains in the north. These mountains in the northwest, shelter it from the cold wind. In the southeast, there are fertile fields, which are dozens of kilometers long. The city is favored with plentiful sunlight, an east wind and clear spring water which flows in three streams and reaches every family. Historical records丽江古镇始建于宋元，由丽江木氏先祖将统治中心由白沙迁至现狮子山。至今已有八百多年的历史。丽江古城地处滇、川、藏交通要道，古时候频繁的商旅活动，促使当地人丁兴旺，很快成为远近闻名的集市和重镇。一般认为丽江建城始于宋末元初。Lijiang ancient town was built in song dynasty, by the Lijiang mus ancestors. So far more than 800 years of history. Old Town of Lijiang is located in Yunnan, Sichuan,In ancient times, frequent business activities made the local have a flourishing population, soon became known as the market town. Its generally believed that the construction of the Lijiang city began in the late Song and early Yuan dynasty.明末徐霞客的滇游日记曾写丽江古镇中木氏土司宫邸“宫室之丽，拟于王者”。城区则“居庐骈集，萦城带谷”、“民房群落，瓦屋栉比”，可见当时丽江古镇已有名。In Ming dynasty, Xu Xiake wrote in Yunnan tour diary that the Mu Palace is palace of ancient town in Lijiang,the one to be the king.which can be seen at the time Lijiang has been a famous town in ancient times.丽江古镇曾是明朝丽江军民府和清朝丽江府的府衙署所在地，明朝称大研厢，清朝称大研里，民国以后改称大研镇。Lijiang town worked as Lijiang palace and was in offical location in the Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, which is called Dayan compartment in the Ming Dynasty, and was called Dayan in Qing Dynasty, later renamed the Republic of China town with the name of Dayan town.古城建设The ancient city construction1986年12月，丽江古镇因为集中体现了纳西文化的精华，并完整地保留了宋、元以来形成的历史风貌，被国务院列为中国历史文化名城。In 1986 December, Lijiang town was listed by the State Council to be the Chinas historical and cultural city.1997年12月4日在意大利那不勒斯召开的联合国教科文组织世界遗产委员会第21次全体会议上根据文化遗产遴选标准C(II)(IV)被列入世界文化遗产名录。In December 4, 1997 the United Nations in Italy Naples at the UNESCO World Heritage Committee in the twenty-first plenary meeting, included the LIJIANG in the World Heritage list according to cultural heritage criteria .2011年7月6日云南省丽江市丽江古城景区被国家旅游局评定为国家5A级旅游景区。The July 6, 2011 Lijiang city in Yunnan Province, the Old Town of Lijiang scenic spot was given the title of 5A class tourist attractions by the National Tourism Administration .Famous scenic spots古街Old streets丽江街道依山势而建，顺水流而设，质感细腻，以红色角砾岩（五花石）铺就，雨季不泥泞、旱季不飞灰，石上花纹图案自然雅致，质感细腻，与整个城市环境相得益彰。四方街是一个大约4000平方米的梯形小广场。The streets are paved with the local stone slabs, which do not get muddy in the rainy season and are free of dust in the dry season. Many stone bridges and arches in the city were built during the Ming and Qing dynasties. Orderly roads and lanes extend to four directions from the central square. Residential houses are made of timber; most have a screen wall in front and some have a quadruple courtyard.and local people plant flowers in their courtyards. 古桥Ancient bridges在丽江古城区内的玉河水系上，飞架有354座桥梁，其密度为平均每平方公里93座。形式有廊桥（风雨桥）、石拱桥、石板桥、木板桥等。较著名的有锁翠桥、大石桥、万千桥、南门桥、马鞍桥、仁寿桥，均建于明清时期。In the Old Town of Lijiang District, there are over 354 bridges, its density is 93 per square kilometer.there are many different forms of bridges such as, 廊桥（风雨桥）、石拱桥、石板桥、木板桥 etc. There are also more famous ones like锁翠桥、大石桥、万千桥、南门桥、马鞍桥、仁寿桥,which were built in the Ming and Qing dynasties.大石桥为古城众桥之首，位于四方街东向100米，由明代木氏土司所建4，因从桥下中河水可看到玉龙雪山倒影，又名映雪桥。该桥系双孔石拱桥，拱圈用板岩石支砌，桥长10余米，桥宽近4米，桥面用传统的五花石铺砌，坡度平缓，便于两岸往来。In the ancient city , Dashiqiao is the first bridge, located in the Square Street eastbound 100 meters,which was built by the Ming Dynasty chieftain mu, because, under the bridge in the river we can see Jade Dragon Snow Mountains reflection, so ,it is also known as Yingxue bridge. The bridge is a double hole stone arch bridge,the bridge is 10 meters long, 4 meters wide, bridge deck with traditional streaky stone, gentle slope, convenient cross-strait exchanges.MuMU 木府MU family木府原系丽江世袭土司木氏衙署，“略备于元，盛于明”。历经战乱动荡，1998年春重建，并在府内设立了古城博物院。The wooden house was formerly the Lijiang hereditary MUs office. After the war,reconstruction and the establishment of the city museum in the house was in the spring of 1998.修复重建的木府占地46亩，坐西向东，沿中轴线依地势建有忠义坊、义门、前议事厅、万卷楼、护法殿、光碧楼、玉音楼、三清殿、配殿、阁楼、戏台、过街楼、家院、走廊、宫驿等15幢，大大小小计162间。衙内挂有几代皇帝钦赐的十一块匾额，上书“忠义”、“诚心报国”、“辑宁边境”等。有人评价：“木府是凝固的丽江古乐，是当代的创世史诗。”Reconstruction of the wooden house covers an area of 46 acres, sitting West to East, along the axis in the square. residential style建筑概貌束河建筑群Shuhe Construction Group束河依山傍水，民居房舍错落有致。街头有一潭泉水，称为“九鼎龙潭”，又称“龙泉”。青龙河从束河村中央穿过，建于明代的青龙桥横跨其上。青龙桥高4米、宽45米、长23米，是丽江境内最大的石拱桥。桥束侧建有长32米、宽27米的四方广场，形制与丽江古城四方街相似，同样可以引水洗街。Shuhe yard, the folk houses were well-proportioned. There was a spring street, known as the Jiuding Longtan, also known as the Longquan. the Shuhe central village with Qinglong river across from it ,and was built in the Ming Dynasty . The Bridge is 4 meters high, 4.5 meters wide, 23 meters long,it is Lijiangs largest stone arch bridge. In Bridge beam side, there is a square with 32 meters long.青龙河从束河村中央穿过，建于明代的青龙桥横跨其上。青龙桥高4米、宽4.5米、长23米，门票：50元白沙建筑群White buildings白沙民居建筑群位于大研古城北8公里处，曾是宋元时期丽江政治经济文化的中心。白沙民居建筑群分布在一条南北走向的主轴上，中心有一个梯形广场，四条巷道从广场通向四方。民居铺面沿街设立，一股清泉由北面引入广场，然后融入民居群落，极具特色。白沙民居建筑群形成和发展为后来丽江大研古城的布局奠定了基础。Baisha residential buildings are located in the ancient town with 8 kilometers north of Lijiang,which was also a political economic and cultural center of the song and Yuan dynasties. The White House Group Distributes on a north-south axis, the center has a ladder square, four tunnels from square to square. The establishment of houses is along the street pavement, a clear spring from the north into the square, and then into the residential community. And development has laid the foundation for the later Lijiang Dayan ancient city .纳西族建筑Naxi architecture纳西民居大多为土木结构，比较常见的形式有以下几种：Naxi houses are mostly civil structure,there are more common forms as the following:三坊一照壁、四合五天井、前后院、一进两院等几种形式。其中，坊一照壁是丽江纳西民居中最基本、最常见的民居形式。在结构上，一般正房一坊较高，方向朝南，面对照壁。主要供老人居住；东西厢略低，由下辈居住；天井供生活之用，多用砖石铺成，常以花草美化。如有临街的房屋，居民将它作为铺面。农村的三坊一照壁民居在功能上与城镇略有不同。一般来说三坊皆两层，朝东的正房一坊及朝南的厢房一坊楼下住人，楼上作仓库，朝北的一坊楼下当畜厩，楼上贮藏草料。天井除供生活之用外，还兼供生产（如晒谷子或加工粮食）之用，故农村的天井稍大，地坪光滑，不用砖石铺成。此外，纳西民居中最显著的一个特点是，不论城乡，家家房前都有宽大的厦子（即外廊）。Three Zhaobi square, four in five yards. Before or after school, entered the house,you can observe several kinds. Among them, Zhaobi square is the most basic,which is the most common form of residential areas in Lijiang Naxi folk residence. This kind of structure, the general house usually faces the wall. Mainly for the elderly living; while the others is slightly lower, for future generations living; the patio for daily use is the brick, often with flowers and butterfly. If there is a house facing the street, residents will use it as pavement. Generally three square are two layer, building a square and South East Wing of a workshop downstairs, upstairs are used as a warehouse. For a long time, the Naxi people in respect of nature, advocating culture, learn and absorb the excellent traditional culture of other nations of advanced. This tradition particularly has a great influence on the architecture art.The world heritage evaluation世界遗产评定委员会在推荐丽江古城为世界遗产时这样说：The World Heritage Committee recommended evaluation in Old Town of Lijiang as a world heritage site said:古城丽江把经济和战略重地与崎岖的地势巧妙地融合在一起，真实、完美地保存和再现了古朴的风貌。古城的建筑历经无数朝代的洗礼，饱经沧桑，它融汇了各个民族的文化特色而声名远扬。丽江还拥有古老的供水系统，这一系统纵横交错、精巧独特，至今仍在有效地发挥着作用。The ancient city of Lijiang, the economic and strategic importance and rugged terrain skillfully together, hold true, perfectly and reproduction of of primitive simplicity. The citys architecture through many dynasties of baptism, vicissitudes, which embodies the national culture characteristic and the notorious. Lijiang also has a water supply system of old, this system arranged in a crisscross pattern, exquisite and unique, still play a role in effectively.它的存在为人类城市建设史的研究、人类民族发展史的研究提供了宝贵资料，是珍贵的文化遗产，是中国乃至世界的瑰宝，符合加入世界遗产名录理由。It exists for city construction history of human studies, the development history of the human race provided valuable data, is a precious cultural heritage, is the treasure in China and even the world, meet the World Heritage List reason.2005年10月23日，中国最美的地方排行榜在京发布。此次活动由中国国家地理主办，全国34家媒体协办的“中国最美的地方”评选活动，历时8个月，共评出“专家学会组”、“媒体大从组”与“网络手机人气组”三类奖项。“媒体组”与“人气组”分别以媒体投票及网友、手机用户投票的方式各产生12个获奖地方。而由中国国家地理杂志社浓墨重彩推出的“专家学会组”奖项则别具一格，评选出的中国最美的六大乡村古镇中就有久负盛名的丽江大研古镇。（二）丽江古城充分体现了中国古代城市建设的成就(two) the Old Town of Lijiang city construction fully reflects the ancient Chinese accomplishment有别于中国任何一座王城，丽江古城未受“方九里，旁三门，国中九经九纬，经途九轨”的中原建城影响。城中无规矩的道路网，无森严的城墙，古城布局中的三山为屏、一川相连；水系利用中的三河穿城、家家流水；街道布局中“经络”设置和“曲、幽、窄、达”的风格；建筑物的依山就水、错落有致。They are different from any of palace in China,No rules of the road network, non fortified walls, the ancient city layout in Sanshan screen is all a connected; water use in the three rivers run through the city, every household lives on water; （三）丽江古城民居是中国民居中具有鲜明特色和风格的类型之一(three) the Old Town of Lijiang residence is one of the types with distinct characteristics and style of Chinese folk house in The town, the building itself is the materialized form of social life, government office, residential construction, they can reflect the national and regional economic culture, customs and religious beliefs. The Old Town of Lijiang houses in its layout, structure and other aspects according to its concrete conditions and traditional habits, combined with the traditional Han and Bai, Tibetan dwellings, and in the seismic, sunshade, rainproof, ventilation, decoration and other aspects of the bold, innovative development, formed a unique style, distinctive lies no unification the body of evidence, poor in intelligence,natural and simple creativity, for quite a long time and specific areas on the development of Naxi ethnic minority has a dramatic impact. Lijiang residence is an important heritage of Chinese architectural history as well as culture history.（四）丽江古城是自然美与人工美，艺术与适用经济的有机统一体(four) Old Town of Lijiang is the natural beauty and artificial beauty, organic unity of art and applicable economic丽江古城是古城风貌整体保存完好的典范。依托三山而建的古城，与大自然产生了有机的统一，古城瓦屋，鳞次栉比，四周苍翠的青山，把紧连成片的古城紧紧环抱。城中民居朴实生动的造型、精美雅致的装饰是纳西族文化与技术的结晶。古城所包涵的艺术来源于纳西人民对生活的深刻理解，体现人民群众的聪明智慧，是地方民族文化技术交流融汇的产物，是中华民族宝贵建筑遗产的重要组成部分。Old Town of Lijiang is the ancient city of whole well preserved example. Relying on the mountain and the ancient city, the organic unity of nature, and the ancient city of Wa Wu, rows of green mountains lay around the ancient city. The house is simple and of vivid style, the elegant decoration is the crystallization of the Naxi culture and technology. The city contains art originated from the Naxi peoples profound understanding of life, the thing that reflects the peoples intelligence, is the product of local ethnic culture and technology exchange,which is an important part of Chinese national precious architectural heritage.（五）丽江古城包容着丰富的民族传统文化，是研究人类文化发展的重要史料(five) the Old Town of Lijiang contains rich traditional culture, which is the important materials for the study of the development of human culture.丽江古城的繁荣已有800多年的历史，它己逐渐成为滇西北经济文化中心，为文化的发展提供了良好的环境条件。不论是古城的街道、广场牌坊、水系、桥梁还是民居装饰、庭院小品、槛联匾额、碑刻条石，无不渗透地方人的文化修养和审美情趣，无不充分体现地方宗教、美学、文学等多方面的文化内涵、意境和神韵，展现历史文化的深厚和丰富内容。The prosperity of Old Town of Lijiang has a history of over 800 years, it has gradually become the Northwest Yunnan Economic and cultural center, provides a good environment for the development of culture. No matter is the ancient city streets, square church, river, bridge or house decoration, garden pieces, sill couplets and tablets, stone, permeates local peoples cultural cultivation and aesthetic taste, without fully reflect local religion, aesthetics, literature and other aspects of cultural connotation, artistic conception and charm, show the history and culture of the deep and rich content.（六）关于丽江古城的真实性登高揽胜，5你可看古城形势。古城巧妙地利用了地形，西有狮子山，北有象山、金虹山，背西北而向东南，避开了雪山寒气，接引东南暖风，藏风聚气，占尽地利之便。Take a spot, you can see the ancient city situation . The ancient city was of clever use of terrain, the West has the lion mountain, north of Xiangshan, Jin Hong Shan, back the north-west to south-east, avoid the snow capped mountains cold, connecting southeast wind, take advantage of the wind of gas reservoir.临河就水，你可观古城水情。古城充分利用泉水之便，使玉河水在城中一分为三，三分成九，再分成无数条水渠。使之主街傍河、小巷临渠，使古城清净而充满生机。 The ancient city make full use of spring, the river in the city was divided into three, three into nine, and then divided into numerous canals. The main street stands along the river,making the ancient city pure and full of vitality.走街入院，你可欣赏古城建筑。古城建筑全为古朴的院落民居，房屋构造简造、粗犷，而庭院布置和房屋细部装饰丰富而细腻，居民喜植四时花木，形成人与自然的美好和谐。Go down the street to the hospital, you can enjoy the ancient city buildings. The ancient city building are all ancient courtyard houses, housing construction was simply made, rough, and the courtyard layout and details of