2012 语法辅导.doc

2012级研究生课程班 赵伟礼主讲2012 研究生课程班 语法复习I. 主谓一致1). Professor Pole, together with ten of his students and all his assistants, (is, are) working at the lab.2). The director, accompanied by the managers, (is, are) inspecting the newly-built factory. 3). My father as well as my mother and my sister (is, are) enjoying the vacation abroad.2. 物质名词4). A lot of milk (was , were) poured into the sea. 5). Too much salt (does, do) you no good. 3. 量词6). Every boy and girl (know, knows) the rule of game. 7). Much time (has, have) been wasted in talking without doing. 8). The whole house (has, have) to be renovated. 9). A great deal of gold (has, have) been mined illegally and smuggled out of the country. 10). The majority of the committee members (is, are) for the proposal.11). The minority of the students (is, are) against this regulation.4. 连接词连接两个成分12). Neither she nor I (am, is) planning to go abroad. 13). Not only the coach but also the players (is, are) greatly disappointed. 14). The pilot as well as some of the passengers (has, have) miraculously survived the cras5. There 句型15). There (has, have) little rain today. 16). There (exist, exists) much to be learned about the various grains and their value to humans and animals6. 从句作主语17). That reading detective stories is more fun than reading an essay on philosophy (is, are) obvious. = It (is, are) obvious that reading detective stories is more fun than reading an essay on philosophy 18). Who is responsible for these accidents (is , are) not yet clear. 19). What he has done and why he has done it (is, are) questions only he himself can answer. 7. 强调句20). It is my brother that (has, have) devised the scheme. 21). It is her friends that (has, have) been to many countries.8. 其他22). More than one suggestion (have, has ) been made.23). More than one (have, has ) been discussed.24. Electronics (is, are) Greek to me.25. The New York Times (is, are )available to big cities.26. The Philippines (is, are ) one of the south-eastern countries.II. 动词我想去看打球。(如何翻译?)1. 用法（1）只能用不定式作宾语的动词有：l 1). promise l 2). plan l 3). refuse l 4). fail l 5). hesitate l 6). expect (2）只能用动名词作宾语的动词有：l 7). suggest l 8). enjoy l 9). quit l 10). void l 11). finish l 12). risk l 13). deny l 14). consider l 15). Would you mind l 16). cant help l 17). I dont fancy (3) 两者均可，意思差别不大18). begin, start ( to do, doing ) sth.19). like, prefer , love20). hate (4) 两者均可，意思差别很大1). l 21). stop reading; stop to readl 22). leave off reading; leave off to read2). l 23). try to taste the mangol 24). try taking the Chinese herbal medicine3). l 25). mean to go bowling l 26). It means doing the right thing.4).l 27). remember + to call her after the meetingl 28). remember + calling her l 注：remember; forget; regret 5. 词组中“to”是介词时 29). look forward to 31). object to 32). submitted to 33). amounts to 34). resorted to)6. 视觉的动词 看日出/ 看日落 (look at; see; watch) + the sunrise/ sunset 35). look at / see / watch sb. (to do; do; doing) sth. 36). somebody is seen (to do; do; doing) sth.7. 听觉的动词 37). listen to / hear sb. (to do; do; doing) sth. 38). somebody is heard (to do; do; doing) sth.8. 使役动词 39). make/ let/ have sb. do sth. 40). somebody is made (to do; do) sth.II. 动词 (时态) 1). Between one thing and another, my sister (does, did) not finish tying her paper last night. 2). The meeting (will take , took) place a fortnight ago tomorrow.（会议在两星期之前的明天举行。） 3). (Did, Do) you mean what you say yesterday evening?4). We havent met each other since she (leave, left) Guangzhou 5). Ill go with you on a holiday if classes for next week (are, will be)cancelled. 6). My boyfriend .A. has forever admired me.B. forever admired me.C. was forever admiring me.D. is forever admiring me.7). By six oclock tonight he (will leave, will have left) for Beijing. 8). By the time you come back we (will have graduated, will graduate). 9). My train arrives in New York at eight oclock tonight. The plane I would like to take from there by then. A. would leave B. has left C. will have left D. had left10). They fulfilled the project earlier than they . A. have expected B. had expected C. were expecting D. expected11). This soup sour. A. is tasted B. are tasted C. taste D. tastes smell bad/ good; touch smooth feel strange; look crazyIII. 虚拟语气 从句主句 If + would 1). If the soup had more salt in it, it would taste better. If I had met him in the street, I would not have recognized him. 3). If I were to live up to 200 years old, I would change my present way of life. 注：should; were to; 动词过去时（与将来时间相反） 4).If he came next week, he would still be able to meet us. 2. 省if 的句型A. 5). If I were in your position, I would not quit now. = Were I in your position, I would not quit now. 6). If you had not given me your help, I would not have completed my thesis. = Had you not given me your help, I would not have completed my thesis.B. without7). Without air and water, there (will be, would) no life on earth. 8). Without your help, I would not have completed my thesis. =If I had not given me your help, I would not have completed my thesis. C. but for9). But for your help I (had not found , would not have found) the place. D. Otherwise10). I dont know his address; . A. otherwise I will write to him B. otherwise I would write to him C. otherwise I had written to him D. otherwise I would have written to him3. 混合型 11). If you that DVD movie last night, you wouldnt be sleepy. A. havent watched B. hadnt watched C. didnt watch D. wouldnt have watched 12). I would have rung you but the telephone (was, had been) out of order. 注：主句（虚拟）but （otherwise; or）句（陈述句）13). The meeting (was, would have been) over on time but Smith held us with his long financial report.14). I would go to visit them but I (didnt , dont) think they are anxious to see me. 3. Wish + 从句 hope 与wish 的区别 Wish 翻译成：“但愿”，“就好了”15). I wish I knew his name.16). He wishes he had jotted down the address.17). We all wish you would join us tomorrow.18). How she wishes her family could go with her. 4. 有些动词的宾语从句虚拟语气省“should”(1). 建议, 提议，请求，命令1). suggest，propose;2). ask, require, request, demand; insist;3). order;4). recommend;5). urge;6). decide;7). maintain;8). move (动议)9). We suggested yesterday that he (went , go) at once. 10). The head nurse insists that the patient (be not, not be) moved. 11). They insisted that he (was, be) wrong.12). The survey suggested that their findings (be, were) reasonable.(2). Its suggested that 句型13). Its proposed that an urgent survey (was , be) made right away.14). It is required that all applicants (be, were) interviewed(3). Its 形容词 that 句型15). It is urgent that reinforcement (be, is) sent to the front at once. 16) It is preferable that you (brings, bring) more clothes with you. 注：A. important, necessary B. vital , essential C. natural D. strange(4) 固定搭配would rather; had rather17). Wed rather (die, died) than (give, up gave up) our belief.18). Youd rather (stay, stayed) here for the night, (hadnt you, wouldnt you)? 19). Id rather you (come, came) tomorrow20). Theyd rather we ( are, were) not present at the meeting. .21). We had better (send, to send) for an ambulance.注：cf: Its better to do sth. 22). Its time we (should leave, leave, left)注：Its high time that Its about time thatIV. 比较级1. 同级比较(1). the same (+n. )as (2). be as adj. as(3). V. as adv. as 1). My shirt is (as, the same) size as yours. 2). Our house is ( the same, as) large as yours. 3). I can do the job (so, as) quickly as you. 4). Seldom do we see him dressed (as, so) decently as today. 注：cf: not so as; not as as 2. 比较级(1). 单音节er (longer, later)(2). 多音节 more + beautiful5). In summer the days are more longer than in winter. (错句)3. 最高级A. 6). But for some typing errors, the essay would be (more perfect, perfect ). 7). By putting forth a totally new theory, he made (the most unique, the unique) contributions to the exploration of the origin of the solar system. 注：perfect, unique, empty, completeB. 8). The video camera is superior in every respect (than, to ) that. 9). Women are not inferior (than, to) men.10). His wife is senior (than, to) him by five years.11). This civilization is by far junior (than, to) that of the Nile Valley.(这个文明比尼罗河流域文明要年轻得多)注: superior to, inferior to, senior to , junior toC. 否定词比较级最高级12). No one could be more loyal to duty (than, to) he was. (在忠于职守方面，没有一个人能及得上他。)13). Nothing is more precious (than, to) time yet nothing less valued. 4. 同类比较14). The population of China is larger than (that of , / ) any other country.15).The fur is as soft as (that of, / ) a cat.5. 倍数 倍数 + (larger than/ smaller than) + n. 倍数 + ( as much as / as many as) + n 倍数 + ( more than) + n16). The radio now costs twice (more than, as much as) it did last year. 17). American ate nearly ten times as (many, much) meat as the British. 18). Our room is three times (larger than, larger to) theirs. V. 倒装句1. 否定词位于句首1). My friend has never been to Beijing.Never has my friend been to Beijing.2). Hardly had we started (when, than)it began to rain.3). No sooner had I lain down (when, than) the telephone rang.注：刚/ 一就4) Hardlywhen5) No sooner than6) On ing7) The moment/ the minute/ the second/ the day 从句8) -ly: directly, immediately, instantly9). The moment/ (Directly) he returned home, it began to snow.注：其他否定词（组）有： Under no circumstances By no means Seldom2. Only 位于句首 Only + 状语(或副词)10). We can finish our masters courses only in this way. = Only in this way can we finish our masters courses.3. So 位于句首11). The earthquake was so strong that it caused many casualties.= So strong was the earthquake that it caused many casualties.4. Often 位于句首12). The teacher often warns us everything matters. = Often does the teacher warn us everything matters.13). Busy he is, he can seize the chance of fulfilling the task. A. because B. as C. no matter how D. although Adj. + as + pron. + be14). Hardly anything more than the happiness of seeing someone using his advice for treatment. A. please him B. does please him C. pleases him D. does him please Key: C注：如果句首得否定词修饰主语，是主语得一部分，则句子不倒装。15). Scarcely a drop of rain fell last month.VI. 情态动词1. Should (ought to) + have +done 表示过去时间 该做而没有做 意思是：“本来应该”2. Neednt + have + done 表示过去时间 表示对已经做过的事情感到是不必要的。3. must + have + done 表示过去时间 一种猜测 意思是：“一定”4. must not= mustnt 表示不可以做的 意思是：“不能”VII. 复合从句1). is obvious. A. That things will improve B. What tings