自考辅导第四讲.doc

基础知识辅导第五讲倒装结构和主谓一致倒装结构倒装是指句子成分不是按主语在前、谓语在后的正常语序排列，而是将谓语或谓语的一部分移到主语之前。倒装是一种修辞手段，目的是为了强调。倒装结构是英语语言结构中常见的句式，英语语言的倒装结构可以简单地分为两类：即部分倒装和全部倒装，部分倒装即把谓语动词的一部分（助动词）放在主语前面，全部倒装即把主语和谓语的位置完全颠倒, 考试多为部分倒装。下面就两类倒装结构做如下说明。一、 部分倒装1. 含否定意义的词(如never, hardly, seldom, little, few, not until, not, not only, no sooner, no longer, nowhere, by no means 等)置于句首时，其后用部分倒装。如： Never have I seen read such a book. 我从未读过那样的书。Little do we know his life. 我们对他的生活了解得很少。By no means should you tell him about it. 你绝不要告诉他这事。【注意】(1) 对于notuntil句型，当not until位于句首时，其后的主句要用倒装语序：He didnt leave the room until the rain stopped. / Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room. 雨停了之后他才离开这房间。(2) 某些起副词作用的介词短语，由于含有否定词，若位于句首，其后要用部分倒装：On no accounts must this switch be touched. 这个开关是绝不能触摸的。In Under no circumstances will I lend money to him.无论如何我也不会再借钱给他了。但是，in no time(立即，马上)位于句首时，其后无需用倒装语序：In no time he worked out the problem. 他马上就算出了那道题。2. only 加状语(副词 / 介词短语 / 从句)放在句首时，其后用部分倒装。如：Only in this way can you do it well. 只有这样你才能做好。Only by shouting was he able to make himself heard.他只有叫喊才能让别人听到他。Only when we landed did we see how badly the plane had been damaged. 我们只是在着陆之后才看到飞机损坏的严重程度。Only on one point do I agree with you. 只有一点，我同意你的说法。注意，在only后作状语的是从句时，从句不要用倒装，要部分倒装的是主句。如：Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened. 当他回到家里时，才知道出了什么事。Only when it rains do you feel cool. 只有下雨时才觉得凉爽一点。3. so / neither / nor 表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者时，用“so / neither / nor+助动词+主语”这样的倒装句式。如：He can sing English songs and so can I. 他会唱英语歌，我也会。He didnt see the film, and neither did I. 他没有看这部电影，我也没有看。She is every beautiful and so was her mother when she was young. 她很美，她妈妈年轻时也很美。4. 当虚拟条件句含有 were, should, had 时，可省略 if，将 were, should, had 置于句首。如：Were I Tom(=If I were Tom), I would refuse. 如果我是汤姆，我就会拒绝。Had I realized that(=If I had realized that), I would have done something. 我要是明白了这一点，我可能会采取某种行动(from )。5. so.that 结构中，将 so+adj. / adv. 置于句首时，其后要用倒装语序。如：So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天气太冷，我们只好呆在家里。So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快，我们几乎没法想像它的速度。6. 由not onlybut also引出的倒装当not onlybut also位于句首引出句子时，not only 后的句子通常用部分倒装形式：Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet. 他不仅是一位教师，而且是一位诗人。Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 不仅他讲得更正确，也讲得更不费劲了。二、 全部倒装完全倒装，即将谓语移到主语前。英语中构成完全倒装的情形主要有：完全倒装的四种主要类型1. here 和there位于句首时的倒装表示地点的here和 there位于句首时，其后用完全倒装形式。这类倒装句的谓语通常是动词be和come, go等表示移动或动态的不及物动词：Heres Tom. 汤姆在这里。Theres Jim. 吉姆在那儿。Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。There goes the bell. 铃响了。There goes the last train. 最后一班火车开走了。【注意】(1) 以上倒装句中的谓语动词come和go不能用进行时态，即不能说 Here is coming the bus。(2) 若主语为代词，则不倒装：Here I am. 我在这儿。/ 我来了。Here it comes. 它来了。(3) 其中的动词有时也可能是stand, lie, live等表示状态的动词(表示存在)：There stood a desk against the wall. 靠墙放着一张书桌。Once upon a time there lived a man known by the name of Beef. 从前有个人名叫比夫。2. away，out，in，up，down，round等位于句首时的倒装地点副词away, down, in, off, out, over, round, up 等位于句首时，其后用完全倒装语序。这类倒装句的谓语通常表示动态的不及物动词：Away went the runners. 赛跑选手们跑远了。Round and round flew the plane. 飞机盘旋着。The door opened and in came Mr. Smith. 门开了，史密斯先生进了来。Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas. 下雨了，伞都撑起来了。【注意】若主语为人称代词，则不能用倒装：Away he went. 他跑远了。Down it came. 它掉了下来。3. 状语或表语位于句首时的倒装为了保持句子平衡或使上下文衔接紧密，有时可将状语或表语置于句首，句中主语和谓语完全倒装：Among these people was his friend Jim. 他的朋友吉姆就在这些人当中。By the window sat a young man with a magazine in his hand. 窗户边坐着一个年轻人，手里拿着一本杂志。【注意】在表语置于句首的这类倒装结构中，要注意其中的谓语应与其后的主语保持一致，而不是与位于句首的表语保持一致。比较：In the box was a cat. 箱子里是一只猫。In the box were some cats. 箱子里是一些猫。4. 分词和不定式置于句首的倒装有时为了强调，可将谓语部分的现在分词、过去分词或不定式置于句首，从而构成倒装：Buried in the sands was an ancient village. 一个古老的村庄被埋在这沙土之中。Standing beside the table was his wife. 站在桌旁的是他的妻子。To be carefully considered are the following questions. 下列问题要仔细考虑。三、 其他类型的倒装1. as引导让步状语从句时的倒装as作“虽然”解，引导让步状语从句时，必须将表语、状语或动词原形提到as前面。此时应注意几点：一是若提前的表语是没有形容词修饰的单数可数名词，要省略不定冠词；二是若提前的是动词原形(多为不及物动词)，与之连用的通常是may, might, will, would等，且这些词都要保留在原来的位置上(主语后)；三是though有时也可像as这样使作倒装。如：Tired as I was, I tried to help them. 虽然我很累，我还是努力帮助他们。Try as he would, he couldnt open the door. 他试过多次了, 却仍打不开那门。Search as they would, they would find nobody in the house. 无论怎样搜查，他们在房子里仍然没有找到一个人。Hard as (though) they tried, they couldnt make her change her mind. 尽管他们做了很大努力，却没法让她改变主意。Boy as he was, he behaved like a girl. 他虽是个男孩，但举止却像个女孩。2. .“so+助动词+主语”倒装当要表示前面提出的某一肯定的情况也同样适合于后者，通常就要用“So+助动词+主语”这种倒装结构：You are young and so am I. 你年轻，我也年轻。She likes music and so do I. 她喜欢音乐，我也喜欢。If he can do it, so can I. 要是他能做此事，我也能。【注意】(from )(1) 若前面提出某一否定的情况，要表示后者也属于同样的否定情况，则应将其中的so改为neither或nor：You arent young and neither am I. 你不年轻，我也不年轻。She hasnt read it and nor have I. 她没有读它，我也没有读。(2) 注意该结构与表示强调或同意的“so+主语+特殊动词”结构的区别：It was cold yesterday. So it was. “昨天很冷。”“的确很冷。”Father, you promised. Well, so I did. “爸爸，你答应过的。”“嗯，是答应过。”3. 以May或Long live开头的某些表示祝愿的用语。如： 1）May God bless you愿上帝保佑你! 2）May you succeed!祝你成功！ 3）Long live the peoples Republic of China! 4由as though引导的表示“虽然”，“尽管”的让步状语从句用倒装语序时，把从句的表语或状语等放在asthough的前面。例如： 1） Young asthough she was, she could work out that problem alone 虽然她很小，但她却能独自解出那道难题。 2）Child asthough he is, he is very brave尽管他是个孩子，但他却非常勇敢。 注意：如果从句中的表语是名词，其名词前不加任何冠词。5.直接引语位于句首。如： 1）“I love you ，”whispered John “我爱你。”约翰悄悄地说道。 2）“Help! Help!” cried the boy in the water. 水中的男孩大声呼喊着“救命啊！” 倒装结构是语言的一种表达形式，除了上述各种情况需要倒装以外，还有些被强调部分也常常可以提到句首，形成倒装。例如： This they kept for themselves这东西他们就据为己有了。6. no matter how(who);however引导的让步状语从句必须采用倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而是将被强调的内容置于句首。如：No matter how busy he is , he has to attend the meetingHowever cold it is , he always goes swimming.No matter how interesting the book is，he doesnt like to read it（语序是：No matter how表语十主语十系动词be）不管这本书多有趣，他都不想看。However hard a solid may be，we can change its shape.（语序是： However+表语+主语+系动词be）不管一个固体有多硬，我们都可以改变其形状。倒装专项训练1、 I ten years younger, I would be able to climb the top of the mountain.AAmBWasCWereDBe 2、The boy knows little English and .Aso do IBneither do ICso can IDneither am I3、Only when in the afternoon able to leave.Athe match was over; they wereBwas the match over; were theyCwas the match over; they wereDthe match was over; were they4、In front of the farmhouse .Alay a peasant boy Blaid a peasant boyCa peasant lay Ddid a peasant boy lie5、I went to visit your school yesterday.Oh, did you? .ASo I did BSo did ICNeither I didDNeither did I6、, he has much experience in learning English.AAs is he young BYoung as he isCAs young he isDYoung although he is7、Hardly the house when he was caught.Athe thief had entered Bentered the thief Chad the thief entered Dwas the thief entering8、Not until yesterday afternoon raining.Ait had stopped Bhad it stopped Cit stopped Ddid it stop9、Only in her place such good bike.AI can Bcan buy ICcan I buy Dcan have I bought10、Jane could hardly swim, .ASo could Anne BEither could Anne CNeither could Anne DAnne couldnt neither 11、No longer to be monitor of the class.Ais he fit Bhe is fitChe fitDfit be12、Nearby in which they had spent their summer vocation.Awas two houses Btwo houses wereCwere two housesDare two houses13、Neither you nor it.AI could do Bcould I doCI were able to do DI was able to do14、Not only a writer but also here.Aan actor was wantedBwas an actor wantedCan actor were wantedDwere an actor wanted15、On the river bank where he once lived.Astand a house Ba house standsCdoes a house stand Dstands a house16、Nowhere else in the world a place so beautiful as Beijing.Ayou can find Bcan you findCfind youDdo you find17、No sooner begun to speak than I sensed that something was wrong.Ahas heBhad he Che hasDhe had18、Seldom late the reading room.Adoes he come; to Bcomes he; for Cdoes he come; for Dcomes he; to19、Never before such a wonderful movie Jiao Yulu.Ahave I seen; as BI have seen; like Chad I seen; likeDI have seen; as20、, we would not leave.AShould not it snow tomorrow.BIt should not snow tomorrowCIf it did not snow tomorrowDIf it doesnt snow tomorrow21、Scarcely down when a knock at the door.Ahad he sat; did he hearBhe had sat; did he hearChe had sat; he heardDhad he sat; he heard22、The girl likes singing and dancing .ASo she does BSo is she CSo am IDSo she can23、Such a noise that I couldnt make myself heard.Aare there Bthere isCwas there Dthere are24、Out after the door was opened.Adid the dog runBran the dogCthe dog ran Ddoes the dog run25、Little that the police are about to arrest him.Ado he knowBdoes he know Che knows Dhe knew26、Neither could theory do without practice, without theory.Anor practice could doBnor could practice doCor could practice doDpractice could do nor27、 time, they would certainly come and help us.AIf had they BIf they had CHad they DBoth B and C28、Here .Aa bus comesBcomes a busCdoes a bus comeDa bus is coming29、No sooner the station than the train left.Areached we Bhad we reached Cdid we reachDwe reached30、, I would have phoned you.AIf I knew it BHad I known it CIf I know itDDid I know it31、 the people have become masters of their own country that science can really serve the people.AOnly then BIt is only then COnly whenDIt is only when32、Which of the following is wrong?AThey didnt find the secret until they got home.BNot until they got home did they find the secret.CIt was not until they got home that they found the secret.DNot until did they get home that they found the secret.33、I have never been to Hangzhou .ASo has my brother BNeither has my brotherCMy brother hasnt neitherDEither has my brother34、May I use you calculator? .AHere is it BHere are you CHere is Jane comingDHere you are35、Look! .AThere does Jane comeBThere comes JaneCThere is Jane comingDJane is there coming36、I dont think he told a lie. He his homework yesterday.Adid doBdoes do Cdo doDdo did37、 the truth, he wouldnt have helped her at all.AShould Bob know BHad Bob known CWere Bob to knowDHave Bob known38、At no time was happening.Athe President was aware of whatBwas the President aware of whatCthe President was aware thatDwas the President aware that 39、Its raining cats and dogs. .ASo it isBSo is itCNeither it is DNeither is it40、Not only away from them but also their only son.Aeverything they had was takenBeverything they had taken wasCwas everything they had takenDeverything was taken they had41、 hot is the sun that we cannot go out at present.AVeryBTooCSoDSuch42、The Corsets repaired the windows of their house .AthemselvesBhimselfCherselfDitself43、do I get invited into his office.AOnlyBRarelyCNot only DNever before44Never in my life such a thing.A I have heard of or seen BI had heard of or seen Chave I heard of or seen Ddid I hear of or seen 45Seldom TV during the day .A they watch B are they watching Chave they watched D do they watch 46. Not until his comrades criticized him admit his mistake.Adoes he begin Bdid he begin Cbegan he Dhad he begun 47Not only a promise , but also he kept it.Adid he make B he made Cdoes he make D has he made 48 nor read English .ACant he either write B He can neither write CCan he neither write DNeither he can write 49Only when thousands of flowers bloom together ,A spring will be considered here Bcould spring be considering here Ccan spring be considered here Dspring can be considered here 50 his appearance that no one could recognize him .A So was strange B Was so strangeC So strange was D Strange so was 51 and caught the mouse .AUp the cat jumped BThe cat up jumped CUp jumped the cat D. Jumped up the cat 52“It was cold yesterday .”“ .”Which of the following is wrong .A so it was B So is it today CSo was it the day before D So it did 53 and the lesson began .AIn came Mr. Brown B.Mr. Brown in came CIn came he D. came in Mr. Brown 54On the wall two large portraits .Ahangs Bhang Changed Dare hanging 55Never such a wonderful place as HangZhou.Ahave I seen BI have seen CHad I seen Dare hanging 56 , she was very brave .AGirl as she was BAs she was a girl CA girl as she was DGirl as was she 57Little that she was seriously ill herself .ASusan knewBdid Susan know Cknew Susan Dwas Susan known58Such the results of the experiments.Ais Bwas Care Das be 59I didnt read the notice .ASo did he BNeither didnt he CNor did he DHe didnt too 60 , I would have phoned you.AIf I knew it BHad I known it CIf I know it DDid I know it 61“They have done a good job.”“ ”ASo they have done BSo they have CSo have they DSo is it 62Now your turn to recite the text .Athere is Bhas come Ccomes Dwill come63Hardly the railway station when the train started .Adid I reach Bhad I reached CI reached DI had reached 64“I like to watch TV plays ,but I dont watch TV every evening”.“ ”.ASo do I BSo I do CI do so DSo it is with me 65Rarely such a silly thing .Ahave I heard of BI have heard of Chear I of Dwas I heard of 66 the rain stop , the crops would be saved .ADid BShould CWould Dwill67Seldom play chess.Awe Bwe will Cdo we Dwill we 68Only after his death considered correct .Awas his theoryBhis theory was Cdid his theory Dhad his theory 69Albert Einstein cared little for money. Professor Wang.AEither didBSo was CSo did DNeither did 70 the plane.AFlew down BDown flew CDown was flyingDDown flying 71. I dont think Jack will come today , .Aor Mary does BMary will either Cand Mary doesnt Dnor will Mary 72. “Where is your father ?”“Oh , ”.Ahere comes he Bhere does he come Che here comes Dhere he comes 73 he realized it was too late to return home .ANo sooner it grew dark than BHardly did it grow dark when CIt was not until dark that DIt was until dark that 15 CBDAB 610BCCCC1115ACAAD 16-20BBAAC2125DACBB2630BBBBB3135DDBDB3640ABBAC4145CABCD 46-50 BABCC5155 CDABA5660 ABCCB6165 BCBDA66-70 BCADB7173 DDC主谓一致（一）主谓一致的三原则1语法形式上的一致原则主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。如：The number of the students present is 200.Jane and Mary look alike.2意义上一致原则1）主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。如：The crowd were shouting.单数形式代表复数内容的词有：people, police, cattle等。2）主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。如：The news was so surprising.形复意单的单词有news和一些以ics结尾的学科名称，如physics，politics, economics等。3就近原则即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如用连词or，eitheror, neithernot, not onlybut also, There be句型等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。如：Either your students or Mr. Wang knows this.（二）主谓一致的应用1名词作主语1）某些集体名词，如family, team等作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式，如果就其中一个个成员而言，谓语动词用复数形式。如：His family is a happy one.The whole family are watching TV.这类名词有：audience，class，club，company，crew(全体乘务员，船员，群，同事等)，enemy，crowd，government，group，party，public，team, board, crowd, committee, herd（兽群，牛群，猪群）, jury,等。名词population一词的使用情况类似。“a group(crowd) of +复数名词”等短语之后的谓语动词也同样可用单数或复数，前者强调整体，后者强调各个部分。2）某些集体名词，如people, police, cattle ，youth等，只当复数看待，谓语动词必须用复数。如：The police are searching for the thief.3）单、复数同形的名词主语时，谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。如：A sheep is over there.Some sheep are over there.4）名词所有格之后的名词被省略，这种情况一般只指商店、工厂、住宅等，作主语时，动词一般用单数。如：The doctors is across the street.My uncles is not far from here.常见的省略名词有：the bakers, the barbers, the carpenters, the Zhangs等。表示店铺的名词，一般作集体名词看待，但用作主语时，谓语动词往往用复数。如：Richardsons have a lot of goods to sell.5）当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名，体积、重量、面积、数字等复数名词时，往往可以根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语用单数形式。如：Three years has passed since then.但如果其意义是指有多少数量则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词也应该用复数。例如： Four weeks are often approximately regarded as one month. 人们常大约地将四个星期看成一个月。 Twenty years stands for a long period in ones life. 二十年在人的一生里意味着一个很长的时期。 Eighty dollars are enough for a student to spend on food for one week.6）不定代词each, every, no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：Each boy and each girl wants to go to the cinema.7）如果主语有more than one或many a构成，尽管从意义上看是复数内容，但它的谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：More than one student has read the book.Many a girl has been there.但是，“more +复数名词+than one”结构之后，谓语动词一般多用复数形式。如：More members than one are against your plan.8）一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式，例如：glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors，goods , socks, gloves等。但如果主语用“a kind of, a pair of , a series of等加名词”构成时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。如：A pair of shoes was on the de