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m a c i t y of m a t e r i a m a c i t y of a m a t e r i a l l y i i n t e r m s of f f a c t （1）. S ur f a c e f i h a nd i t y of t he m a c t ;（2）. l i f e i 3）. F e a nd r r e e m e （4）. C hi p c m a c i t y s a c e f i h a nd i t y, l t l i f e , a ow f e r r e r e m e As f or c hi p c l o n g a nd t s t r i c dc i f c a n s e e l y i r f e r e wi t h t he c i ng a t i on b y om i d i n t he c i ng c a of t he c om x na t of c ut t i ng a t i o i t i s f i c t o e s t a s hr e l a t i t ha t t a t i y i ne t he m a c i t y of a m a t e r i a l . I nm a c t ng t l i f e a nd s a c e r s a r e ge a l l y c e d t o he m i m a nt f a c t i n m a c i t y. Al t us e d m a ny m a a t e m a c i t y r a t i a r e a l a i n t he e xa m p l e Ma c i t y O f S t e e l c a s t e e l s a r e a m t he m i m a nt e r i ng m a t e r i a l s , t rm a c i t y n s t d e y. m a c i t y of s t e e l s ha s nm a i i m b y a l e a d a nd s ur t o i n s a l l e d f r e e - m a c s t e e l s s z e d a e z e d s t e e l s . S ul f ur i n s t e e l s f s m a es i d e i s e c s e t i c l e s ) , h a c t a s s t r e s s r a i s e r s i n t he m a r ys r z As a r e s t he c d a k up e a s i l y a nd a r e s m a l l ; t m m a c i t y. s i z e , s t r i a nd c a t i o n of t ei s i i c a y i m a c i t y. El e m e s uc h a s t e l l um a e l e h a r e c he m i c a l l y s i m i l a r t o s ul f a c t a s i on m i e r s i nr e s z e d s t e e l s .P i n s t e e l s t wo m a j or e f f e c t s . I t s t r e t he f e r r i t e , c a e a s e d ha r s . Ha r s t e e l s r e s i n t e r c hi p f a t i on a nd s a c e f i t s s t e e l s c a n be f i c t o m a c wi t h l t - up e f a t i on a a c e f i h. s e c e f f e c t i s t i e a s e d ha r s c a us e s t he f a t i s c i e a d of c i t r i t e by i m m a c i t a t e e l s . A hi g h c e ge of l e a d i n s t e e l s s i e s a t t he t i p a e s i d e i o I n e s z e d of s t e e l , l e a d t a t he f s e d f i ne t i c l e s . Le a d i s i i n i r c a nd a l um i a nd t ra l l Be c a of i t s l ow s r s t r e t e f o r e , l e a d a c t s a s a s d l c a nt a nd i ss m e a r e d t he t c i r f a c e i ng c i r n i f i e t he s e o f c a t i o ns o f l e a d on t he t s i de f a c e of c hi p s a c l e a s t e e l s t he t e m a t i s s uf f i c i e y or i a a t hi g h c ut t i ng s ds a e e t he l e a d m e l t s e c t l y i n f r o f t he t a c t i ng a s a l i l c a I na i o n t o t e f f e c t , l e a d l r s t he s r s t r e s s i n t he m a r y s r z r e i ng f e s a nd r c um Le a d c a n be d i n e y de of s t e e l , s s 101121xx,e t c . Le a s t e e l s a r e i f i e d by t he l e t t e r L we e n t e c a nd t d e r a l s ( f or e 10 ( t i n s t a i s s s t e e l s , s i m i l a of t he l e t t e r L m e a l ow c a r a c i o n t i m t r c o nr e s i s t a ) a l e a d i s a we l l - t a nd a t e a r e s e r i o l c r ns a i t s i n s t e e l s ( e s t i m a t e d a t 4500 t of l e a dc on e ve r y r i n t he i o n o f s t e e l s ) . C e y, t e i s ac t r e nd t r d e l i m i i ng t he of l e a d i n s t e e l s ( l e a r e e s t e e l s ) s m a nd t i n a r e ng i t i e d a s i s i t s f or l e a d i n s t e e l s .C a l c i De e d S t e e l s . An i m a nt nt i s c a l c i e ds t e e l s , i n h d e f l a of c a l c i um s i l i c a t e s ( C a S o) a r e f e d. e f l a i nt r e t he s t r e of t he s e c y s r r e a s i ng t c i r f a c ea nd we a r . Te m a t i s c e s r e d. C e y, t e s t e e l l e s s c r a t e r we a r , e s i a l l y a t hi g h c i ng s t a i s s S t e e l s . e i c ( 300 s e r i e s ) s t e e l s a r e ge a l l y f i c t o m a c ha t t e r c a n be s m , ne c e s s i t a t i ng m a c t wi t h s t i f f s . f e r r i t i c s t a i s s s t e e l s ( a l s o 300 s e r i e s ) m a c i t y. Ma r t e t i c ( 400s e r i e s ) s t e e l s a r e a s i t e nd t o f a l t - up e a nd r e e t m a t e r i a l s wi t ha r s a nd c r a t e r - we a r r e s i s t a P r e c i a t i s t a i s s s t e e l sa r e s t r nd a s i r e i ng ha r d a nd a s i o e s i s t a nt t m a t e r i a l s f f e c t s t he r El e m e i n S t e e l s o n Ma c i t y. s e l um i a nd s i l i c on i n s t e e l s i s a l wa ys ha r m f ul a t e e l e m e c om t h t o f a l um i a nd s i l i c a t e s , h a r e ha r d a nd a s i e c om i e a s e t we a r a nd r e m a c i t y. I t i s e s s e a l t a nd c l e a n s t e e l s .C a r a nd m a e ha ve i e f f e c t s on t he m a c i t y of s t e e l s ,on t r c om t i o n. P l a i n l c a r s t e e l s ( l e s s t ) c a a c e f i h b y f i ng a l t - up e C a s t s t e e l s a r e m a s i ve,a l t r m a c i t y i s s i m i l a r t o t of wr t e e l s . a nd s t e e l s a r y f i c t o m a c a nd l y r e e a l i ng or t o m a c c i t y of m s t e e l s i s i m b y c h t he m a t e r i a la nd r e s t he t e f or l t - up e f a t i a l l e l e m e s a s ni c c i m a nd h i m p r t he t i e s of s t e e l s , ge a l l y r e m a c i t y. e f f e c t o i s l e . Ga s e e l e m e s uc h a s a nd ni t r c a n ha t i c r l y r i m e l e f f e c t s o n t he t i e s o f s t e e l . ha s n s t a s t r e f f e c t o n t he a s t r a t i o o f t he m a e s i d e i t he hi he c e t he l r t he a s t r a t i o a nd t he t he m a c i t y.I n s e l e c t i ng i e l e m e t o i m m a c i t y, we s c t i r i m e l e f f e c t s of t e e l e m e o n t he t i e s a nd s t r e of t a c t i n s e r e . A t e l e e d t e m a t s , f or e xa m p l e , l e a d c a se m t t l e m e nt of s t e e l s ( l i q e t a l e m t t l e m e s s ) , a l t t r e m a t i t no e f f e c t o n m e c a l t i e s .S ul f ur c a n s e e l y r e t he i t y of s t e e l s , a of t he f a t i i r on s ul f i d e , s s s uf f i c i e nt m a e i s s e nt t o s uc h f a t i A tr t e m a t t he m e c a l t i e s o f r e s z e d s t e e l s on t e t i o n of t he e d m a e s ul f i d e i o a Re z e d s t e e l s a r e s i i c a y l e s s i l e , a nd a r e d s l y t oi m m a c i t Ma c i t y a r i o u s Ot e t a l um i i s ge a l l y ve r y e a s y t o m a c a l t he s e r t e nd t of a l t - up e r e s i ng i n a c e f i h. Hi gh c ut t i ng s r a s , a nd hi g h r e l i e f a s a r e r e c om m e Wr a l um i a l l wi t h i l i c on c nt a nd c a s t a l um i a l l m a y be a s i t r e e ha r t a t e r i a l s . Di m e o t r a c r ol m a y be a m i n m a c a l um i s i i t a hi g h t he r m a l c f i c i e nt of e on a nd a r e l a t i y l ow e l a s t i cm r i um i s s i m i l a r t o c a s t i r Be c a i t i s m a s i ve a nd t t i t r e e s m a c i n a c e d e a s t gr a y i r a r e ge a l l y m a c a r e . F r e e c a r i n c a s t i r e r m a c i t y a nd c a t c hi p or f r a c t e s s i t a t i ng t wi t h s . a r a nd m a l l e a i r a r e m a c wi t h d t m a t e r i a l s .C t - e d a l l a r e a s i ve a nd r r e e s p,a s i o e s i s t a nt t m a t e r i a l s a nd l ow f e e ds a nd s c c a n be f i c t o m a c a o f t - up e f a t i o n,a l t c a s t c a l l a r e e a s y t o m a c Br a s s e s a r e e a s y t o m a c e s i a l l y wi t h t he a i o n pf l e a d ( l e a f r e e - m a c s s ) . Br s a r e m f i c t o m a c t s s i um i s ve r y e a s y t o m a c wi t h ur f a c e f i h a nd t i f e . c a r e s be e xe r c i s e d a us e of i t s hi g h r a t e of i o n a nd t of f i r e ( t he e l e m e nt i s c ) i s t i l e a nd r s o i t c a n s a c ef i h. S ha r p t a r e e s s a r c e d a l l a r e r a s i a nd s t r a t hi g ht e m a t s . r m a c i t y i s s i m i l a r t o t of s t a i s s s t e e l s nt a l um i s ve r y r i l e , a nd s I t s a a c ef i h; t we a r i s hi t a a nd i t s a l l m a l c i y ( i d, t he l s t of a l lm e t a l s ) , c a ng s i i c a nt t e m a t r i s e a nd t - up e t c a n be f i c t om a c e n i s t t l e , s t r a nd ve r y a s i s o i t s m a c i t y i s l ow,a l t t gr e a t l y i m a t e l e e d t e m a t s r c m a c i t y. I t r e e s a c t c i ng f l a of t he e o n a nd f i r e Ma c i t y a r i o u s Ma t e r i a l a e i s a s i i t r e e s d, a s i e s i s t a s p t m s t i c s ge a l l y l ow t m a l c i y, l ow e l a s t i c m a nd l ow s e t e m a t C e y, m a c t r e r e s t wi t t i ve r a ke a s ( t o r e e c i ng f e s ) , l a r ge r e l i e f a s , s m a l l of c nd f e e d, r e l a t i y s a s of t he c e . s be s r c ng of t he c ut t i ng z m a y be e s s a r y t o p t he c f r om i m y ” a nd s t i c t o t he t C ng c a n us l y be a c wi t h aj e t of a i r , m i s t , or wa t e r - s s . Re s i s t r e s s e s m a y op i a c To r e l i e ve t e s t r e s s e s , m a c t s c a n be a l e d f or a i od i m e a t t e m a t s r a f r 80 t o C160 ( F175 t o F315 ) , a nd t d s l y a nd l y t o r t e m a t m t t i ng s t i c s a r e t t l e a nd s e t i ve t o t m a l gr a i i r m a c i t y i s a l l y s i m i l a r t o t of t m o s t i c s c a of t he f i s s e r e i r c e d s t i c s a r e ve r y a s i ve a nd a r f i c t o m a c F i t e a r i i a nd e a m i i on a r e s i i c a m s ; t c a n l e a d t o s e e r e i o n i n t he l a r r c a i t y o f t om F ur t m m a c of t e m a t e r i a l s r e e s c a r e f ul r e m o fm a c s t o a c a c t wi t h a nd i i ng of t he f i b e r s m a c i t y of c e r a m i c s i m s t e a y wi t h t he nt r a m i c s a nd wi t h t he s e l e c t i on of a a t e s s i ng a m e t e r s , s a i l e - r e e c i Me t a l - m a t r i x a nd c e r a m i c - m a t r i x c om t e s c a n be f i c t o m a c o n t he t i e