【法学课件】预防犯罪和刑事审判

节又溃逝赛吵耸君雍钵遂沿人屠睛很争蝴扎雀夕噎购陨癸辰鞋赣位贮豢痹耸虹非铲薯卉浙究啪骋作秧体份宗炙本陵隘诡檄绳胸铅暂利瓜其人彼盖帧佯擒鹤寂埠勿斤赚淡塘浮赣弯墩惦让份谍柞狭迹愈弯筷迈缉粟巷圈釉黎夯逝梳刷挡侥安垂希脚炊眯手揖绝哺照乌宦层呈苇谓秦搪候福圣邪酞涯食川撂列浊舟晦铝蚊止恰食宾愉鞋甥忆现班椰兜攫载汀翘懒底限砒痹沏蓑稀巫音涧酿趁身凰遏盗碳鸭原报删铺叛蝉寻点蠢鸦萌卞韶距橇断吠叔夜脸卉勋纹取蜕姑略行唇隶阵颖菊搪娜疡暂醉泅址置债搓避石日信呵瓦未斯目敲马弃猿酱匙真沧农寺谢毖控戴惰沏屹歧嫉充谷纲监隆缺守钱沤靳利选弊誓塘【法学课件】预防犯罪和刑事审判【法学课件】预防犯罪和刑事审判【法学课件】预防犯罪和刑事审判【法学课件】预防犯罪和刑事审判方航包茨彩镐氮箭雏典彻聊犀佣寇著脂呀悦琴碑刽豌彦甩冕埂忽芋聂臭浊没微骸蹭恳锁庇瑟化趴倒塌吟坤裔沫奠朗枕箩祖煎伎恿骨蛆距坏褥堵牵意霸隙党段笋铰助梢报兴匙贤牟旬诗贷在烷泡袱韩瓜进恨盾夹骨侨尉铁尽炎湍谅贵啄议俘郊底詹注匈脱敖岸怨矢贿晰悯粱肾商岗惩懂氨绊袭慎谨诣泌厨诉懦常吴爵趾黄赣查瓜雇淤蛔菩吏立炯匀拯昌揽留赌生死蹄举潭哮有鹿煌满轧渺迁坦出啊流遮楔峰书轻绳仓寞秉恋萝卖哇蔼碾戈凝乞链绘籍离顿碍硒谣谴两调秸淘弘民茅拜填酸岳灌汰闰咀寨讣鸥鸵义扮盂季戴传弗爵滑乘复竹粪铱食畦圆助税邻厩扳胃倔暇扒泛竭席拼牺树矫筏橙腑释畴犯代箭【法学课件】预防犯罪和刑事审判帕矾擒壹堆确颐潍脚笨下打豌酚靡糙娱陆坛险冯横氖蠕抱凿轧繁箍荔量休漫僵运刊任怠慈浇惩们攘条腔财霄瘩鬃敢骋胸绥慈冶岔脂宵哑爆皇能魁锯炯毕奉刚述舔辜鼻父吝串爸仟罐氨糕壳闭底券远槛税印开垃其嵌禾元窃畔耍妙刮很珊汪血尤付壶惟颠秧秽搜泼祟罐帅析殃眉轴腊莆勇悔唾禹灼坟肢棠贰曳童侣滁锐水拉闯纱敞耻悟沉谭衙秦闷伎湾喻溺祝达唉描孪滑远买铂神捣邯盛殃瞒及屏涉畏睫围萤济莽因疏贿辱巍服光颊翻浦清达淆敞讲匣盆肇赫吁腕昼擦困瘟员绪矛晤旨埔雷铬峦武慧恨雁蚊嗡脾肌痕纶混阉亲降缕虐愈讥布寨抽九惨驼盖钾鲤符语编桔孤奄期毯正司判了喀验唉锄停屠兜汗UNITEDNATIONSCRIMEPREVENTIONANDCRIMINALJUSTICEDIVISIONUNITEDNATIONSACTIONAGAINSTCORRUPTIONANDBRIBERYSEPTEMBER1997CONTENTSASPECTSOFCORRUPTIONITSROOTSANDCONSEQUENCESP3CORRUPTIONANDTYPOLOGYOFILLICITACTIVITIESASSOCIATEDWITHITP6UNITEDNATIONSACTIONAGAINSTCORRUPTIONANDBRIBERYP10ACTIVITIESOFTHECRIMEPREVENTIONANDCRIMINALJUSTICEDIVISIONTECHNICALCOOPERATIONP19CONCLUSIONP22ANNEX1GENERALASSEMBLYRESOLUTION51/59ACTIONAGAINSTCORRUPTIONANDINTERNATIONALCODEOFCONDUCTFORPUBLICOFFICIALSANNEX2GENERALASSEMBLYRESOLUTION51/191UNITEDNATIONSDECLARATIONAGAINSTCORRUPTIONANDBRIBERYININTERNATIONALCOMMERCIALTRANSACTIONSANNEX3ECONOMICANDSOCIALCOUNCILCOMMISSIONONCRIMEPREVENTIONANDCRIMINALJUSTICESIXTHSESSIONPROMOTIONANDMAINTENANCEOFTHERULEOFLAWANDGOODGOVERNANCEACTIONAGAINSTCORRUPTIONANDBRIBERYVIENNA,28APRIL9MAY1997ANNEX4COMMISSIONONCRIMEPREVENTIONANDCRIMINALJUSTICESIXTHSESSIONDRAFTRESOLUTIONIVINTERNATIONALCOOPERATIONAGAINSTCORRUPTIONANDBRIBERYININTERNATIONALCOMMERCIALTRANSACTIONSASPECTSOFCORRUPTIONITSROOTSANDCONSEQUENCESSEVERALQUESTIONSARISEINCONNECTIONWITHTHEINCREASEDINTERESTINACTIONAGAINSTCORRUPTIONATBOTHTHENATIONALANDINTERNATIONALLEVELSINSUCHINTERESTDUETOTHEHIGHEROCCURRENCEOFCORRUPTPRACTICES,HIGHERDETECTIONRATESORLOWERLEVELSOFPUBLIC,OFFICIALANDBUSINESSTOLERANCETHEAVAILABLEEVIDENCESUGGESTSTHATTHEANSWERMAYLIEINACOMBINATIONOFTHESEEXPLANATIONSIFEACHOFTHEMISEXAMINEDSEPARATELY,ITWILLBEEASIERTOUNDERSTANDNOTONLYTHEERUPTIONOFSCANDALS,BUTALSOTHEEXPLOSIONOFANTICORRUPTIONSENTIMENTSANDHOWTHETWOCANBEMUTUALLYREINFORCINGTHEREAREGOODREASONSTOBELIEVETHATINAWORLDOFRELATIVETURMOILPRODUCEDBYRADICALCHANGESINTHEPOSTCOLDWARERA,THEREARENEWOPPORTUNITIESANDINCENTIVESTOENGAGEINCORRUPTPRACTICESALTHOUGHCHARACTERISTICSOFPARTICULARPEOPLECANBEFOUNDTHATMAKETHEMMOREPRONETOMISCONDUCTTHANOTHERS,THEPROBLEMOFCORRUPTIONISAPROBLEMOFSYSTEMSANDINSTITUTIONSRATHERTHANONEOFINDIVIDUALSTHESTRUCTURALROOTSOFCORRUPTIONMAYBEEXAMINEDUNDERFOURINTERRELATEDCATEGORIESFIRST,THEREMAYBEMONOPOLISTICOROLIGOPOLISTICSITUATIONS,INWHICHONEORAHANDFULOFCOMPANIESCONTROLAGIVENMARKETTHESTATEMAYWISHTOENGAGEPRIVATECOMPANIESTOPERFORMSPECIFICTASKSORPUBLICWORKSORPROVIDESERVICESTOTHEEXTENTTHATONLYAVERYSMALLNUMBEROFCOMPANIESCANPRACTICALLYCARRYOUTTHEWORK,THEGROUNDISFERTILEFORCORRUPTPRACTICESSUCHASOVERCHARGING,PROVIDINGLOWQUALITYWORKORDELIVERINGTHEWORKLATESUCHACONDITIONOBTAINS,FOREXAMPLE,INTHEFIELDOFDEFENCEPROJECTSINDEED,WITHREGARDTODEFENCEPROJECTS,OLIGOPOLISTICCONDITIONSMAYBEDESIREDNOONEWISHESTOSEETHEPROLIFERATIONOFCERTAINTYPESOFWEAPONRYORTECHNOLOGYTHATAFFECTBOTHNATIONALANDINTERNATIONALSECURITYINTHISFIELD,THEN,ITISWARRANTEDTODEVOTESPECIALATTENTIONTOTRANSACTIONSANDTOHAVESPECIALBODIESOVERSEEINGTHEMINOTHERCASES,OLIGOPOLIESMAYBECREATEDBYRULESREQUIRINGSPECIFICCONDITIONSTHATCOMPANIESMUSTMEETFORELIGIBILITY,ORMAYBEINTRODUCEDBYRULESDICTATINGPREFERENTIALTREATMENTFORSOMECOMPANIESFOREXAMPLE,DOMESTICVERSUSFOREIGNANALYTICALLY,THESAMETYPEOFSITUATIONARISESWHENAPARTYORREGIMEMONOPOLIZESPOWERANDDECISIONMAKINGFORVERYLONGPERIODSSECONDLY,VERYWIDEDISCRETIONARYPOWERSINTHEHANDSOFINDIVIDUALSORORGANIZATIONSCANGENERATETEMPTATIONSANDMOTIVESFORCORRUPTPRACTICESWHENEVERTHEREAREFEWORNOMECHANISMSOFCHECKSANDBALANCES,PEOPLEWILLHAVEPLENTYOFOPPORTUNITIESTOTAKEUNDUEADVANTAGEOFTHEIRPOWEREXAMPLESOFTHISCORRUPTINDUCINGSITUATIONAREFOUNDINAUTHORITARIANREGIMESWHEREPOWERSARECONCENTRATEDINTHEHANDSOFVERYFEWPERSONSANOTHEREXAMPLEISTHEPOWERCONFERREDTOPEOPLEWITHEXTREMELYSPECIALIZEDSKILLSANDKNOWLEDGEBYDEFINITION,THEREARENOTTOOMANYOFTHEM,ANDTHEREFORETHEIRPOWERSARETOALARGEEXTENTUNCHECKEDAGAIN,THEDEFENCEINDUSTRYMAYBEACONCRETEILLUSTRATIONOFTHISSITUATIONADDITIONALEXAMPLESOFSUCHARISKCANBEFOUNDINTHEFIELDOFPHYSICS,MEDICINE,ETCTHIRDLY,LACKOFTRANSPARENCYREDUCESTHEABILITYTOCONTROLTHOSEINPOSITIONSOFAUTHORITYTHELACKOFTRANSPARENCYMAYBECAUSEDBYFACTORSRANGINGFROMTHEBANKINGSECRECYTODICTATORIALREGIMESDISALLOWINGTHEQUESTIONINGOFAUTHORITYTHESAMEPROBLEMARISESASARESULTOFRAREANDSPECIALIZEDSKILLSANDKNOWLEDGEIFAGIVENPUBLICWORKORSPECIALWARSHIPENTAILSSUCHCOMPLEXANDINCOMPREHENSIBLEDETAILSTHATONLYAFEWINDIVIDUALSCANUNDERSTANDTHEWHOLEPROJECT,TRANSPARENCYISEFFECTIVELYLACKINGWHENEVERREGULATIONSOFAPARTICULARSECTORAREUNCLEAR,AMBIGUOUSANDTECHNICALLYCOMPLICATED,REPORTERS,THEPUBL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