第十二章句子成分和种类

1、第十二章 句子成分和种类【新课标考点】1.掌握陈述句,祈使句的构成和基本用法；2.掌握一般疑问句和特殊疑问句和选择疑问句的构成及基本用法；3.理解反意疑问句、感叹句的构成及用法3.熟练掌握宾语从句连接词,时态和语序的用法；4.掌握状语从句、并列句的概念及一般用法；5.理解定语从句的概念和基本用法；【新课标知识】(一)句子分类：1.按结构分： 1简单句 2并列句 3复合句2. 句子成分：主语:句子主体，发出者。 谓语：动词。 宾语：动作接受者。 表语：表示主体特征。 定语：主体的特征。状语：动作特征。3. 简单句句型：(1)主语+谓语(2)主语+谓语+宾语(3)主语+连系动词+表语(4)主语+谓

2、语+直接宾语+间接宾语(5)主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语4. 按用途分：1陈述句肯定句+否定句2疑问句一般疑问句特殊疑问句选择疑问句反意疑问句3祈使句肯定句+否定句4感叹句how+形容词/副词 What+名词5.具体用法：1. 陈述句：陈述一件事情或表示一种看法，分为肯定句和否定句。 1、谓语动词是be , have, has, will, can等时，只要直接+not就构成否定。 2、谓语动词是行为动词而又没有助动词或情态动词时， do ， does， did，+not构成否定结构dont, doesnt, didnt+动词原形。 2. 一般疑问句：以be动词, have /has/do等助

3、动词、can/may等情态动词开头，以yes或no来回答的问句。 它的基本结构是：Be/Have /Has/Did等助动词（包括情态动词）主语谓语（包括表语）？ 1、谓语动词是be动词、助动词、情态动词时，只要直接把这些词置于句首，句末改成问号。 2、谓语动词是行为动词时，必须在句首加上助动词Do、Does、Did+动词原形。 注意：在把肯定句改成否定句或一般疑问句的时候, alreadyyet、someany、somethinganything、allnonesomebodyanybody tooeither, bothneither,等.3.特殊疑问句1）对名词或谓语动词提问what 2)

4、对名词前定语提问which+名词。 3)对指人名词或代词提问who，作宾语whom。 4)对物主代词和名词所有格提问whose。 5)对具体时间提问when；对具体几点提问what time。 6)对具体地点提问where。 7)对表原因、because引导的从句why。 8)对方式或程度等提问How。 9)对数量提出疑问How many+名词的复数形式。 10)对价格提出疑问How much。 11)对时间长度提出疑问How long。 12)对时间频率once a year, twice a week等How often。 13)对具体次数，如 once, twice等提问How many

5、 times。 14)对in一段时间提问How soon。 15)对距离提出疑问How far。 16)另外，对日期Whats the date?、星期What day is it ?、天气Whats the weather like?Hows the weather？ 4. 选择疑问句:一般提出两种或两种以上的可能,问对方选择哪一种.其结构可用一般疑问句,也可用特殊疑问句.供选择的两部分用or连接. 如. Will you go there by bus or by train? What would you like, coffee or tea? How many pens do you

6、 have, one or two? 选择疑问句的答语必须是完整的句子或其省略式,不能答yes或no. 如. Do you go to school by bus or by bike? By bus. Which would you like, tea or coffee? Coffee. 一般疑问句演化来的选择疑问句 如. Is it right or wrong? Were you or he there? Are they reading, chatting or watching TV? 特殊疑问句演化来的选择疑问句 如. Which do you like better, coff

7、ee or milk? What color is it, red, blue or yellow? Where are you going, to the classroom or to the library? or not构成的选择疑问句 如. Do you want to buy it or not? Are you ready or not？5. 反意疑问句反意疑问句又叫附加疑问句。 其结构为：前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简单的问句。 He likes playing basketball, doesnt he?如果前一部分用肯定式，后一部分一般用否定式；反之，前一部分为否定

8、式，后一部分要用肯定式。即“前肯定后否定，前否定后肯定”。 例 You have been to Beijing, havent you? 你去过北京，是吗？ 1、当陈述句部分的主语是名词时，反意疑问句的主语必须用人称代词来代替。 例 Your brother has gone to the library, hasnt he? 你弟弟去图书馆了，是吗？ 2、 当陈述句的主语是指示代词this, that时，反意疑问句的主语用it代替；指示代词是these, those时，反意疑问句的主语用they代替。 例 That isnt a useful book, is it? 那不是一本有用的书，

9、是吗？ These are important reading materials, arent they? 这些都是重要的阅读材料，是吗？ 3、当陈述句部分是I am时，反意疑问句部分通常要用arent I；如陈述句部分的主语是I am not时，反意疑问句部分通常要用am I。 例 Im late for the meeting, arent I? 我开会迟到了，是吗？ Im not doing well, am I? 我干得不好，是吗？ 4、 当陈述部分是everyone / everybody, someone / somebody, no one / nobody, none等表示人

10、的不定代词时，反意疑问句部分的主语多用they，但也可用he；当陈述部分的主语是everything, anything, something, nothing等表示物的不定代词时，反意疑问句部分的主语用it。 例 Nobody came when I was out, did they? 我在外时，没人来过，是吗？ Everything has gone wrong today, hasnt it? 今天什么都出问题了，是不是？ 5、当陈述部分是“there be + 主语 + 其它”结构时，反意疑问部分要用“be (not) + there”结构。 例 There are some ban

11、anas in the basket, arent there? 篮子里有些香蕉，是吗？ 6、当陈述部分的谓语动词是have时，有两种情况 。 （1）have作“有”解时，反意疑问句部分可用have（not）或do（not）的相应形式。 例 His brother has a new bike, hasnt (doesnt) he? 他弟弟有一辆新自行车，是吗？ （2）have用作实义动词时，反意疑问句部分只可用do（not）的相应形式。 例 We have to start early, dont we? 我们必须早点出发，是吗？ 7、当陈述部分有hardly, seldom, few, l

12、ittle, no, never, nothing, nobody,等否定词或半否定词时，反意疑问句部分要用肯定形式。 6. 祈使句: 祈使句表示请求、命令、希望、禁止、劝告等意思。 祈使句一般没有主语，实际上是省略了主语“You”。肯定结构都以动词原形开头。例如： Go and ask the teacher 去问问老师。Put the books in your bag 把书放到书包里。 Come and meet my family 来看看我家人。 二、句型 1 祈使句的肯定句式有三种形式，即 1)Do型（以行为动词原形开头），例如： Sit down 坐下！ Stand up 起立！

13、2)Be型（以be开头），例如： Be quiet 安静！ 3)Let型 （以let开头）， 例如: Let me help you. 让我来帮助你。 注意：三种句型中Do型是最常见、最简单的一种结构。表示请求、劝告的祈使句还常常在句前或句末加上Please, 构成句式：Please或Please 以使语气更加缓和或客气。例如： Please stand up或Stand up,please请站起来。 Please have a rest或Have a rest,please请休息一下。 2 祈使句的否定结构是以“Dont动词原形”开头。例如： Dont go there,please 请别去

14、那儿。 Dont be late 不要迟到。 Dont let him in 不要让他进来。 Dont let the water run into the room 不要让水流进屋里。 注意：Lets型祈使句，其否定式也可用 Lets not。如： Lets not have rest 咱们别休息了。 Lets not sit here! 我们不要坐在这儿7.感叹句: 表达强烈情绪（喜、怒、哀、乐、惊、恐等）的句子叫做感叹句。 强烈情绪的表达通常有下列三种方式： （a）使用感叹词； （b）只用情绪感觉的语词，例如： Water! Water! Quick! （水！水！快！如救火或救人时。）

15、What taste! （这是什么味道啊！如吃到怪味时） （c）使用“How!”或“What（a）!”的句式，例如： How beautiful you are, Helen! （海伦，你是多么美！） What a beautiful flower it is! （这一朵花多么美！） 1.How形容词副词主语谓语! How beautiful(感叹部分) Miss Zhao(主语) is(谓语)! How fast(感叹部分) he(主语) runs(谓语)! 2.What+a/an+形容词+名词单数+主语+谓语! What+形容词+名词复数+主语+谓语! (还有不可数的) What a be

16、autiful woman(感叹部分) Miss Zhao(主语) is(谓语)! What small desks(感叹部分) they(主语) are(谓语)!(二)状语从句: 用来修饰主句中的动词，副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句。根据其含义状语从句可分为时间状语从句，地点状语从句，条件状语从句， 原因状语从句，结果状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，让步状语从句。1. 时间状语从句时间状语从句常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as等连词来引导。(1) When和While,as的区别 when既指时

17、间点，也可指一段时间，while是只指一段时间，因此when引导的时间状语从句中的动词可以是终止性动词，也可以是延续性动词，而while从句中的动词必须是延续性动词。 when 说明从句的动作和主句的动作可以是同时，也可以是先后发生；while 则强调主句的动作在从句动作的发生的过程中或主从句两个动作同时发生。 由when引导的时间状语从句，主句用过去进行时，从句应用一般过去时；如果从句和主句的动作同时发生，两句都用过去进行时的时候，多用while引导，如： a. When the teacher came in, we were talking. 当此句改变主从句的位置时，则为： While

18、 we were talking, the teacher came in. b. They were singing while we were dancing. when和while 还可作并列连词。when表示“在那时”；while表示“而，却”，表对照关系。如： a. The children were running to move the bag of rice when they heard the sound of a motor bike. 孩子们正要跑过去搬开那袋米，这时他们听到了摩托车的声音。 b. He is strong while his brother is we

19、ak. 他长得很结实，而他弟弟却很瘦弱。as表在.的同时，一边.一边，表示同时发生、对比，用于发生时间较短暂。As we walked ,we talk.我们边走边说。(2)在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：Ill ring you up as soon as I get to New York.I will tell him everything when he comes back.He wont believe it until he sees it with his own eyes.(3)till与until可以互换，till主要用于口语中。U

20、ntil 直到.才结束（主句动词用延续性动词）Notuntil 直到才开始（主句动词用点动词）The young man read till the light went out.Lets wait until the rain stops.We wont start until Bob comes.Dont get off until the bus stops.2. 条件状语从句(1)条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。例如：What shall we do if it snows tomorrow?Dont leave the building unless I tell you

21、 to.(2)在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：Ill help you with your English if am free tomorrow.He wont be late unless he is ill.(3)“祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句” 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如：Hurry up, or youll be late.=If you dont hurry up, youll be late.Study hard and you will pass the exam.=If you study hard, you

22、 will pass the exam.3. 原因状语从句原因状语从句通常由because, since, as，for引导。because表示直接原因，语气最强。Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题，只能用because。As和since语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。For用于表推测的原因，多用于口语例如：-Why arent going there?-Because I dont want to.As he has no car, he canat t get there easily.Since we

23、have no money, we cant buy it.The day breaks , for the birds are singing.(3)because和so不能同用在一个句子里。4. 结果状语从句(1)结果状语从句由sothat, suchthat, so that引导。sothat与such.that可以互换。Soadj+(a/an+n)+that+从句Such+n adj+不可数n/n复数+that从句 a/an+adj+可数n单数+that从句It was such a wonderful film that all of us wanted to see it agai

24、n.=The film was so wonderful that all of us wanted to see it again.It is such an important match that nobody wants to miss it.=The match is so important that nobody wants to miss it.He was so glad that he couldnt say a word.It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything.He had such long arm

25、s that he could almost touch the ceiling.(2)如果名词前由many, much, little, few等词修饰时，只能用so, 不用such。例如：Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses.He has so little time that he cant go to the cinema with you.(3)so.that = tooto( 太.而不能)She is so young that she couldnt go to school.=she i

26、s too young to go to school.5. 比较状语从句比较状语从句通常由asas, 比较级 + than,the most.in/of等连词引导。例如：Tom runs faster than John does.Tom runs as fast as John .Tom runs fastest in our class.6. 目的状语从句(1)目的状语从句通常由 so that, in order that引导。例如：We started early so that we could catch the first train.He studies hard so th

27、at he could work better in the future.We used the computer in order that we might save time.(2)so that既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句。区别这两种从句的办法有两个：1)目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词can, could, may, might等。2)从意思上看，目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确。例如：Speak clearly so that they may understand you. (目的状语从句)Jack is badly ill so that he has to re

28、st. (结果状语从句)7. 让步状语从句(1)让步状语从句通常由although, though等连词引导。例如：Though he is young, he knows a lot.Although I am tired, I must go on working.(2)although(though)不能用在同一个句子中。例如：我们不能说：Though it was raining hard, but he still went out.应该说：Though it was raining hard, he still went out.或It was raining hard, but

29、he still went out.8. 地点状语从句地点状语从句常常由where来引导。例如：Go where you like.Where there is a will, there is a way.(三)定语从句:在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。一关系代词引导的定语从句1. 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词句子成分 用于限制从句或非限制性从句 只用于限制性从句句子成分限定性或非限定性从句限定性代替人代替物代替人/物主语whowhichThat宾语whomwhi

30、chthat1. 作主语：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。例如：I dont like people who talk much but do little.The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well.2. 作宾语：She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.The book that my grandmother gave me is called “The Great Escape”.3. 作定语关系代词

31、whose在定语从句中作定语用。例如：Whats the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor?The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard.4. 作状语Ill never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.This is the house where I was born.例1：This is the detective who came from London.例2：The book which I am reading

32、 is written by Tomas Hardy.例3:The man who(m) you are talking to is my good friend.例4：This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.1. who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。例如：2. whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。例如：Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate？Mr. Lee (whom) you want to see has come.3. whose 指人，在定语从句中作定语。例如：The gi

33、rl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.4. which指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。例如：A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday.5. that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如：Ive read the newspaper that(which) carries the important news.Who is the person

34、that is reading the newspaper over there?6. when 指时间，在定语从句中作状语。例如： Ill never forget the time when we worked on the farm.7. where 指地点，在定语从句中作状语。关系代词的用法(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如：All the people that are present burst into te

35、ars.(2) 如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which, who，或whom。例如：This is my first time that I have seen her.(3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如：The boy,who is good at soccer,comes from Xinjiang.That necklace,which you gave me as a present,was lost

36、yesterday.(4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如：Hedid very wellin the competition, which made his parents very happy.(5) that可指人或物，在从句中作表语，（指人作主语时多用who）仅用于限制性定语从句中。(6) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。(7) 先行词有两个

37、，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。例如：The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.(8) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom.Is there anyone here who will go with you?介词关系代词是一个普遍使用的结构 (1) 介词关系代词可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。介词关系代词结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from

38、, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。in/on/at which=wherein/on/at which=when例:Is that the house in which you live ?(2)像listen to, look at, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如： This is the boy whom she has taken care of. (四)宾语从句1.考查要点：时态的呼应、人称的一致、词序等。2定义：由连接词引导的从句在句子中充

39、当宾语成分的句子，叫做宾语从句。3.记忆口诀：一守时、二守序、三守连A一守时（时态） 主句为现在时或将来时，从句根据语境决定时态 主句为过去时态，从句为过去时中的一种a）由现在时调整为过去时。I didnt know you were also here.b）由将来时调整为过去将来时He said that he would go to Beijing the next week.c）过去时态多数不受影响，但“一般过去时”常调整为“过去完成时”，尤其是从句中有before， since一类的时间状语时，多调整为“过去完成时”如：She said she had worked at this s

40、chool before her father came to this city.d）从句表达客观真理、事实，必须用一般现在时Our teacher told us that the earth travels around the sun.e)could 用于第二人称疑问句表示客气哦请求，而不是过去时态。Could you tell me when the bus will leave?B二守序（语序）无论主句是陈述语序还是疑问句，从句必须为陈述语序。Do you remember where you bought the dictionary?I wonder if she will c

41、ome to the hall.C.三守连（连接词）1.宾语从句本身是陈述句用that 引导。He said （that） he would leave on March 12 next week.2.宾语从句本身是特殊疑问句时，用疑问词引导。 Do you know where we can find our teacher？3.宾语从句本身是一般疑问句时，用if 或whether引导。I dont know if / whether he has done that.go to Beijing the next week.注意 只用whether不用if的情况 介词+whether The

42、yre talking about whether the weather will be fine. whether + to I dont know Whether to go or mot whether.or not could you tell me whether Jack will come. Whether 置于句首【新课标考题】基础训练一. 将下列句子改为否定句和一般疑问句：1.We do eye exercises every day.We _ _ eye exercises every day._ _ _ eye exercises every day? 2. Mr. B

43、rown has to go home on foot.Mr. Brown _ _ to go home on foot._ Mr. Brown _ to go home on foot?3. There is something wrong with the radio. _ _ wrong with the radio._ _ _ wrong with the radio? 4. Li Pengs already finished his homework.Li Peng _ finished his homework _._ Li Peng finished his homework _

44、?5. Lucy will stay there for some time.Lucy _ stay there for _ time. _ Lucy stay there for _ time?6. Tom always goes to bed at twelve.Tom _ _ to bed at twelve._ Tom always _ to bed at twelve?7. He was reading when his mother came back home.He _ reading when his mother _ back home._ he reading when h

45、is mother _ back home?8. His younger sister can do some washing, too.His younger sister _ do _ washing, _._ his younger sister do _ washing, too?9. Ive ever been to Beijing three times. I _ _ been to Beijing three times._ you _ been to Beijing three times? 10. Youd better help him with his maths.You

46、 _ _ _ help with his maths. _ you _ help him with his maths?二. 对下列句子划线部分提问：1. Li Mings brother usually lives in a factory._ _ usually lives in a factory? 2. There are two apples. The red one is bigger._ _ is bigger? 3. They are singing and dancing in the next room. _ _ they _ in the next room?4. He

47、is going to work with his father after school._ is he going to work _afterschool? 5. John prepares his English lessons every evening._ _ John _ every evening?6. The lady in white is our Chinese teacher._ _ is your Chinese teacher?7. I met Mr. Smith at the park yesterday._ and _ _ you _ Mr. Smith? 8.

48、 She stopped washing because the telephone rang. _ _ she _ washing?9. The woman with glasses looks like our headmaster. _ _ the woman with glasses _ like? 10. Ten Americans will visit our school next week._ _ Americans will visit your school next week?三.完成下列反意疑问句：1. The little boy hurt his foot, _ _

49、?2. There were only six people present, _ _?3. There goes the bell, _ _?4. Youd better not stand in the way, _ _?5. Youd like to go there, _ _?6. Lucy has to do some washing, _ _?7. The twins had to walk home, _ _?8. Jim neednt sing this song, _ _?9. You need to wait for her, _ _?10. I think he is w

50、rong, _ _?四. 状语从句专项练习1.基础练习1. he comes tomorrow,I shall ask him where he has been.A.When B.While C.Since D.As2.He will not leave it isnt fine tomorrow.A.while B.if C.until D.when3.I learned how to ride a bike when I ten years old.A.is B.am C.was Dwere4.You cant leave until you the work.A.will finish

51、 B.finished C.finishes D.finish5.Mrs White has worked in this hospital she came to Tianjing. 6.Tom climbing if it rains tomorrow.A.went B.has gone C.wont go D.goes7.She didnt go to bed she finished reading the novel.A.when B.since C.until D.while8.I will write to you as soon as I there.A.will get B.

52、get C.am getting D.gets9.What do I have to do I want to be thinner.5 A.if B.when C.while D.after10. They didnt start the work _ their teacher came back.A. until B. while C. as soon as D. if11. Youll be late _ you dont get up early tomorrow morning. A. if B. when C. before D. until2中考真题精选1.(08辽宁)-Cou

53、ld you help me do some cleaning tomorrow?-If I ,I will do it.A.am free B.will be free C.will have time Dhad time2.(08福州)- the soldiers are very tired, they keep on working.-They are great.We must learn from them.A.Because;/ B.Though;/ C.Because;so D.Though;but3（08重庆） he is only 8 years old,he knows mor